Orientador: Renato Pavanello / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T13:01:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvaJunior_FranciscoIlsonda_D.pdf: 14371994 bytes, checksum: 62ec5e37c9e4a7e588b3e344df5a1542 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, estudam-se os fenômenos de propagação de ondas elásticas e acústicas em meios poroelásticos acoplados e se propõe uma metodologia de projeto de isolação acústica em baixas freqüências, utilizando-se de técnicas de otimização topológica. Duas formulações para o método de elementos finitos são utilizadas, baseadas nas equações clássicas de Biot modificadas, escritas em termos do deslocamento estrutural (u) e da pressão acústica (p) nos interstícios preenchidos pelo fluido. O problema físico consiste em um material poroelástico absorvedor presente em um tubo de Kundt acoplado a um guia de onda no domínio das baixas freqüências. A célula representativa é composta por dois sub-domínios: Acústico e Poroelástico. Dois métodos para a maximização da absorção acústica são propostos. O primeiro método é uma seqüência evolucionaria baseada no número de sensibilidade determinado a partir dos valores de absorção elementar acústica. O segundo método é baseado na técnica SIMP (¿Simple Isotropic Material with Penalization¿) e envolve uma análise de sensibilidade e métodos de programação matemática. A análise de sensibilidade do sistema acoplado é feita através de três metodologias distintas. Um Método de Programação Linear Seqüencial, o SLP (¿Sequential Linear Programming¿) é utilizado na solução do problema de otimização para validar a metodologia proposta. Finalmente, as principais conclusões são apresentadas e algumas sugestões de investigações futuras são propostas / Abstract: This work aims to study the coupled poroelasticity and build a design methodology based on Evolutionary and Topological optimization techniques. Two version of the classical Biot equations are written in terms of solid phase structural displacements (u) and interstitial acoustic pressure (p). The problem is solved using a Kundt tube model coupled to an acoustic wave guide in the low frequency domain. Two methods for the maximization of the acoustic absorption at a specific frequency are proposed. The first method is an evolutionary sequence, based on a sensitivity number and obtained by acoustic elementary absorption determination. The second method is based on a SIMP technique (Simple Isotropic Material With Penalization). It involves a sensitivity analysis and mathematical programming methods. A sensitivity analysis of the coupled system is done by three different methodologies. A Sequential Linear Programming Method (SLP) is used to solve the optimization problem. Bidimensional and Tridimensional examples have been implemented and optimized to validate the proposed methodology investigations are proposed. Finally, the main conclusions are presented and some suggestions about future investigations are proposed. / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

INTRODUÇÃO: A atuação fonoaudiológica na síndrome de Down tem privilegiado os aspectos de cognição, linguagem e sistema estomatognático destes indivíduos. Devido à escassez de informações a respeito da voz nos sujeitos afetados por esta síndrome, a atuação fonoaudiológica, tanto em clínica quanto em pesquisa ainda é incipiente. Este estudo parte da hipótese de que a hipotonia muscular e frouxidão ligamentar características da síndrome podem afetar o trato vocal e, conseqüentemente, a fonação destas pessoas. OBJETIVO: Caracterização da voz do jovem adulto com SD, a partir de análises acústica e perceptivo-auditiva. MÉTODOS: Participaram 55 sujeitos com síndrome de Down de 18 a 29 anos, 31 do gênero masculino e 24 do gênero feminino. O material de fala consistiu de vogais orais sustentadas do Português brasileiro e foi gravado em mini-disc. Para análise acústica foi utilizado Dr Speech 4.0, Tiger Inc. O tempo máximo de fonação foi medido com cronômetro. Para análise perceptivo-auditiva 3 juízes especialistas em voz utilizaram escala GRBASI e a avaliação de ressonância do perfil de triagem vocal de Buffallo III. Foi realizado teste de concordância inter-juízes RESULTADOS: Valores acústicos médios : F0 gênero masculino 158,42 Hz; F0 gênero feminino 216,26 Hz; jitter 0,44%; shimmer 1,85%; desvio padrão F0 4,18Hz; freqüência do tremor 2,64 Hz; amplitude do tremor 3,45 Hz, energia de ruído glótico -8,45dB; proporção harmônico-ruído 19,87dB; proporção sinal-ruído 18,04dB; tempo máximo de fonação do gênero masculino 6,46 s; tempo máximo de fonação do gênero feminino 5,75 s. Teste de concordância inter-juízes indicou concordância estatisticamente significante, exceto para o parâmetro hiponasalidade. Os juízes estimaram corretamente a idade e o gênero dos sujeitos por meio da voz. A escala GRBASI indicou: Grau global moderado; Rouquidão de normal a moderado; Soprosidade de normal a severo; Astenia com maior concentração no grau normal; Tensão de normal a moderado. A avaliação da ressonância indicou: hipernasalidade de leve a severo; hiponasalidade de leve a severo; ressonância laringo-faríngica de leve a severo; ressonância oral de normal a leve e ressonância cul-de-sac