Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Allen M. Featherstone / Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) is a federally subsidized crop insurance program designed to mitigate risk for farmers across the United States. Many changes in technology and weather have increased yields in recent years. This has caused some to argue for the crop insurance program to consider yield trends when setting yields for the producer. This thesis evaluates alternative Actual Production History (APH) methods for corn to determine differences in the methods and the resulting APH. The key issue to be evaluated is that a producer’s APH may not be reflective of their “yield goal.” The thesis examined how the APH can differ under alternative methods of calculating an APH. Some methods examined are currently used by the Risk Management Agency (RMA). Other methods are hypothetical alternatives. This study examines alternative methods on a national, county, and a farm level. This thesis demonstrates that adjusting APHs for yield trends provides a higher APH than an un-trended APH. The 7 Year Olympic Trended APH provides the highest APH in most cases for all the methods examined. The RMA Un-trended APH proved to provide the least yield on average for all methods examined. This demonstrates the importance of adjusting for yield trends to factor in agricultural technology advancements over time.

Les premières utilisations des forêts par l’homme remontent au paléolithique ; depuis l’homme n’a cessé de modifier le couvert forestier. Après une introduction sur l’histoire de l’usage anthropique des forêts, trois questions de recherches sont posées : 1- Quelle est la composition des paysages forestiers ? 2- Comment se répartit le paysage végétal forestier ? 3- Comment peut-on évaluer l’impact des interventions humaines sur le paysage végétal forestier ? Le territoire d’étude est le Massif armoricain, territoire le moins boisé de France avec de grandes surfaces agricoles. Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le programme national de cartographie des végétations naturelles et semi-naturelles de France (CarHAB) initié en 2010 par le Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire, suivant une approche dynamico-caténale. La symphytosociologie et géosymphytosociologie s’intéressent à la fois aux aspects dynamiques (séries) et à l’intégration spatiale des communautés à différentes échelles (géoséries), et sont donc particulièrement adaptées à l’étude des écocomplexes forestiers. Une typologie des séries et des géoséries de végétation forestière du Massif armoricain est proposée. Une cartographie de la végétation actuelle (VA) et de la végétation potentielle naturelle (VPN) est réalisée sur des sites représentatifs du territoire d’étude. Enfin, une étude diachronique sur le massif d’Andaine (61) permet d’évaluer l’impact des activités humaines passées, actuelles, et de simuler l’évolution future du massif forestier. Ces informations, couplées à la carte de la VPN du site, permettent, de formuler des préconisations de gestion et de fournir aux gestionnaires un outil pour se rapprocher de la VPN, tout en conciliant une exploitation multifonctionnelle du site. / The first human uses of forests date back to the Paleolithic period. Since then, man has constantly modified the forest cover. Based on the history of human forest use, three research questions emerge: 1- what is the forest landscapes composition? 2- How is the forest vegetation landscape distributed? 3- How the human impact on the forest vegetation landscape could be assessed?To answer these questions, the armorican Massif, the most least-forested territory in France with large agricultural areas, is studied. This project is part of the CarHAB national program initiated by the FrenchEcological Ministry in 2010, based on a dynamiccatenal phytosociology approach. Symphytosociology and geosymphytosociology focus on both dynamical aspects (series) and spatial distribution of communities at different scales (geoseries), and are consequently particularly well-adapted for the forest ecocomplexes study. First, a typology of the forest vegetation series and geoseries in the armorican Massif is proposed. Then, a mapping of actual vegetation (VA) and potential natural vegetation (PNV) is done on study area representative sites.Finally, a diachronic study on the Andaine massif (61) is used to assess past and present human impact and to simulate the future evolution of the forest vegetation landscape. Those informations, combined with the PNV site map, are used to develop management guidelines and provide to forest managers a tool to get closer to the PNV while ensuring a multifunctional site operation at the same time.

