Orientadora: Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo Lemos / Banca: Jackson Antonio Marcondes / Banca: Lúcia Maria Carareto Alves / Banca: Cristina Lacerda Soares Petrarolha Silva / Banca: Rodrigo Matheus Pereira / Resumo: Estudos sobre a atividade microbiológica que ocorre na rizosfera de diversos vegetais levaram ao descobrimento de grupos de microrganismos importantes para o desenvolvimento vegetal. Dentre eles estão as rizobactérias que são capazes de colonizar as raízes, estimulando-a diretamente ou beneficiando o crescimento e o desenvolvimento de diversas plantas, essas bactérias são chamadas Rizobactérias Promotoras de Crescimento em Plantas ou RPCP. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de isolar, identificar, testar a capacidade da solubilização de fosfato, produção de ácido indol- acético (AIA) e fixação de nitrogênio de alguns isolados obtidos de quatro regiões diferentes do Brasil, assim como o efeito da inoculação destes em sementes de milho (híbrido Imapcto) testados na casa de vegetação. As metodologias utilizadas neste trabalho propiciaram a seleção de isolados que se destacaram positivamente. A análise parcial do gene 16S rRNA dos 87 isolados possibilitou a identificação dos gêneros, Bacillus, Burkholderia e Azospirillum, sendo os mais freqüentes totalizando 78% dos isolados, seguidos de Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Herbaspirillum, Pantoea e Bosea. Desses, 42 foram positivos no teste colorimétrico para detecção de produção do AIA e somente 24 apresentaram a capacidade de solubilização do fosfato. A partir destes resultados selecionou-se um organismo pertencente ao gênero Sphingomonas para ser testado em casa de vegetação como promotor de crescimento em conjunto com as estirpes de Azospirillum brasilense (AbV5 e AbV6). As plantas foram avaliadas quanto à altura, aos vinte e setenta dias após a germinação, e a massa seca da parte aérea e radicular foram quantificadas após setenta dias, no encerramento do experimento. Já a capacidade de redução do acetileno a etileno in vitro foi positiva somente para quatro organismos pertencentes aos gêneros Pseudomonas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Studies on the microbial activity that occurs in the rhizosphere of different plants have led to the discovery of groups of important microorganisms to plant development. Among them are the rhizobacteria that are able to colonize the roots, stimulating it directly or benefiting the growth and development of many plants, these bacteria are called Plant Growth Promotion Rhizobacteria in plants or RPCP. This study aimed to isolate, identify, test the ability of phosphate solubilization, production of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and nitrogen fixation of some isolates from four different regions of Brazil, as well as the effect of inoculation in these maize seeds (hybrid Imapcto) tested in the greenhouse. The methods used in this study enabled the selection of isolates that stood out positively. The analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene of the 87 isolates allowed the identification of genera, Bacillus, Azospirillum and Burkholderia, with the most frequent totaling 78% of isolates, followed by Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Herbaspirillum, Pantoea and Bosea. Of these, 42 were positive in the colorimetric test for detection of production of the EIA and only 24 had the capacity of phosphate solubilization. From these results picked up a body belonging to the genus Sphingomonas to be tested in the greenhouse as promoter of growth together with the strains of Azospirillum brasilense (AbV5 and AbV6). The plants were then evaluated for the twenty and seventy days after germination and dry weight of shoot and root were quantified after seventy days, at the end of the experiment. The capacity of reduction of acetylene to ethylene in vitro were positive for only four bodies belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Sphingomonas and Herbaspirillum amid NFb. With these isolates tested was the ability to fix nitrogen evaluating the development of maize seedlings in a greenhouse for thirty days... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Rubens Maciel Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T23:31:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_MariaCristinade_D.pdf: 4065540 bytes, checksum: 5894b9d4ab32275a40a9981e9744c1b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem por finalidade propor o projeto conceitual de plantas alcoolquímicas a partir de dados experimentais de reações químicas em escala de laboratório, utilizando Simulador Comercial, no caso Aspen Plus (Versão 2006). A exaustão das fontes de energia baseada em combustíveis fósseis e as preocupações ambientais em torno do aumento do dióxido de carbono e do aquecimento global são crescentes. Assim, o uso de energia renovável/sustentável é uma realidade. Nos últimos trinta anos, a produção de etanol da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil avançou para 17 bilhões de litros, com perspectivas de atingir 35,7 bilhões de litros em 2012-2013 de acordo com dados UNICA (União da Indústria de Cana-de-Açúcar). O Brasil tem a grande oportunidade de desenvolver e usar derivados do etanol, ou seja, fazer uso inteligente da chamada Alcoolquímica e a partir de dois átomos de carbono gerar todos os produtos feitos à base de petróleo, de forma integrada ambientalmente e de maneira capaz a se ter uma alta sustentabilidade global. A Planta de Esterificação do Etanol com ácido acético em fase vapor empregando o pentóxido de nióbio hidratado (nome comercial: ácido nióbico) teve como suporte a pesquisa de Oliveira (1991) e Oliveira e Nascimento (1991) quanto à cinética para o reator. As plantas projetadas tiveram como escopo a alta pureza dos produtos e reagentes remanescentes no processo com a finalidade de serem reciclados e responderem a qualidade tanto ambiental quanto comercial. Foi seguida a premissa de se procurar usar apenas um solvente, além da água que, ao contrário da maioria dos processos industriais, ao final é obtida com alta de pureza. Foram projetadas duas plantas denominadas configuração e configuração S. Da série de testes experimentais realizados por Araújo (2003) e Araújo e Sprung (2003), foi escolhido o catalisador do tipo hidrotalcita calcinado a 650°C composto de cobalto e alumínio, uma vez que este foi mais seletivo em relação aos produtos obtidos (etileno, acetaldeído, acetato de etila, hidrogênio e traços de éter etílico). A planta usando este catalisador também gerou produtos com alta pureza como o acetato de etila, etileno e água, sendo o hidrogênio 100% puro e o acetaldeído com faixas de 95,5 a 99,9% tendo como resíduos os azeótropos formados com a água e o éter etílico, portanto não separáveis por técnicas convencionais. / Abstract: The objective of this work has the purpose to conceptually design alcohol chemistries plants from experimental reactor data being used commercial simulator (Aspen Plus). The exhaustion of the sources of energy based on fossil fuels and the environmental concerns about the increase of the carbon dioxide and of the global heating are growing. In this way, the use of renewable and maintainable energy is a reality. In the last thirty years, the production of ethanol of the sugar-cane in Brazil moved forward 17 billion liters, with perspectives of reaching 35,7 billion liters in 2012-2013 in agreement with data from UNICA ((Union of the Industry of Sugar-Cane). Brazil has the large opportunity to develop and to use derived of the ethanol, in other words, to do intelligent use of the call Alcohol-chemistry and starting from two atoms of carbon to generate large quantity of products originally based on petroleum, in way integrated with the environment. The Plant of ethanol esterification with acetic acid in vapor phase using the pentoxide niobic hydration (trade name: acid niobic) had as support the works of Oliveira (1991) and Oliveira and Nascimento (1991) in relation to the kinetics for the reactor. The projected plants had as mark the purity of the products and of the remaining reagents in the process with the purpose of recycle them and they answer the environmental and commercial qualities. The intention was to use only one solvent, besides the use of water that, contrarily to the most of the industrial processes, at the end, it is generated with high purity. Two plants were projected: the configuration ? and the configuration S . Of the series of tests accomplished by Araújo (2003) and Araújo and Sprung (2003), it was chosen the catalyst of the type hydrotalcite calcined at 650°C composed of cobalt and aluminum, because this was more selective in relation to the obtained products (ethylene, acethaldehyde, ethyl acetate, hydrogen and residues of ethyl ether). The plant using this catalyst also generated products with high purity as the ethyl acetate, ethylene and water being the hydrogen 100% pure and the acethaldehyde with strips from 95,5 to 99,9% having as residues the azeotropes formed with water and ethyl, which can not be separated by conventional processes. / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O estudo anastomose colorretal desperta interesse por apresentar morbidade e mortalidade elevadas. Isso ocorre principalmente, por deiscÃncia, atribuÃda a vÃrios fatores, inclusive inflamatÃrios. A aroeira-do-sertÃo (Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All.), Ãrvore da famÃlia Anacardiaceae, à conhecida pelas suas propriedades antiinflamatÃrias e cicatrizantes, surgindo como uma alternativa terapÃutica. Diante dessas qualidades conhecidas, decidiu-se verificar sua aÃÃo na anastomose cÃlica na vigÃncia da colite experimental