Delay of gratification is the ability to forego an immediate indulgence in lieu of a later, greater reward. Past research has shown that using behavioral strategies may help children to delay gratification longer. The current project tests whether children can learn one such strategy, covering the eyes, through imitation. Four-year-olds saw a model delay gratification using a strategy, using no strategy, or saw no model. They then participated in an accumulation task, where they could earn an incremental sticker reward. Children who saw a strategy showed evidence of imitation by covering their eyes. Unexpectedly, however, this had an adverse influence on their ability to delay gratification. Thus, although children can apply a strategy, its effectiveness may be limited by the type of task used (accumulation) or from an incomplete understanding of the strategy’s function. Additional research is needed to investigate whether delay performance can be promoted by a social example.

The aim of the paper is to contrast and test the NAIRU theory and the Keynesian theory of unemployment econometrically. For the former, wage push variables are key in explaining the rise of European unemployment, for the latter accumulation is. The theories are tested using time series data for Germany, France, Italy, the UK and the USA, using the seemingly unrelated regression method (SUR). Unemployment benefits, union density and the tax wedge were used as wage push variables, and the growth of business capital stock as the accumulation variable. The NAIRU specification performed poorly, with only the tax wedge having a positive effect on unemployment as predicted. The Keynesian approach was more successful, with accumulation being statistically significant in all countries. Moreover, the tax wedge and accumulation are fairly robust to changes in the specification and can be pooled across countries. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Land application of biosolids as a soil fertility amendment is an alternative to traditional disposal methods. The influence of annual Alkaline Treated Biosolids (ATB) land application on phosphorus (P) dynamics in acidic soils needs to be better understood for more efficient P management. This study examines plant uptake, plant available, soil total phosphorus (P) content and potential P accumulation as a function of rate and frequency of application of an ATB amended to an agricultural soil over four years. The results suggest that applying high rates of ATB annually can increase the soil pH, Mehlich 3 and water extractable P, and crop P uptake in an acidic agricultural soil. No significant soil P accumulation was observed and P related environmental concerns were limited in this study. Potential soil P accumulation and higher P loss needs to be considered with annual high ATB rates application over a longer period study. / N/A

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-09-12Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:06:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000810674_20160912.pdf: 61430 bytes, checksum: bb2cf69561dda1423b218f946bdf63ff (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-09-12T15:36:44Z: 000810674_20160912.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-09-12T15:37:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000810674.pdf: 312087 bytes, checksum: f7c086ad90661a6766aacd7fc331e95c (MD5) / Alguns bioacumuladores são bioindicadores, pois determinam a presença de substâncias tóxicas. Estes são constituídos de organismos que podem sobreviver em um restrito espectro de condições naturais e as alterações ambientais podem causar modificações nas funções biológicas e no seu material genético. Os mutágenos são agentes que causam alterações na sequência do DNA correspondendo às mutações induzidas, sendo os metais pesados os mutágenos mais comuns em ambientes aquáticos. Baccharis trimera Less (carqueja) é uma planta arbustiva que se destaca pela sua capacidade de acumular metais pesados presentes na água. Equisetum hyemale L. (cavalinha) é uma planta vascular sem semente considerada como um depósito de minerais e vitaminas. O objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar o potencial mutagênico e bioacumulador de metais pesados de B. trimera Less e E. hyemale L. Os espécimes de carqueja e cavalinha foram cultivados e expostos à solução de metal e controles por 30 dias. As partes vegetativas coletadas foram trituradas e secas em estufa para a preparação dos extratos. Os extratos etanólico e aquoso foram preparados em diferentes concentrações com água ultra pura. Os metais pesados presentes nos