A evapotranspiração pode ser responsável por mais da metade da saída de água de uma bacia hidrográfica, sendo uma variável importante para o balanço hídrico e para a estimativa da recarga. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) e real (ETr) para a região de Jaboticabal-SP, assim como verificar a influência da umidade do solo na evapotranspiração. A variação da evapotranspiração de referência foi estudada a partir da interpretação de dados de uma bateria de seis lisímetros de drenagem (EToLis) e estimativas teóricas por três equações diferentes disponíveis na literatura (Tanque Classe A, Thornthwaite e Penman Monteith FAO 56 utilizando a radiação solar global estimada, observada e todas as variáveis observadas). A evapotranspiração real foi obtida por meio de dados de uma bateria de três lisímetros operando em condições reais de campo e a partir do balanço hídrico seqüencial de Thornthwaite e Mather (1955) utilizando a evapotranspiração de referência obtida pelos três modelos teóricos. Outros três lisímetros receberam irrigações esporádicas e obtiveram-se outros valores de evapotranspiração, a fim de comparar o comportamento da evapotranspiração sob três disponibilidades de água no solo. A análise estatística de correlação indica que as estimativas da ETo por equações teóricas comparadas à EToLis medida em lisímetro de drenagem não apresentaram bons índices de comparação e erro. Admitindo que a operação dos lisímetros não permitiu a determinação da ETo com boa confiabilidade, comparou-se os métodos com a equação de Penman Monteith FAO 56 utilizando todas as variáveis observadas. Observou-se ótima correlação entre a equação de Penman Monteith FAO 56 com os modelos utilizando a radiação solar global observada e estimada e com o Tanque Classe A. No tocante à evapotranspiração real, houve boas correlações entre os valores medidos pelos lisímetros e os valores estimados pelo balanço hídrico de Thornthwaite e Mather. Melhor correlação foi verificada quando se utilizou o valor da CAD calculada em função dos parâmetros físicos do solo. Os valores de ETr obtidos através do balanço hídrico utilizando a ETo estimada por Penman Monteith utilizando a radiação solar global observada apresentou a melhor correlação com os dados lisimétricos. Com relação à variação de umidade do solo, verificou-se um comportamento distinto entre as evapotranspirações observando um aumento da ET de acordo com o aumento do número de irrigações. / The evapotranspiration can be responsible for more than the half of the water that leaves a watershed, being an important variable for the water balance and for estimating the recharge. In this direction, the objective of this study was to analyse the reference (ETo) and actual (ETr) evapotranspiration for the region of Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil, as well as to verify the influence of the soil water content in the evapotranspiration. The variation of the reference evapotranspiration was studied based on data of a battery of six drainage lysimeters (EToLis) and tree different theoretical models were used (Tanque Classe A, Thornthwaite and Penman Monteith FAO 56 using the estimated and observed global solar radiation and all the variables observed). The actual evapotranspiration data were obtained from a battery of three lysimeters operating in real field conditions and from the water balance of Thornthwaite and Mather (1955), using as reference evapotranspiration the values from the three theoretical models. Others three lysimeters received irrigation sporadically and others values of evapotranspiration were measured, in order to compare the behavior of the evapotranspiration under three availabilities soil water content. The statistical correlation analysis indicates that the estimates of ETo from theoretical equations compared to the EToLis measured in lysimeter of draining did not present good indices of comparison and error. Aware that the operation of the lysimeters did not allow the determination of the ETo with good trustworthiness, one compared the methods with the equation of Penman Monteith FAO 56 using all the observed variables. An excellent correlation was observed between the equation of Penman Monteith FAO 56 with the models using observed global solar radiation and estimated and with Tanque Classe A. Regarding actual evapotranspiration, there were good correlations between the values measured for the lysimeters and the estimated values for water balance of Thornthwaite and Mather. The values of ETr through the water balance using the ETo esteem for Penman Monteith using the observed global solar radiation presented the best correlation with the lisimeters data. Regarding to the variation of soil water content, a distinct behavior was verified between the evapotranspirations in accordance with observing an increase of the ET the increase of the irrigation number.