não aparece significativamente na amostra. CONCLUSÕES: F0 do gênero feminino, jitter, shimmer e medidas de ruído dentro da normalidade. F0 do gênero masculino elevada e desvio padrão da F0 aumentado. Tempo máximo de fonação altamente desviante. A identificação de idade e gênero dos sujeitos por meio da voz não foi prejudicada pela elevação da F0. As vozes foram julgadas disfônicas, porém não se pode atribuir a um único parâmetro da escala GRBASI, que teve distribuição heterogênea. Foi identificado foco ressonantal nasal na quase totalidade dos casos, variando entre hiper e hiponasal associado a foco laringo-faríngico / INTRODUCTION: Down syndrome is one of the most common genetic pathologies. Speech and Language Pathology usually deals with cognitition, language development and oral-facial muscular aspects of this syndrome. Due to the lack of information about the voice of people with Down syndrome, Specch and Language Pathology research and voice therapy is still incipient. This research was based on the hipothesis that typical muscular hypotonia and ligamentous faintness of Down syndrome may affect vocal tract and, by consequence, phonation. PURPOSE: Perform acoustical and perceptual analysis of voice of young adults with Down syndrome. METHODS: 55 subjects with Down syndrome, 31 males and 24 females, ages 18 to 29 y.o., students of special education school. Speech signal consisted of sustained vowels of brazilian Portuguese was recorded in mini-discs and, for acoustical analysis, Dr Speech 4.0, Tiger Inc. was used. Maximum phonation time was measured with a digital cronometer. 3 judges, Speech and Language Pathologists voice specialists performed perceptual analysis using GRBASI scale and ressonance evaluation of Buffallo III Vocal Profile. Inter-judge reliability was computed. RESULTS: mean acoustic values: male F0 158,42 Hz; female F0 216,26 Hz; jitter 0,44%; shimmer 1,85%; standart deviation F0 4,18Hz; tremor frequency 2,64 Hz; tremor amplitude 3,45 Hz, normalized noise energy -8,45dB; noise-to-harmonic ratio 19,87dB; signal-to-noise ratio 18,04dB; male maximum phonation time 6,46 s; female maximum phonation time 5,75 s. Inter-judge reliability test was found positive, except for hiponasality. Judges were able to correctly estimate subjects age and sex by voice listening.GRBASI scale indicated : mild Grade; normal to mild Roughness; normal to severe Breathness; normal Asteny; normal to mild Tension. Ressonance evaluation indicated: light to severe hypernasal ressonance; light to severe hyponasal ressonance; light to severe laryngeal-faringeal ressonance; normal to light oral ressonance and cul-de-sac ressonance did not appear significantly at the sample. CONCLUSIONS: Normal female F0, jitter, shimmer and noise measurements inside the normal range. High male F0 and elevated F0 standard deviation. Extremely low abnormal maximum phonation time. Despite F0 elevation, judges could estimate correctly age and sex. GRBASI scale had heterogenous distribution. Voices were classified as disphonic, but we can´t atributte this classification to an isolated parameter. Nasal ressonantal focus was identified in almost every subject, ranging between hyper and hyponasal, associated to laryngeal-faringeal focus

Orientador: Vanessa Monteiro-Pedro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T02:41:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silverio_KellyCristinaAlves_D.pdf: 4395493 bytes, checksum: f0341d6cbf3e7405be67e1e6beea7d4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar a voz e mensurar a atividade elétrica dos músculos supra-hioídeos (SH) e estemocleidomastoideo (ECM) em indivíduos portadores de desordem temporomandibular, em situações de repouso e fonação. Foram avaliados, por meio da eletromiografia de superfície os músculos esternocleidomastoideo direito e esquerdo e o grupo de músculos supra-hioídeos de 20 indivíduos do sexo feminino, subdivididos em dois grupos. Um grupo com 10 indivíduos portadores de desordem temporomandibular - grupo DTM na faixa etária de 18 a 33 anos (X=22,1; DP '+ ou ¿' 4,3) e 10 indivíduos clinicamente normais - Grupo Controle ¿ sem queixas relativas à desordem temporomandibular e a problemas vocais, com qualidade vocal equilibrada na faixa etária de 18 a 30 anos (X=22,5; DP '+ ou ¿' 4,0).Todos os indivíduos selecionados passaram por avaliação fonoaudiológica - análise perceptiva auditiva da voz e análise acústica ¿ e avaliação otorrinolaringológica - exame laringológico. As situações avaliadas foram repouso, emissão da vogal /a/, fala espontânea e contagem de números. A atividade elétrica foi mensurada por um Módulo Condicionador de sinais MCS-V2 Lynx de 16 canais, com placa conversora CAD 12/36 - Lynx, software Aqdados versão 4.18 - Lynx e eletrodos ativos diferenciais simples. O sinal eletromiográfico foi analisado pela envoltória da média com uso do software Matlab 6.0. Durante o registro do sinal eletromiográfico foi realizada a gravação das vozes dos indivíduos com uso de gravador digital - MiniDisc - Sony para posterior análise auditiva e acústica. A Análise perceptivo-auditiva foi realizada por três avaliadores em momentos diferentes e a análise acústica foi feita através do software Multi-Speech Model 3700 da Kay