induzida por Ãcido acÃtico a 10%, em ratos Wistar. Foram utilizados 48 ratos, machos, com peso mÃdio de 340g, distribuÃdos em dois grupos de 24. Um grupo experimento formado por ratos que foram tratados com extrato aquoso de aroeira a 10% e um grupo controle tratado com o veÃculo à base de carboximetilcelulose (CMC), ambos sob forma de enema. Cada grupo foi dividido em quatro subgrupos conforme a data da eutanÃsia (3, 7, 14 e 21 dias). Vinte e quatro horas apÃs a induÃÃo da colite os animais foram submetidos ao exame endoscÃpico e em seguida à laparotomia para a realizaÃÃo da secÃÃo total do cÃlon e posterior anastomose cÃlica, tÃrmino-terminal, em plano Ãnico com fio de polipropileno 5-0. Os animais foram avaliados do ponto de vista morfolÃgico (soluÃÃo de continuidade, crosta fibrino-leucocitÃria, edema, exsudato, neoformaÃÃo vascular, neoformaÃÃo conjuntiva e reepitelizaÃÃo), morfomÃtrico (neutrÃfilos, eosinÃfilos, histiÃcitos, linfÃcitos, plasmÃcitos, fibroblastos e vasos) e pressÃo de ruptura (explosÃo) do segmento colÃnico. No estudo histolÃgico corado pelo TricrÃmico de Masson avaliou-se a proliferaÃÃo do colÃgeno. Os segmentos colÃnicos foram retirados para estudos nas respectivas datas da eutanÃsia. Na anÃlise morfolÃgica observou-se uma superioridade do grupo Aroeira sobre o grupo VeÃculo no vigÃsimo primeiro dia. Na avaliaÃÃo morfomÃtrica, nÃo ficou evidenciado nenhuma aÃÃo antiinflamatÃria por parte da aroeira, porÃm ela apresentou resultados superiores ao grupo controle na segunda e terceira fase da cicatrizaÃÃo que correspondem respectivamente a fase de fibroplasia (proliferaÃÃo fibroblÃstica) e maturaÃÃo e remodelagem que à a deposiÃÃo de colÃgeno na matriz cicatricial. O nÃvel pressÃrico foi estatisticamente significante no terceiro dia, sendo o Grupo Aroeira superior ao Grupo VeÃculo. Conclui-se que o extrato aquoso de aroeira-do-sertÃo a 10%, desenvolve atividade cicatrizante na anastomose cÃlica na vigÃncia de colite experimental induzida por Ãcido acÃtico a 10%, em ratos Wistar, atuando na fase dois e trÃs da cicatrizaÃÃo aumentando a fibroplasia e a deposiÃÃo de colÃgeno na matriz cicatricial / The colorectal anastomosis awakens interest for the studies because it presents elevated morbidity and mortality. This occurs mainly, by dehiscence, attributed to several factors, including inflammatory. The aroeira-do-sertÃo (Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All.), a plant of the Anacardiaceae family, is known for its antiinflammatory and healing properties, appearing as a alternative therapy. Facing these known qualities, it was decided to verify its action on the colonic anastomosis while under 10% acetic acid induced experimental colitis, in Wistar rats. Were utilized 48 rats,males, with average weight 340g, distributed in two groups of 24. One experiment group formed by rats that were treated with 10% aqueous extract of aroeira-do-sertÃo and one control group treated with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) based vehicle, both in the enema form. Each group was divided into four subgroups according to the date of euthanasia (days 3, 7, 14 and 21). Twenty-four hours after the inducion of colitis the animals were subjected to endoscopic examination and after that laparotomy for the performance of the total section of the colon and posterior colonic anastomosis, end-to-end, in single plane with 5-0 polypropylene. The animals were evaluated from the morphological (disruption of epithelial basement membranecontinuity, fibrin clot, edema, exudate, vascularity, connective new formation and reepithelization), morphometric (neutrophils, eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocyte, plasma cells, fibroblasts and vessels) and rupture pression (explosion) of the colonic segment point of view. On the histological study dyed by trichrome stain it was evaluated the collagen proliferation. The colonic segments were removed for studies on the respective dates of euthanasia. On the morphological analysis it was observed a superiority on Aroeira group over Vehicle group on the twenty-first day. On the morphometric evaluation, it was noticed no antiinflammatory action on the part of aroeira, but it presented results superior to the control group on the second and third phases of healing that correspond respectively to the phase of fibroplasia (fibroblastic proliferation) and maturation and remodeling which is collagen deposition on the healing matrix. The pressoric level was statistically significant on the third day, being the Aroeira Group superior to the Vehicle Group. It is concluded that the 10% aqueous extract of aroeira-do-sertÃo, develops healing activity on the colonic anastomosis under 10% acetic acid induced experimental colitis, in Wistar rats, acting on phase two and three of healing increasing the fibroplasias and the collagen deposition on the healing matrix.