La Vie grecque d’Adam et Eve (VGAE) a été classée parmi les apocryphes de l’Ancien Testament et serait un texte composé entre le Ier siècle avant notre ère et le Ier siècle de notre ère, à partir des traditions judéo-hellénistiques. Attesté par vingt-sept manuscrits grecs, cet ouvrage présente l’histoire d’Adam et Eve avant et après leur expulsion du Paradis. Ces manuscrits font partie d’un ensemble plus vaste, la Vie d’Adam et Eve (VAE), connu par huit versions différentes (en grec, latin, géorgien, arménien, slave, roumain, copte, arabe).La problématique de notre thèse consiste à analyser la représentation de la femme et l‘invention de la notion du "péché de la chair " ; d’une part, conformément à l’étude des manuscrits de la VGAE et, d’autre part, à partir d’une comparaison de la VGAE avec les restantes versions de la VAE et avec d‘autres sources témoignant d’une perspective similaire.Premièrement, nous nous consacrons à la polémique autour du milieu d’origine et de la datation de la VGAE, avec une exposition de l’état de la question (selon trois thèses : l’origine juive, l’origine chrétienne et la « position prudente »). A l’intérieur de cette discussion, nous incorporons une deuxième polémique, concernant la priorité de la version grecque dans l’ensemble de la VAE.Deuxièmement, nous abordons la représentation de la femme, à partir de la considération conjointe de l’innocence et la culpabilité d’Eve dans la VGAE. En incluant ces représentations dans le contexte des sources du Second Temple, nous assignons une compréhension plus complexe et hétérogène de la VGAE.Troisièmement, nous considérons l‘invention de la notion du "péché de la chair ". Cette notion propre à la VGAE, introduit un type de transgression sexuelle rattachée à Eve. Nous recherchons les sources de ce type de transgression pour élucider ensuite son rapport avec d’autres péchés liés également à Eve dans la VGAE. / The Greek Life of Adam and Eve (VGAE) has been classified among the Apocrypha of the Old Testament and would be a text composed between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE, from some traditions belonging to the Hellenistic Judaism. Attested by twenty-seven Greek manuscripts, this book presents the story of Adam and Eve before and after their expulsion from Paradise. These manuscripts are a part of a larger whole, the Life of Adam and Eve (LAE), acknowledged by eight different versions (Greek, Latin, Georgian, Armenian, Slavonic, Romanian, Coptic and Arabic).Our dissertation analyzes the representation of the woman and the invention of the notion of "sin of flesh"; on one hand, according to the study of the manuscripts of the GLAE and, on the other hand, from a comparison of the GLAE with the remaining versions of the LAE and with other sources showing a similar perspective.First, we dedicate to the polemic regarding the origin’s milieu and dating of the GLAE, with an exposition of the actual research (according to three theses: Jewish origin, Christian origin, and the "prudent position"). Within this discussion, we incorporate a second controversy, concerning the priority of the Greek version inside the LAE.Second, we concentrate on the representation of the woman, from the cohesive consideration of the innocence and the guilt of Eve in the GLAE. By including these representations in the context of the sources of the Second Temple, we assign a more complex and heterogeneous understanding to the GLAE.Third, we consider the invention of the notion of "sin of flesh". This concept specific to the GLAE, introduced a type of sexual transgression attached to Eve. We look for the sources of this type of transgression to elucidate then its relation with other sins also associated with Eve in the GLAE.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 coaguilanunez_dn_dr_ilha.pdf: 7476556 bytes, checksum: 22e091cc3eb8948aa1965629836090d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-27 / Outra / Em cenários de mudanças climáticas e de uso e ocupação do solo, a bacia do córrego Cabeceira Comprida, localizada em Santa Fé do Sul - SP, se apresenta degradada com talvegues assoreados, ausência de matas ciliares e nascentes desprotegidas levando à incapacidade de gerar e armazenar água para atender a demanda atual (população, agricultura e saneamento) e em períodos de seca, agravando-se em prolongadas estiagens, como em 2004, 2013 e 2014 agravando o problema do abastecimento de água à população. Sendo assim, torna-se importante avaliar os fluxos