Elemetrics. Os dados relativos à eletromiografia foram estatisticamente tratados por meio dos testes ANOVA e Tuckey ('alfa¿=5%). Os resultados deste estudo revelaram que, quanto à análise perceptivo-auditiva, o grupo DTM apresentou grau leve de disfonia, rouquidão, soprosidade e instabilidade, porém significativamente maior que o grupo Controle. Da mesma forma, o grupo DTM apresentou uma prevalência de 51,7% de alteração ressonantal e do padrão articulatório, enquanto que o Grupo Controle apresentou 21% de alteração da ressonância e 30% de alteração da articulação. A Análise acústica do registro vocal revelou que o grupo DTM apresentou valores significativamente maiores nas medidas de Variação de Amplitude (vAm) e proporção harmônico-ruído (NHR) em relação ao grupo Controle. Quanto à atividade elétrica, os resultados mostraram que os músculos SH do grupo Controle apresentaram atividade elétrica significativamente maior do que o grupo DTM, enquanto que não houve diferença significativa entre os músculos ECM esquerdo e direito, na comparação entre grupos. No grupo Controle, os músculos SH apresentaram atividade elétrica significativamente aumentada em relação ao músculo ECM bilateralmente (p=0,0014 e p=0,0023, respectivamente), enquanto que no grupo DTM o mesmo ocorreu apenas em relação ao músculo ECM direito (p=0,0022). Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as atividades de fonação e repouso apenas quanto à atividade elétrica dos músculos SH em ambos os grupos (p=0,0001).Os dados deste estudo permitem concluir que apesar da eletromiografia não ter revelado diferenças entre os grupos, indivíduos portadores de desordem temporomandibular miogênica apresentam algum tipo de queixa vocal e, embora com padrão de coaptação glótica normal!, apresentaram alterações vocais de grau leve em relação a indivíduos não portadores desse tipo de alteração. A atividade elétrica do músculo ECM esquerdo encontrou-se aumentada nos indivíduos com DTM, sugerindo problemas cervicais, o que está de acordo com a literatura. Quanto aos músculos SH, outros estudos devem ser realizados para melhor compreensão desta musculatura na fonação / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the voice and mesure the electrical activity of suprahyoid (SH) and esternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles in subjects with temporomandibular joint disorder, in rest and speaking situations. By means of surface eletromyographic, were assessed the SCM left and right muscles, as well as the SH muscles of 20 female individuais, divided into two groups: one group formed by 10 subjects carrying temporomandibular joint disorder - TMJ group on average of 18 to 33 years old (X=22,1; DP '+ or ¿' 4,3) and 10 clinically normal subjects -Control Group - without complaints related to temporomandibular joint disorder as well to voice problems, with normal voice in the ages of 18 to 30 years old (X=22,5; DP '+ or ¿' 4,0). Every subjects were evaluate by perceptual and acoustical analysis of voice and otorhinolaryngologic exams. The situations analyzed were rest, production of vowel Ia/, spontaneous sequenced speech and counting. The electric activity was measured by an Analogic/Digital Converter AlD (LYNX,), a Software for Data Acquisition and simpie differential active electrodes. The electric sign was calculated by the root mean square (RMS) in 'mu¿V, processed by Matlab (version 5.0) routine and normalized by Envoltory. The voices were registers in minidiscs for perceptual and acoustical analysis. The perceptual analysis was evaluated by three speech pathologists and the acoustical analysis was measured by Multi Speech model 3700 - Kay Elemetrics software. The data were statistically analyzed by variance analysis (ANOVA) and Tukey's test, with significance levei of 0.05. The results of this study showed that, in relation to the perceptual analysis, the TMJ group presented a slight dysphonia degree, roughness, beathness and instability, yet significantly greater than the Control group. Likewise, the TMJ group showed a prevalence of 51.7% of ressonant alteration as well the articulatory pattern. In the meanwhile, the Control group showed 21% of ressonance alteration and 30% of articulation alteration. The vocal register acoustics analysis revealed that the TMJ group presented bigger significantly values in the Peak-to-peak Amplitude Variation (vAm) and Noise to Harmonic Ratio (NHR) in relation to the Control group. As for the electrical activity, the results showed that the SH muscles of the Control group presented a significantly bigger electrical activity than the TMJ group while there was a significant difference between the right and left SCM muscles, when comparing both groups. In the Control group, the SH muscles presented significantly increased electrical activity in relation to the two-sided SCM muscles (p=0.0014 and p=0.0023, respectively), as for in the TMJ group the same only occurred in relation to the right SCM muscle (p=0.0022).There just was a statistically significant difference between the pho'nation and rest activities regarding the electrical activity of the SH muscles in both groups (p=0.0001).The data of this study allow us to conclude that in spite of the lack of differences in both groups with the electromyograph, individuais carrying myogenic TMJ, present some kind of vocal complaint and, besides the normal glottal pattern, they presented vocal alterations of light degree in relation to the individuais that don't carry this kind of alteration. The electrical activity of the left SCM muscle was verified to be raised in the TMJ subjects which suggests cervical problems in agreement with the literature. As for the SH muscles, other studies need to be carried out for better comprehension of these muscles in relation to the phonation / Doutorado / Doutor em Biologia Buco-Dental