extratos foram quantificados por meio da análise de absorção atômica. O Teste de Allium cepa foi realizado para analisar a atividade genotóxica dos extratos. Baccharis trimera e Equisetum hyemale são espécies bioacumuladoras de diferentes metais pesados. O extrato etanólico e infuso de B. trimera e E. hyemale interferem no índice mitótico e são capazes de promover atividade genotóxica em células meristemáticas de raiz de Allium cepa / Some biomarkers are bio-accumulators, as they determine the presence of toxic substances. These are made up of organisms that can survive in a restricted range of natural conditions and environmental changes can cause changes in biological functions and their genetic material. The mutagens are agents that cause alterations in the DNA sequence corresponding to the induced change, the heavy metals being the most common mutagens in aquatic environments. Baccharis trimera Less (gorse) is a shrubby plant that stands out for its ability to accumulate heavy metals present in the water. Equisetum hyemale L. (horsetail) is a vascular seedless considered a deposit of minerals and vitamins plant. The objective of this project was to evaluate the mutagenic potential of heavy metals and bioaccumulative B. trimera Less and E. hyemale L. specimens of gorse and horsetail were cultured and exposed to the metal solution and controls for 30 days. The collected vegetative parts were ground and dried in an oven for the preparation of extracts. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared at different concentrations with ultrapure water. Heavy metals present in the extracts were quantified by atomic absorption analysis. The Allium cepa test was performed to analyze the genotoxic activity of the extracts. Baccharis trimera and Equisetum hyemale bioacumuladoras are different species of heavy metals. The ethanol extract and infusion of B.trimera and E. hyemale interfere with the mitotic index and are able to promote genotoxic activity in root meristematic cells of Allium cepa

I studied the species Rumex alpinus by reviewing the literature on the taxonomy, morphology, population biology, genetics, chemistry, physiology and ecology. Herbochronological studies on growth parameters of rhizomes were done on the Rumex alpinus plants in relation to altitude and to the climtic fluctulations, specifically to the snow accumulation.

?rea de concentra??o: Produ??o vegetal. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-07-24T22:46:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 savio_coelho_magalhaes.pdf: 1127607 bytes, checksum: 65a14155a765dc5fc4b0bb5d62a0b9b0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-07-28T17:05:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 savio_coelho_magalhaes.pdf: 1127607 bytes, checksum: 65a14155a765dc5fc4b0bb5d62a0b9b0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-28T17:05:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 savio_coelho_magalhaes.pdf: 1127607 bytes, checksum: 65a14155a765dc5fc4b0bb5d62a0b9b0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Os resultados de pesquisa para o pinh?o-manso ainda s?o incipientes, principalmente no que diz respeito ?s suas demandas nutricionais e ?s recomenda??es de aduba??o. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o crescimento e ac?mulo de nutrientes na parte a?rea do pinh?o-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) em dois locais de Minas Gerais. Os experimentos independentes seguiram os mesmos procedimentos, no per?odo de maio de 2010 a mar?o de 2013 e em locais distintos caracterizados a seguir: Latossolo Vermelho distr?fico no munic?pio de Curvelo, MG e o outro, em Neossolo Quartzar?nico ?rtico t?pico no munic?pio de Diamantina, MG. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com tr?s repeti??es, sendo os tratamentos as ?pocas de avalia??o das plantas de pinh?o-manso para ambos os experimentos. As ?pocas de coletas foram de aproximadamente a cada 30 dias a partir do plantio das mudas no campo num per?odo de 1.036 dias que corresponderam a 36 avalia??es. Foram avaliadas a massa seca de folhas, de caule, de frutos e parte a?rea em plantas de pinh?o-manso em cada ?poca de avalia??o, e a partir desses dados foram avaliados os par?metros de crescimento: taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA), taxa de crescimento acumulado da cultura (TCAC) e efici?ncia fotossint?tica (EF). Foi feita a correla??o entre as vari?veis clim?ticas e a produ??o de massa seca na parte a?rea. Ap?s as avalia??es de crescimento, as amostras foram preparadas e submetidas ?s an?lises qu?micas do material vegetal dos teores de nutrientes. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se concluir que o crescimento e ac?mulo de nutrientes do pinh?o-manso foram mais acentuados nas condi??es edafoclim?ticas de Curvelo do que em Diamantina. Os par?metros de crescimento TCR, TCA, TCAC e EF s?o ?ndices morfofisiol?gicos importantes que representam e auxiliam o esclarecimento da din?mica do ac?mulo de mat?ria seca pelas plantas de pinh?o-manso. A temperatura ? a vari?vel clim?tica que apresenta uma maior correla??o com a produ??o de massa seca na parte a?rea de plantas de pinh?o-manso. A sequ?ncia de extra??o para os macronutrientes foi: K>Ca>N>P>S>Mg para Diamantina e N>Ca>K>P>Mg>S para Curvelo, e para os micronutrientes a ordem foi: Mn>B>Fe>Zn>Cu para Diamantina e Mn>Fe>B>Zn>Cu para Curvelo na parte a?rea aos 1.036 dias ap?s o plantio das mudas de pinh?o-manso no campo. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The results of research for physic nut are still incipient, especially with regarding their nutritional demands and fertilization recommendations. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and accumulation of nutrients in shoot of Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) at two sites in Minas Gerais. The independent experiments followed the same procedures, from May 2010 to March 2013 and in distinct places characterized as: Dystrophic Red Latosol in the municipality of Curvelo, MG and the other, in typical Quartzarenic Neosoil in the municipality of Diamantina, MG. The experiments were conducted in a randomized blocks designed with three replicates, with the treatments being the evaluation times of the physic nut plants for both experiments. The collection times were approximately every 30 days from the planting of the seedlings in the field during a period of 1,036 days corresponding to 36 evaluations. The dry matter of leaves, stem, fruits and shoot were evaluated in physic nut plants at each evaluation period, and from these data the growth parameters were evaluated: relative growth rate (TCR), absolute growth rate (TCA), crop cumulative growth rate (TCAC) and photosynthetic efficiency (EF). The correlation between the climatic variables and the dry matter production in shoot was made. After the growth evaluations, the samples were prepared and submitted to the chemical analyzes of the nutrient contents of the plant material. According to the results, it can be concluded that the growth and nutrient accumulation of the physic nut were more accentuated in the edaphoclimatic conditions of Curvelo than in Diamantina. The growth parameters TCR, TCA, TCAC and EF are important morphophysiological indexes that represent and help to clarify the dynamics of the accumulation of dry matter by physic nuThe temperature is the climatic variable that presents a greater correlation with the dry matter production in shoot of physic nut plants. The extraction sequence for macronutrients was: K> Ca> N> P> S> Mg for Diamantina and N> Ca> K> P> Mg> S for Curvelo, and for micronutrients the order was: Mn> B> Fe > Zn> Cu for Diamantina and Mn> Fe> B> Zn> Cu for Curvelo in the shoot at 1,036 days after the planting of the physic nut seedlings in the field.

This thesis explores the relationship between capitalism and exploitation in wake of the 2007-08 global financial crisis and subsequent economic recessions among the world’s most advanced capitalist nations. Starting from the position that not enough theoretical work has been done, particularly within criminology, to analyze the harms caused by crises in capitalism, I argue that a structural-Marxist framework can help fill this gap in the literature. By building a theoretical model based on Karl Marx’s original work on crises in capitalism, the structuralism of Louis Althusser, and as the philosophical materialism of David Harvey, I examine the ways in which the global financial crisis is not the unexpected event mainstream narratives maintain, but rather one that has been over a century in the making. On an empirical level, drawing insight from the Greek financial crisis, the model proposed is deployed to analyze the role that international financial institutions have had in the recent crisis and draw a link between these patterns and the status of modern capitalism, suggesting that the economic trauma we face now is intimately linked to the predisposition of capital (re)production and accumulation. This thesis ultimately underlines the fact that while we are governed by this ‘new’, more aggressive capitalism, it is also ‘the same’ in that Marx’s insights regarding the contradictions of capital accumulation are equally applicable today as they were in his time.