hídricos da água acima do solo na bacia com o uso combinado de imagens de satélites Landsat 5 (TM) e Landsat-8 (OLI e TIRS) no período de 2000 - 2011 e 2013 - 2015 e informações provenientes de estações agrometeorológicas. Para tanto, utilizou-se o modelo Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving (SAFER) para estimativa da evapotranspiração atual (ETa), resultando em uma média da bacia no período avaliado de 0,70 mm dia-1, 0,85 mm dia-1 das espécies invasoras (EI), 1,20 mm dia-1 da mata remanescente (MR), 0,70 mm dia-1 da pastagem (Pa), 0,65 mm dia-1 das culturas anuais (CA) e 0,72 mm dia-1 das culturas perenes (CP). O ano de 2003 registrou a menor média de ETa da bacia com 0,42 mm dia-1, enquanto o ano de 2015 apresentou a maior média anual do período estudado, com 1,03 mm dia-1. Destaca-se que os valores da ETa das EI equivale ao consumo de 25% da população de Santa Fé do Sul, o que traz consequências na época seca quando o recurso hídrico é mais escasso. Estes cenários exigem ações imediatas para a produção e armazenamento de água na bacia, que tem morfometria alongada, evidenciando menor risco de cheias em condições normais de pluviosidade anual. A declividade média de 5,4% caracteriza o relevo como suave-ondulado, com drenagem deficiente (1,054 km km-2). Com essas características morfométricas associadas à precipitação anual média de 1.271 mm e padrão de drenagem caracterizado como do tipo dendrítico, com baixo grau de ramificação (Ordem 3), a disponibilidade de água não deveria ser um problema, mas o é, pelo fato de que a bacia se encontra degradada com apenas 4,5% de MR, os serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos pela vegetação natural são mínimos e insuficientes para atender a demanda de água por parte dos usuários. São necessárias a adoção de medidas de mitigação, incluindo intervenção e implementação ações como por exemplo, o pagamento por serviços ambientais, sendo uma medida urgente a preservação ou recomposição da mata ciliar. / In a scenario of climate change and land use and occupation, the watershed of Cabeceira Comprida stream, located in Santa Fé do Sul - São Paulo State, presents as degraded with thalwegs sedimented, absence of riparian forests and unprotected springs leading to the inability to generate and store water to meet current demand (population, agriculture and sanitation) in periods of drought, aggravating in prolonged droughts, such as those of 2004, 2013 and 2014 exacerbating the problem of water supply to the population. Being necessary to evaluate the behavior of above-ground water in the watershed with combined use of Landsat 5 (TM) and Landsat - 8 images (OLI and TIRS) in the period of 2000 - 2011 and 2013 - 2015 and information from agrometeorological stations. Therefore, we used the Simple Algorithm for Retrieving Evapotranspiration (SAFER) to estimate actual evapotranspiration, resulting in average basin during the study period of 0.70 mm dia-1, 0.85 mm dia-1 of invasive species (EI), 1.20 mm dia-1 of the remaining forest (MR), 0.70 mm dia-1 of pasture (Pa), 0.65 mm dia-1 of annual crops (CA) e 0.72 mm dia-1 of perennial crop (CP). The year 2003 recorded the lowest average evapotranspiration of the basin with 0.42 mm dia-1, while the year 2015 had the highest annual average in the study period with 1.03 mm dia-1. It is worth noting that the evapotranspiration of the IE corresponds to the consumption of 25% of the population of Santa Fé do Sul, which has consequences in the dry season when the water resource is scarcer, requiring immediate actions for the production and storage of water in the watershed, which has an elongated morphometry, showing a lower risk of flooding under normal annual rainfall conditions. The mean slope of 5.4% is characterized by a smooth-wavy relief with poor drainage (1.054 km km-2). With these morphometric characteristics associated to the average annual precipitation of 1,271 mm and drainage pattern characterized as dendritic type, with low degree of branching (Order 3), the availability of water should not be a problem, but it is due to the fact that the watershed is degraded with only 4.5% of remaining forest, the ecosystem services provided by natural vegetation are minimal and insufficient to meet users' water demand. It is necessary to adopt mitigation actions, including intervention and implementation actions such as payment for environmental services, being an urgent measure the preservation or restoration of the riparian forest.