This thesis investigates the feasibility of using gestures as a means of control for localizing three dimensional (3D) sound sources in a distributed immersive audio system. A prototype system was implemented and tested which uses state of the art technology to achieve the stated goals. A Windows Kinect is used for gesture recognition which translates human gestures into control messages by the prototype system, which in turn performs actions based on the recognized gestures. The term distributed in the context of this system refers to the audio processing capacity. The prototype system partitions and allocates the processing load between a number of endpoints. The reallocated processing load consists of the mixing of audio samples according to a specification. The endpoints used in this research are XMOS AVB endpoints. The firmware on these endpoints were modified to include the audio mixing capability which was controlled by a state of the art audio distribution networking standard, Ethernet AVB. The hardware used for the implementation of the prototype system is relatively cost efficient in comparison to professional audio hardware, and is also commercially available for end users. the successful implementation and results from user testing of the prototype system demonstrates how it is a feasible option for recording the localization of a sound source. The ability to partition the processing provides a modular approach to building immersive sound systems. This removes the constraint of a centralized mixing console with a predetermined speaker configuration.

Le confort acoustique des passagers à l’intérieur d’un véhicule est fonction des équipements embarqués notamment le Système de Ventilation d’Air (SVA). Un SVA est un système complexe et compact, composé de plusieurs éléments. L’interaction de l’écoulement d’air avec ces éléments est un facteur influant sur les phénomènes acoustiques générés. Le projet CEVAS (Conception d’Eléments de Ventilation d’Air Silencieux), piloté par l’équipementier Valeo, a pour ambition de développer un outil numérique d’aide à la conception des SVA. Dans le cadre de projet, un banc d’essai a été développé à l’UTC en coopération avec Valeo afin de caractériser par mesures acoustique et aéraulique les composants d’un SVA dans les mêmes conditions de fonctionnement que sur véhicule. L’instrumentation acoustique de ce banc permet la caractérisation multimodale des propriétés acoustiques passives et actives de l’élément testé. Dans un premier lieu, la composante passive, représentée par la matrice de diffusion, est mesurée par la méthode multi-sources. Par la suite, la composante active, représentative de l’interaction écoulement objet, est déduite des pressions modales rayonnées en amont et en aval. Les démarches de mesure et de post-traitement sont appliquées pour des éléments académiques et des composants industriels : diaphragme, association de deux diaphragmes, volets et associations volet et mur. / Passenger’s thermal comfort inside car cabin is mainly provided by the heating ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC). The main part of HVAC modules is placed under the dash board. An HVAC module is a compact system composed of various elements which are subject to airflow. The interaction between airflow and these in-duct elements generates noise inside car cabin. Furthermore, the blower used to blow air inside the cabin must overcome the pressure generated by HVAC elements. Noise is created and its level is linked to flow and pressure. HVAC noise is an important issue for car makers and automotive suppliers wishing to reach passenger’s satisfaction. Furthermore, thermal-engine cars are more and more silent. Also hybrid and electric car sells are expanding around the world. HVAC noise became a main issue for automotive actors. Under CEVAS project, Valeo is aiming to develop a prediction tool to design HVAC systems providing sound quality data. Within CEVAS project the UTC is in charge of performing measurements on academic elements and industrial HVAC components : diaphragm, flaps,…