Northern peatlands are an important component of the global carbon (C) cycle and have been a net sink of atmospheric C during the Holocene. Under current climate warming conditions, the future sink-source balance of these peatlands is uncertain. In particular, peatlands near the southern limit of permafrost are likely to be sensitive to changes in topography as well as climate. In order to predict how the sink-source balance may change, this thesis focuses on determining the generality of observed patterns of C accumulation in Northeastern Canada. The methodological approach in this thesis is unique. A total of 30 cores were taken from 9 peatlands located in 3 ecoclimatic regions along the North Shore of the Gulf of St Lawrence. This replication of records allows for climate-scale (allogenic) signals to be separated from the internal or local factors (autogenic), and for statistical testing of differences between regions and within sites over time. Trends in carbon accumulation rates (CAR) were analysed on three levels: (1) within individual sites along a hydrological or microtopography gradient, (2) between overall regions located along a climatic or permafrost gradient, and (3) over time on a multi-centennial scale. Lead-210 (210Pb) dating was used throughout the analysis to increase temporal resolution for the last 150-200 years of C accumulation. The method was thoroughly tested from preparation to analysis and found to produce reliable results, comparable with other dating methods. These dates were then used to develop combined age-depth models for longer-term context. Replicated records of 210Pb inventories and fallout rates were also used to address questions of deposition patterns and post-depositional mobility in peat profiles. Total inventories decreased with water table depth, with lichen hummocks having significantly higher inventories. One site also received significantly higher 210Pb deposition than the other two, as it is more sheltered from the Gulf influence. Recent carbon accumulation rates for the 150-year period for all microforms across all regions was 62.1 ± 4.4 g C m-2 a-1, and were highest for Sphagnum hummocks (79.9 ± 8.9 g C m-2 a-1) and lowest for dry lichen hummocks (42.7 ± 6.2 g C m-2 a-1). Patterns and trends at this scale were mainly driven by autogenic processes, including incomplete decomposition in the acrotelm peat. Models of peat accumulation related to acrotelm thickness were found to be overly simplistic, as carbon accumulation for intermediate microforms showed large natural variability driven by changing ecohydrological feedbacks, in part due to permafrost degradation at one of the sites. Over a multi-centennial scale, carbon accumulation rates were driven by a combination of climatic changes and ecohydrological feedbacks due to shifts in the microform configuration in response to permafrost degradation. Changes in carbon accumulation rates were detected and coincided with Little Ice Age temperature/solar minima (including the Spörer, Maunder and Dalton Minima), permafrost degradation since the 1950s, and recent climatic changes in the mid-1990s. Snow cover and exposure of sites and microforms were found to play an important role, rather than solely climatic variables. Rapid Sphagnum re-establishment in post-permafrost degraded features and increasing temperatures meant that carbon accumulation was highest for the northernmost site in the transect. Age-depth models using a combination of lead-210 and radiocarbon dates allowed for the calculation of carbon accumulation rates at a decadal resolution. While peat carbon sequestration is projected to increase in northern regions, the fate of peatland C near the southern limit of permafrost is complex. Future studies seeking to interpret recent changes should include multiple cores and consider both regional climatic and local ecohydrological drivers.