Orientador: Fernando Braz Tangerino Hernandez / Resumo: Em cenários de mudanças climáticas e de uso e ocupação do solo, a bacia do córrego Cabeceira Comprida, localizada em Santa Fé do Sul - SP, se apresenta degradada com talvegues assoreados, ausência de matas ciliares e nascentes desprotegidas levando à incapacidade de gerar e armazenar água para atender a demanda atual (população, agricultura e saneamento) e em períodos de seca, agravando-se em prolongadas estiagens, como em 2004, 2013 e 2014 agravando o problema do abastecimento de água à população. Sendo assim, torna-se importante avaliar os fluxos hídricos da água acima do solo na bacia com o uso combinado de imagens de satélites Landsat 5 (TM) e Landsat-8 (OLI e TIRS) no período de 2000 - 2011 e 2013 - 2015 e informações provenientes de estações agrometeorológicas. Para tanto, utilizou-se o modelo Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving (SAFER) para estimativa da evapotranspiração atual (ETa), resultando em uma média da bacia no período avaliado de 0,70 mm dia-1, 0,85 mm dia-1 das espécies invasoras (EI), 1,20 mm dia-1 da mata remanescente (MR), 0,70 mm dia-1 da pastagem (Pa), 0,65 mm dia-1 das culturas anuais (CA) e 0,72 mm dia-1 das culturas perenes (CP). O ano de 2003 registrou a menor média de ETa da bacia com 0,42 mm dia-1, enquanto o ano de 2015 apresentou a maior média anual do período estudado, com 1,03 mm dia-1. Destaca-se que os valores da ETa das EI equivale ao consumo de 25% da população de Santa Fé do Sul, o que traz consequências na época seca quand... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In a scenario of climate change and land use and occupation, the watershed of Cabeceira Comprida stream, located in Santa Fé do Sul - São Paulo State, presents as degraded with thalwegs sedimented, absence of riparian forests and unprotected springs leading to the inability to generate and store water to meet current demand (population, agriculture and sanitation) in periods of drought, aggravating in prolonged droughts, such as those of 2004, 2013 and 2014 exacerbating the problem of water supply to the population. Being necessary to evaluate the behavior of above-ground water in the watershed with combined use of Landsat 5 (TM) and Landsat - 8 images (OLI and TIRS) in the period of 2000 - 2011 and 2013 - 2015 and information from agrometeorological stations. Therefore, we used the Simple Algorithm for Retrieving Evapotranspiration (SAFER) to estimate actual evapotranspiration, resulting in average basin during the study period of 0.70 mm dia-1, 0.85 mm dia-1 of invasive species (EI), 1.20 mm dia-1 of the remaining forest (MR), 0.70 mm dia-1 of pasture (Pa), 0.65 mm dia-1 of annual crops (CA) e 0.72 mm dia-1 of perennial crop (CP). The year 2003 recorded the lowest average evapotranspiration of the basin with 0.42 mm dia-1, while the year 2015 had the highest annual average in the study period with 1.03 mm dia-1. It is worth noting that the evapotranspiration of the IE corresponds to the consumption of 25% of the population of Santa Fé do Sul, which has consequences in the d... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Potential influences from using sexually explicit Internet material (SEIM) are controversial, however, the underlying psychological mechanism(s), which potentially can explain these found associations with SEIM consumption, have not been well studied. In the present research, I examine the relationship between SEIM consumption and subjective wellbeing (i.e., sexual and general wellbeing). In particular, I address the circumstances under which the consumption of SEIM is negative for wellbeing by assessing an ideal-actual sexual discrepancy in the context of intimate relationships. I drew on perspectives from self-discrepancy theory to explore whether SEIM consumption generates disparities between ideal and actual sexual experiences, which then may influence consumers’ sexual and general wellbeing. I expected this hypothesized ideal-actual sexual discrepancy to function as one of many underlying psychological mechanisms to explain SEIM’s negative impacts on various types of subjective sexual wellbeing (SSW). I also expected that via SSW, the discrepancy would also explain the ambiguous relationships between SEIM consumption and subjective general wellbeing (SGW) found in the past. That is, I predicted a serial mediation model with sexual self-discrepancy mediating the relationship between SEIM consumption and SSW, and SSW mediating the relationship between sexual self-discrepancy and SGW. Two studies together demonstrated the general progress from consuming SEIM to the evaluation of self-perceived wellbeing under the condition of evaluating sexual experiences with intimate partner(s). In Study 1, the data-driven gender specific sexual preference highlighted the need of model testing separately for men and women because of the potential difference in experiencing the negative impacts from consuming SEIM through the different progress of formation of ideal sex scripts influence by pornographic sex, and generation of an I-A sexual discrepancy in men and women. Results of Study 2 from male SEIM consumers further supported the hypothesized mediation role of I-A sexual discrepancy and SSW (i.e., sexual esteem and sexual satisfaction) in understanding the relationships between SEIM consumption and wellbeing. Overall, the present research illustrated the consumption of SEIM can shape one’s sexual preferences of pornographic sex and generate unrealistic expectations of pornographic sexual experiences with intimate partner(s). Hence, the experience of I-A sexual discrepancy from unachievable ideal sex is a key factor in identifying SEIM’s negative impacts on wellbeing. Moreover, parsimonious serial mediation paths through I-A sexual discrepancy and SSW also demonstrated the relationship between SEIM consumption, SSW, and SGW in one model. This finding indicates SSW works as an important indicator of ones’ SGW. The present research provides a theoretical explanation to understand the impact of consuming SEIM on wellbeing and implicates the importance exploring different types of sexual discrepancy associated with SEIM consumption and ways to mitigate the experienced I-A sexual discrepancy in intimate relationships.

