Ship roll motion has been the subject of many studies, because of the complexities associated with this mode of ship motion, and its impact on operability, safety, and survivability. Estimation and prediction of the energy transfer and dissipation of the hydrodynamic components, added inertia and damping, is essential to accurately describe the roll motions of a ship. This is especially true for ship operations in moderate to extreme sea conditions. In these conditions, a complex process of energy transfer occurs, which alters the physical behavior of the hydrodynamic components, and ultimately affects the amplitude of ship roll motion. Bilge keels have been used on ships for nearly two centuries, to increase damping and reduce the severity of roll motions experienced by a ship in waves. Because ship motions are more severe in extreme sea conditions, large roll angles may occur. With the possibility of crew injury, cargo damage, or even capsize, it is important to understand the behavior of the roll added inertia and damping for these conditions. Dead ship conditions, where ships may experience excitation from beam, or near beam, seas present a worst case scenario in heavy weather. The behavior of a ship in this condition should be considered in both the design and assessment of seakeeping performance. In this study, hydrodynamic component models of roll added inertia and roll damping were examined and assessed to be unsuitable for accurate prediction of ship motions in heavy weather. A series of model experiments and numerical studies were carried out and analyzed to provide improved understanding of the essential physical phenomena which affect the hydrodynamic components and occur during large amplitude roll motion. These observations served to confirm the hypothesis that the existing models for roll added inertia and damping in large amplitude motions are not sufficient. The change in added inertia and damping behavior for large roll motion is largely due to the effects of hull form geometry, including the bilge keels and topside geometry, and their interactions with the free surface. Therefore, the changes in added inertia and damping must be considered in models to describe and predict roll motions in severe wave environments. Based on the observations and analysis from both experimental and numerical methods, several time-domain model formulations were proposed and examined to model hydrodynamic components of large amplitude roll motions. These time-domain formulations included an analytical model with memory effects, a piecewise formulation, and several possibilities for a bilge keel force model. Although a piecewise model for roll damping was proposed, which can improve the applicability of traditional formulations for roll damping to heavy weather conditions, a further attempt was undertaken to develop a more detailed model specifically for the bilge keel force. This model was based on the consideration of large amplitude effects on the hydrodynamic components of the bilge keel force. Both the piecewise and bilge keel force models have the possibility to enable improved accuracy of potential flow-based numerical prediction of ship roll motion in heavy weather. However, additional development remains to address issues for further practical implementation. / Ph. D.

New approach for computational modeling of the dynamic behavior of elastic body immersed in incompressible viscous stagnant fluid is described in this work. It is based on determination of added effects (added mass and added damping). This effects are inserted into computational model and it replace influence of the fluid. Commonly used commercial computational software may be used. Approach is based on assumption appropriate for the linear flow. Two pressure field are determined. One for movement of the unite acceleration of the fluid boundary and the second for unite velocity. Nonlinear model (Navier-Stokes equation in ALE form) had to be used for determination of the added damping, hence results are valid only for pre-selected amplitude of vibration.

No description available.

This dissertation deals with the effect of value-added tax on small to medium-sized developers of residential properties in South Africa. Firstly, the way value-added tax is applied to residential properties in South Africa was established. It was ascertained that no special concessions exist with regard to housing. Secondly, the application of value-added tax to residential properties in the United Kingdom was discussed. It was ascertained that supplies relating to new residential premises are zero-rated. Thirdly, the application of goods and services tax to residential properties in Canada was discussed. Canadian goods and services tax and harmonious sales tax legislation contains a broad range of special concessions relating to residential property developments. The harmonious sales tax which applies in some provinces, is a combination of goods and services tax and a provincial sales tax. Fourthly, the way goods and services tax is applied to residential property developments in Australia was determined. Australian legislation provides for a margin scheme to be applied to the development of residential properties. In terms of the margin scheme, goods and services tax is payable on the basis of profit rather than turnover. Transfer duty as applied in South Africa was examined as an alternative to the value-added tax being applied on residential properties developed by developers registered for value-added tax purposes. The legislation with regard to developers of residential properties registered for value-added tax, goods and services tax and harmonious sales tax purposes was measured against the principles of taxation. On the basis of these results, an alternative to the current application of value-added tax relating to developers registered for value-added tax purposes in South Africa was proposed that would be in line with that of the selected countries. / Economics / M. Com. (Accounting)

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines the extent to which the industrial companies listed in the Johannesburg Securities Exchange complied with the disclosure provisions of the Accounting Standards AC101 when publishing their financial statements for the years 2000 to 2002. This study further evaluates the accuracy of the reporting of the salaries and wages as presented in their Value Added Statements. Published financial statements for the years 2000 to 2002 of more than 160 companies were analysed and evaluated. The study also identifies companies that did not disclose staff costs and directors' emoluments in their financial statements as well as those companies that reported the labour portion of their wealth distribution accurately in their Value Added Statements. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie dek die mate waarin genoteerde industriële maatskappye op die Johannesburgse Effektebeurs voldoen het aan die openbaarmakingsvereistes van die Rekeningkundige Standaarde RE101 ten opsigte van hul finansiële state soos van 2000 tot 2002 gepubliseer. Die studie let verder ook op die akkuraatheid van die verslaggewing van salarisse en lone in die Toegevoegdewaardestate. Gepubliseerde finansiële state vir die jare 2000 tot 2002 van meer as 160 maatskappye is ontleed en geëvalueer. Die studie identifiseer ook daardie maatskappye wat nie salariskoste en direkteursvergoeding in hul finansiële state geopenbaar het nie, sowel as diegene wat hul salarisse korrek in die Toegevoegdewaardestate openbaar het.