Esta monografia tem por objetivo delimitar natureza jurídica, eficácia e conteúdo da não-cumulatividade da Cofins e do PIS, prevista no art. 195, §12, da Constituição, bem como avaliar a legislação em vigor quanto a sua compatibilidade com a Constituição. Para tanto, inicia-se com histórico acerca da introdução da não-cumulatividade das contribuições. Após, avalia-se a aplicabilidade do art. 195, §12, definindo-se-lhe como norma de competência, limitadora ao poder de tributar, servindo como parâmetro de controle de constitucionalidade, inclusive em relação à legislação anterior a sua promulgação. É analisado o conteúdo do art. 195, §12. Verifica-se a quais contribuições a norma se aplica, bem como o que deve ser entendido por “setores da atividade econômica” e por “não-cumulativas”. Então, é avaliada a natureza jurídica da norma que prevê a não-cumulatividade das contribuições, verificando-se tratar de regra, contendo o conceito jurídico indeterminado não-cumulatividade. São analisados critérios para concretização do conceito não-cumulatividade. Após, são verificados outros critérios de delimitação do espaço de decisão do legislador na configuração das contribuições que não decorrem diretamente do conceito jurídico indeterminado não-cumulatividade, mas de sua articulação com a estrutura das contribuições em questão, ou com o princípio da igualdade. Na segunda parte do trabalho, é verificada a compatibilidade da legislação em vigor com a Constituição. Avalia-se a constitucionalidade das escolhas do legislador quanto ao método de cálculo, tipo e modalidade de tributo e alíquota de apuração de créditos. / This work aims to define the legal nature, content and effectiveness of the non-accumulation clause, provided in art. 195, § 12 of the Constitution, for the social security taxes Cofins and PIS, levied on incomes, and to evaluate the current legislation regarding its compatibility with the Constitution. To do so, it starts with a brief history of the non-cumulative contributions. Afterwards, evaluates the applicability of art. 195, § 12, defining it as a standard of competence, limiting the taxation power, serving as a control parameter of judicial review. After that, it analyzes the content of art. 195, § 12. Inquires to which taxes it applies, as well as what is meant by "economic sectors" and "non-cumulative." Then, it evaluates the legal nature of the constitutional statute in which the non-cumulative contributions are state. The non-accumulation clause is defined as a rule that contains the indeterminate legal standard non-accumulation. Afterwards, it analyzes the criteria for establishing the area of decision of the legislature in filling the standard. Following, are checked other criteria to define the scope of the legislature's decision. The second part of the work verifies the compatibility of existing legislation with the Constitution. It evaluates the constitutionality of the legislature's choices regarding the method of calculation, type and form of tax rate and calculation of credits.

A construção do campo pictórico: acúmulos e sobreposições baseia-se na pesquisa sobre uma prática plástica, na construção de um campo pictórico. Assim, é apresentada, nesta dissertação, uma série de pinturas, produzidas entre 2002 e 2004, que tiveram como conceitos norteadores as noções de acúmulos e sobreposições exploradas na elaboração de pinturas. A narrativa é construída em paralelo ao processo de pintar. Seguindo, preferencialmente, a mesma seqüência de construção, procura-se apresentar os elementos que dão condição à instauração desses trabalhos. A partir da análise dessa experiência, se propõe o levantamento de questões recorrentes nessa prática, desde a seleção de referenciais, passando pelas ações operatórias, bem como elementos de naturezas variadas que envolvem uma prática plástica particular e que encontram reverberações na produção. Assim, são abordados assuntos como: o uso do recurso fotográfico na pintura, a exploração da matéria pictórica, a importância da ação do tempo nesse processo, os registros de trabalho e os reflexos e os diálogos firmados com a obra de outros pintores. Essa pesquisa estrutura-se como uma documentação de um processo de trabalho. Nesse sentido, aqui são apresentadas as hesitações, os questionamentos, as hipóteses e as experimentações relativas ao pintar. / The construction of the pictorial field: accumulations and overlaps is based on research about the plastic practice, in the construction of a pictorial field. Hence, it is presented in this dissertation a series of paintings, produced between 2002 and 2004, which had as guiding concepts the notions of accumulations and overlaps explored in the elaboration of paintings. The narrative is built in parallel to the process of painting. Proceeding, preferentially, the same construction sequence, trying to present the elements that allow the instauration of these works. Starting from the analysis of this experience, one intends the rising of appealing subjects in such practice, from reference selection, considering the operative actions, as well as elements varied in nature that involve a particular plastic practice and that find reverberations in the production. Hence, the approached subjects are: the use of the photographic resources in painting, the exploration of the pictorial matter, the importance of time effect in this process, the work recordings and the reflexes and dialogues with the other painters' work. This research is structured as a documentation of a work process. In that sense, here, the hesitations, the questionings, the hypotheses and the experimentations related to painting are presented.