This paper explores the emic use of ”Internet trolls" and trolling behaviour in one specific Internet community. The findings are compared with, and put in relations to the conventional definition of Internet-trolls as individuals who deliberately, typically anonymously, antagonize other users of online common spaces. A forum dealing with matters of relationship issues in the Swedish online community Message Board of Familjeliv.se, was the subject of field-work that provided the basic empirical material for the research; three comparable threads on the subject of infidelity. These could all be said to contain suspected trolling, and such suspicions were also ascribed participants throughout the discussions. The analysis was undertaken mainly in terms of quality of narrative, performance and interaction. A comparative method and a genre analysis out of a holistic and functionalistic perspective is used to shed some light on how forum participants organize themselves and steer narratives towards desired outcomes. Author performances, both initially and throughout conversational threads, are explored through holistic analysis. It is concluded that a broad emic view on trolls and trolling behaviour exists within the Internet community, and that the understanding of trolls can differ between users, forums and within conversational threads. The results are put in relations to and are compared to how trolls are described in Swedish folklore tradition. Parallels are also drawn to fear of and belief in evil. The analytical concepts ”actual” and ”virtual” worlds, as defined by the anthropologist Tom Boellstorff (2008:18f), are used in this analysis to illustrate how trolling behaviour can be perceived when borders between differing worldviews are crossed and/or when the majority of the active participants of a thread consider a statement incompatible with the dominating interpretation of a given narrative.

Dynamic building simulation is increasingly necessary for accurately quantifying potential energy savings measures in retrofit projects, to compliant with new stricter directives from EU implanted into member states legislations and building codes. For good result the simulation model need to be accurately calibrated. This requires actual weather data, representative for the climate surrounding the given building, in order to calibrate against actual energy bills of the same period of time. The main objective of this degree project is to combine observed weather (temperature, humidity, wind etc.) data with modeled solar radiation data, utilizing the SMHI STRÅNG model system; and transform these data into AMY (Actual Meteorological Year) files to be used with building simulation software. This procedure gives actual weather datasets that will cover most of the urban and semi urban area in Northern Europe while still keeping the accuracy of observed weather data. A tool called Real-Time Weather Converter was developed to handle data retrieval & merging, filling of missing data points and to create the final AMY-file. Modeled solar radiation data from STRÅNG had only been validated against a Swedish solar radiation network; validation was now made by the author with wider geographic coverage. Validation results show that STRÅNG model system performs well for Sweden but less so outside of Sweden. There exist some areas outside of Sweden (mainly Central Europe) with reasonable good result for some periods but the result is not as consistent in the long run as for Sweden. The missing data fill scheme developed for the Real-Time Weather Converter does perform better than interpolation for data gaps (outdoor temperature) of about 9 to 48 hours. For gaps between 2 and 5 days the fill scheme will still give slightly better result than linear interpolation. Akima Spline interpolation performs better than linear interpolation for data gaps (outdoor temperature) in the interval 2 to about 8 hours. Temperature uncertainty was studied using data from the period 1981-2010 for selected sites. The result expressed as SD (Standard Deviation) for the uncertainty in yearly mean temperature is about 1˚C for the Nordic countries. On a monthly basis the variation in mean temperature is much stronger (for Nordic countries it ranges from 3.5 to 4.7 ˚C for winter months), while summer months have less variation (with SD in the range of 1.3 to 1.9 ˚C). The same pattern is visible in sites at more southern latitudes but with much lower variation, and still lower for sites near coast areas. E.g. the cost-near Camborne, UK, has a SD of 0.7 to 1.7 ˚C on monthly basis and yearly SD of 0.5 ˚C. Mean direct irradiance SD for studied sites ranges from 5 to 19 W/m2 on yearly basis, while on monthly basis the SD ranges from 40 to 60 W/m2 for summer months. However, the sample base was small and of inconsistent time periods and the numbers can only be seen as indicative. The commonly used IWEC (International Weather for Energy Calculations) files direct radiation parameter was found to have a very strong negative bias of about 20 to 40 % for Northern Europe.  These files should be used with care, especially if solar radiation has a significant impact of on the building being modeled. Note that there exist also a newer set of files called IWEC2 that can be purchased from ASHRAE, these files seems not to be systematically biased for North Europe but haven’t been studied in this paper. The STRÅNG model system does catch the trend, also outside of Sweden, and is thus a very useful source of solar radiation data for model calibration.