This work focused a pH readjustment strategy has been applied for the enhancement ofbiohydrogen production form food waste hydrolysate in a semi-pilot scale bioreactor seededwith selectively enriched mixed microbial culture. Different initial pH (pH 6, pH 7, and pH8) was selected for biohydrogen production from FW. When hydrogen production was terminated due to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids in the bioreactor, then the pHof the bioreactor was again readjusted to its initial pH. Highest hydrogen production rate of1.13 L/h (CHP: 58.48 L) was achieved with pH 8 operation which was almost double thanpH 6 and pH 7 operation. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) production was also influenced by thisstrategy. Higher acetic and butyric acids (2471.4mg/L and 947.37mg/L) were observed. Highest buffering capacity (0.1ßmol) significantly contributed towards higher biohydrogenproduction via this pH adjustment strategy. This strategy not only enhanced H 2 productionbut it also increased the waste conversion efficiency towards other biobased productsproduction during acidogenesis of FW.

Corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is mostly marketed as a livestock feed due to its high protein content of 30%. Recently, the proteins in DDGS have shown potential to act as binding agents along with melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin. However, it is unknown if DDGS can be chemically functionalized as a natural binder to replace synthetic resin in particleboard. In this study, several formulations were tested using various concentrations of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide treatments with combinations of temperature, DDGS concentrations, particle sizes, and wax. FTIR results indicated that DDGS proteins were decoupled through acid or alkali treatments, and acid treated DDGS in particleboards displayed higher improvements in internal bond strength as well as the moisture resistance of the particleboards. These results suggest that acid or alkali treated DDGS has potential to act as a natural binder for manufacturing medium-density particleboard.

The possibility of drug incompatibilities is a matter of serious concern when administering two or more therapeutic agents. This is especially true in the case of parenteral administration when one must be aware not only of therapeutic interactions but also chemical and physical reactions that might occur. In order to avoid incompatibilities, drug manufacturers have suggested that parenteral solutions be used immediately after reconstitution and that admixtures of parenteral products not be administered wherever possible (1,2). Physicians have also stressed the importance in avoiding multiple drug therapy (3,4). In spite of these suggestions, the practice of multiple drug therapy is prevalent. Because of this, there has been an increase in awareness of the number of drug admixtures administered in the hospital. At the University of Michigan Hospital over two thirds of the intravenous fluids administered contained two or more therapeutic agents (5). Holysko and Ravin (6) report that 48% of the intravenous fluids contain one additive, 30% contain two additives, and 22% contain three or more additives. The survey taken by Patterson and Nordstrom (7) showed that 24% of the solutions administered intravenously contained two drugs 1 and that 16% of the intravenous solutions contained three or more additives. The increased awareness of the problems in admixtures of parenterals has contributed to the increased use of centralized intravenous additive programs at various hospitals. The hospital pharmacist is now becoming more responsible for the preparation of intravenous admixtures (8). The need for additional information concerning potential interactions when admixtures of therapeutic agents for intravenous use are administered is evident. The lack of information includes, in addition to incompatibilities, areas of interest such as stability, sterility, and clinical effectiveness (8,9). This report will discuss a method to detect potential chemical interactions. The drugs under investigation are sodium ethacrynate (Edecrina) in combination with selected cardiovascular and psychotherapeutic agents when in admixture in normal saline solution. Possible therapeutic interactions and physical incompatibilities of these combinations will also be discussed.