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Increased use of communication headsets found in various workplaces raises concerns regarding exposure to potentially hazardous noise levels. Current national and international standards specify a wide range of simple and specialized methods for the measurement of sound exposure under communication headsets. However, to date, quantitative data comparing the degree of agreement between the different measurement methods or their relative performance are lacking, and it is not known if occupational health and safety (OHS) or hearing loss prevention (HLP) stakeholders have the necessary training and equipment to integrate them in their daily practice. A three-step study addressing several knowledge gaps on this topic is presented in this thesis. First, a questionnaire survey distributed to OHS and HLP stakeholders has revealed that knowledge of specialized measurement techniques and access to the necessary equipment varies significantly depending on the training of the different professionals. There is therefore reason to specify several methods in measurement standards to meet the specific needs and expertise of the different stakeholders involved. Second, a series of experiments conducted with single and multiple expert participants indicated that the Type 1 artificial ear is not suited for sound exposure measurement with communication headsets, while Type 2 and Type 3.3 artificial ears are in good agreement with the acoustic manikin technique specified in the International standard ISO 11904-2. Finally, laboratory experiments were conducted to test the indirect calculation method proposed in the Canadian standard CSA Z107.56. Results revealed that the calculation method is suitable to identify possible situations of exposure over the regulatory limit (e.g. 85 dBA), but refinements are proposed to improve measurement accuracy. Overall, this thesis provides new knowledge to guide selection of the most suitable methods for the assessment of communication headset exposure taking into account expertise, access to equipment, and field logistic constraints. Results also have direct implications for future revisions of existing measurement standards. Finally, this work could be the basis for detailed guidelines on noise exposure measurements under communication headsets to better inform OHS and HLP professionals and ultimately prevent occupational noise-induced hearing loss.

A simple method is described to record the radiated sound of musical instruments and to extrapolate the sound field to distances further away from the source. This is achieved by considering instruments as complex point sources. It is demonstrated that this simplification method yields plausible results not only for small instruments like the shakuhachi but also for larger instruments such as the double bass: The amplitude decays in a given manner and calculated interaural signal differences reaching the listener decrease with increasing distance to the source. The method can be applied to analyze the sound radiation characteristics as well as the radiated sound field in a listening region regardless of room acoustical influences. Implementations in terms of room acoustical simulations, spatial additive synthesis and sound field synthesis are discussed.

<div><div><div><p>Tonal sounds are a particular problem of concern in building environments, arising from the widely used rotating machinery (e.g., compressors, fans, motors, trans- formers, etc.). In the recent trend of designing and manufacturing high-performance building mechanical systems, higher output power and higher rotation speed are pursued, this inevitably results in a more severe noise problem, since the equipment noise not only becomes louder but also shifts to a higher frequency region (which, in most cases, results in a poorer sound quality due to the shift in spectral balance and tonal components moving into the frequency regions where people are most sensitive to tones). Tonal sounds from rotary machines can be annoying, even at relative low levels.</p><p>Currently, noise criteria guidelines in Chapter 48 of the ASHRAE HVAC Applications Handbook can be used to design the building mechanical system, but this does not apply well for tonal noise. Reducing the limit for noise with perceptible tones is one common strategy in the industry. However, it’s not adequate for some cases, over-design in others. Thus, an adequate understanding of the annoyance threshold of tonal noises associated with building services equipment is valuable technical information not only in the design and manufacture of machines but also in the development of noise regulations related to building services equipment.</p><p>This research aims to develop a sound quality model that cooperates with sound level and tonalness and relates tonal building noises to the perceived annoyance.</p></div></div></div>

The specific problems investigated involved identifying and describing the characteristics of fundamental frequency, overall intensity, and spectral content in unaccompanied and ensemble performance settings. Additionally, comparisons and descriptions of the relationships among these acoustical parameters were made. Fifteen trombonists were used as research subjects. Each subject recorded a selected musical excerpt in the following performance modes: high register unaccompanied, harmonic, and unison ensemble; and low register unaccompanied and unison ensemble. Tape recordings of these subjects were used in conjunction with certain electronic apparatus to obtain data on frequency, intensity, and spectral content. Based on these data, descriptions of these acoustical parameters and comparisons of unaccompanied and ensemble performance settings were made.