Šiame magistro darbe nagrinėti pažeidėjo gautos naudos išreikalavimo, kaip civilinio teisių gynimo būdo, ypatumai. Pirmoje darbo dalyje pateikiamas nagrinėjamos temos koncepcinis įvertinimas ir kiti bendrieji klausimai. Išaiškinta, kad pažeidėjo gauta nauda gali būti išreikalauta pagal žalos atlyginimo taisykles. Būtent, vadovaujantis CK 6.249 straipsnio 2 dalimi, pažeidėjo gauta nauda pripažįstama nukentėjusiojo nuostoliais tiek, kiek nukentejusiojo netiesioginiai nuostoliai atitinka pažeidėjo gautą naudą. Likusi dalis išreikalaujama remiantis turto gavimo be pagrindo ir nepagrįsto praturtėjimo normomis. Antrojoje dalyje išanalizuotos bendrosios pažeidėjo gautos naudos išreikalavimo, kaip civilinio teisių gynimo būdo, taikymo pagrindai ir sąlygos. Prieita prie išvados, kad kaltė negali būti būtina sąlyga taikant nepagrįsto praturtėjimo normas. Pateikta analizė, kad subsidiarus nepagrįsto praturtėjimo taikymas turi būti suprantamas taip: pirmiausia turi būti remiamasi civilinės atsakomybės normomis, jei jų taikymas negalimas arba nepasiekiamas norimas rezultatas, papildomai taikomos nepagrįsto praturtėjimo normos jam pasiekti. Trečioji dalis skirta veiksnių, turinčių įtakos pažeidėjo gautos naudos dydžiui, analizei. Nurodoma, kad gauta nauda turi būti suprantama ne tik kaip turto padidėjimas, bet ir nesumažėjimas. Motyvuojama, kad priklausomai nuo neteisėtų veiksmų pobūdžio, gautos naudos išraiškos forma gali būti tiek kaina, tiek vertė. Tam, kad nebūtų pernelyg išplečiamos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject matter of the article is to reveal the issues of an account of profits remedy. The substance of aforementioned remedy is considered in the first part of this article. It is asserted that profit made by wrongful conduct must be claimed in accordance to the essential function of civil liability – compensation. Article 6.249 part 2 of Lithuanian Civil code operates to strip a defendant that amount of profit which coincides with the plaintiff‘s indirect damages. The rest profit made by wrongful conduct is reversed by action in unjustified enrichment. The circumstances in which annotated remedy is available is rationalised and explained in the second part of the article. One of the drawn conclusions is that fault can not be a prerequisite for action based on unjustified enrichment. It is submitted that subsidiarity denotes the subordination of action in unjustified enrichment where another claim in fact offers a claimant a basis of recovery. However, the action in unjustified enrichment must not be excluded when the claimant is barred to recover his loss by the primary action. Third part of this article introduces the essential yardsticks which determine the measurement of profit accrued to the defendant. It is preferred that the profit accrued to the defendant should be measured by actual profit made and, then appropriate, by expense saved. It is proved that the benefit conferred on the defendant is measured either by market value or price received. The measurement... [to full text]