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) have become attractive and gained high research interest due to its significance for the chemical industry and economical advantage. These acids can be produced by utilizing organic waste such as food waste as substrate through anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is an environmental process that occurs naturally and produces biogas as the main product. VFAs are intermediate products formed during anaerobic digestion where acetic acid, a type of VFA, is the primary product. The main objective of this study was to utilize acetic acid as carbon and energy source for production of edible fungi, Rhizopus ologisporus, Mucor indicus and Volvariella volvacea. The first step was to evaluate if acetic acid could be used as carbon and energy source for edible fungi production. The results showed, that acetic acid is suitable as carbon and energy source for fungal biomass production. The second step was to optimize growth in liquid media. The cultivations were carried out by using five different conditions, where the liquid media contained different combinations of acetic acid, yeast extract and minerals as well as comparing orbital and linear oscillations. Fungal cultivation was possible regardless of the medium composition and type of water shaking baths. However, a linear water shaking bath with a combination of acetic acid yeast extract and/or minerals seems to be the best. Finally, as step three, acetic acid concentrations, 0.2 g/l and 2.0 g/l were used under similar conditions as in step two to see whether a higher concentration of acetic acid would be beneficial. Although the cultivation containing 2.0 g/l gave a higher value of dry weight, the value of yield is questionable. Further studies are needed to confirm if a higher concentration is beneficial or if it might act as an inhibitor for fungal cultivation. / Flyktiga fettsyror (VFAs) har ekonomiska fördelar och kan användas inom kemiska industrier i olika sammanhang, detta har lett till ett stort forskningsintresse för att kunna nyttja VFAs. Organiskt avfall, såsom matavfall, kan användas som substrat för att producera fettsyror genom anaerob rötning. Anaerob rötning är en miljövänlig process och VFAs bildas som intermediära produkter under den anaeroba nedbrytningen där annars bildas biogas som slutprodukt. Syftet med denna studie var att använda ättiksyra, (den vanligaste typen av VFAs), som kol- och energikälla vid odling av tre olika ätbara svampar, som Rhizopus oligosporus, Mucor indicus, och Volvariella volvacea. Först odlades dessa ätbara svampar i odlingsmedium innehållande ättiksyra. Resultatet visade att ättiksyra kan användas som kol- och energikälla vid produktion av svampbiomassa. Målet i de nästkommande stegen var att optimera tillväxtförhållande för svampodlingen. Fem olika odlingsmedier som innehöll olika kombinationer av ättiksyra, jästextrakt och mineraler användes. Det undersöktes dessutom hur två olika skakmetoder, orbitalt, eller linjärt, skakbad påverkar odlingen. Svamptillväxt var möjligt vid alla olika förhållanden oavsett sammansättningen av medium och typ av skakbad, däremot verkar odlingsmedium som innehåller ättiksyra, jästextrakt och/eller mineraler i kombination med linjär skakning vara de bästa förutsättningar för tillväxt av biomassa. I det sista steget kultiverades svamp med olika koncentrationer av ättiksyra, 0,2 g/l och 2,0 g/l, under liknande optimerade förhållanden som ovan, för att undersöka om en högre koncentration av ättiksyra skulle vara fördelaktig. Det producerades mer svampbiomassa (som torrvikt) vid koncentration av 2,0 g/l ättiksyra jämfört med när 0,2 g/l ättiksyra användes, dock var det svårt att säkerställa utbytet. Det behövs därför ytterligare fortsatta studier för att kunna bevisa om en högre koncentration av ättiksyra är fördelaktig för odlingen, eller om en högre koncentration skulle verka inhiberande för tillväxten.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第20479号 / エネ博第348号 / 新制||エネ||69(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 坂 志朗, 教授 梅澤 俊明, 准教授 河本 晴雄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is an essential component in wastewater treatment to recover energy from waste and deals with sludge management issues effectively. AD is a treatment process that converts organic matter to methane and carbon dioxide with multi-step biological reactions. Methanogenesis, the subprocess of AD that produces methane, is an important indicator of the stability of AD and is influenced by pH, temperature, ammonia, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and solids concentrations among other factors. Ammonia is an essential nutrient for methanogenic bacteria but at certain ammonia concentrations and pH levels, ammonia is said to be a toxicant for methanogenic archaea. Substrates that are high in ammonia content can include those high in protein, such as food waste, which can be inhibitory to methanogens in the digestion process. Thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) also contains a large amount of nitrogen with its higher solids concentration, promoting methane production. VFAs are produced during acidogenesis and they can negatively affect methanogenic archaea. High organic loading rates into AD can lead to an accumulation of VFAs and thus inhibition of methanogenic activity. Even with well-known inhibitory effects of ammonia and VFAs on methanogenesis, there are limited tools available for modelling these inhibitions, especially when evaluating diverse compositions of substrate. The objectives of this research work are to experiment for various pairings of pH, ammonia, and acetate levels using batch reactors and to quantify the inhibition on the overall methane production using an AD-based model focused on biological reactions. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)