Tyrimo objektas – pridėtinės vertės mokestis. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti pridėtinės vertės mokesčio pokyčių įtaką valstybės pajamų formavimo kontekste. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1) atskleisti mokesčio svarbą valstybės pajamoms bei aptarti pridėtinės vertės mokesčio vertinimo modelius, išskiriant jų taikymo galimybes; 2) parengti pridėtinės vertės mokesčio vertinimo metodiką; 3) įvertinti Lietuvoje taikomo pridėtinės vertės mokesčio prognozavimo modelio pakeitimo tikslesniu modeliu galimybes ir šio pokyčio įtaką valstybės pajamoms bei sumodeliuoti galimas mokesčio tobulinimo kryptis. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros sisteminės, lyginamosios, loginės analizės metodai, apibendrinimas, sintezės, statistinis grupavimas, vienfaktorė, daugiafaktorė, koreliacinė, lyginamoji analizės, grafinis vaizdavimas. Tyrimo rezultatai: o pirmoje darbo dalyje išnagrinėta pridėtinės vertės mokesčio reikšmė valstybes pajamoms, nustatytos apmokestinimo principų ir uždavinių suderinamumo problemos bei pateikti pridėtinės vertės mokesčio vertinimo modeliai; o antroje darbo dalyje pateikta mokesčio vertinimo metodika; o trečioje darbo dalyje pateikta pridėtinės vertės mokesčio Lietuvoje analizė, įvertintas pridėtinės vertės mokestis Lietuvoje, pateiktas mokesčio modeliavimas bei pasiūlytas naujas pridėtinės vertės mokesčio prognozavimo modelis. / Objectof the research – value-added tax. Aim of the research – to establish the impact of value-added tax changes in the context of revenue formation. Objectives of the research: 1) to reveal the importance of value-added tax in state revenue and to discuss the models of value-added tax evaluation; 2) to develop the methodology of value-added tax evaluation; 3) to evaluate the possibilities to replace the model used in Lithuania with more accurate model and the influence of this change on state income, to model possible trends of value-added tax policy development. Research methods: systematic, comparative, logical analysis of scientific literature, summary and synthesis, statistical grouping, correlation, graphical representation. Research results: o The first part of the research analyzes the importance of value-added tax in state income, identifies problems of taxation principles and objectives‘ compatibility and provides models of value-added tax evaluation. o The second part of the research presents the methodology of value-added tax evaluation. o The third part of the research analyzes value-added tax in Lithuania, evaluates value-added tax in Lithuania and proposes new model of value-added tax forecasting.

Os incentivos fiscais são instrumentos utilizados pelas esferas governamentais com o intuito de desenvolver determinada região. Essa concessão é baseada na premissa que, os benefícios trazidos com a presença de indústrias superam os custos decorrentes da renúncia fiscal. Entretanto, essa relação Custo-Benefício vem sendo questionada, considerando-se que os custos de manter a empresa na região superam os benefícios gerados. Com o intuito de investigar essa situação, duas indústrias do ramo de fiação e tecelagem no Estado do Ceará foram pesquisadas. Elas foram beneficiadas pelos incentivos fiscais, e denominadas de empresa “A" e “B". Foi calculado o Índice Custo-Benefício (ICB) de cada uma, sendo considerados os montantes dos benefícios e custos passíveis de mensuração. Na metodologia de cálculo dos benefícios foi utilizada a Demonstração do Valor Adicionado – DVA. Para os custos, foi considerado o total de tributos dispensados de recolhimento. Os resultados apontaram que os benefícios foram superiores aos custos (ICB > 1) em ambas as empresas. Entretanto, o índice foi decrescente na empresa “A", podendo evidenciar uma dependência perigosa dos incentivos fiscais, a ponto de comprometer a continuidade da empresa caso fossem removidos. A empresa “B" apresentou o índice constante, mas, o montante dos custos da renúncia fiscal teve um razoável acréscimo em 2000, podendo indicar a mesma dependência já mencionada. Pela análise da DVA das empresas pesquisadas, pode ser inferido que o modelo de concessão de incentivos fiscais favoreceu à má distribuição de renda no Estado do Ceará. O ICB é um indicador útil para a análise dos incentivos fiscais, devendo ser examinado juntamente com outros itens que contemplem os aspectos não mensuráveis. O objetivo é avaliar a possibilidade de reduzir, ou extinguir, os incentivos fiscais das empresas, ou até mesmo, cessar a política de renúncia fiscal da região. Ressaltando, por fim, as conclusões com base nos dois casos estudados não podem ser estendidos para as demais empresas incentivadas, carecendo de mais pesquisas nesse sentido para evidenciar o comportamento desse grupo. / The fiscal incentives are instruments used by the governments with the intention of developing a special area. This concession is based on the premise that, the benefits brought with the presence of industries overcome the costs of the fiscal renouncement. However, that relationship Cost-Benefit has been questioned, being considered the costs to maintain the company in the area overcome the generated benefits. With the intention of investigating that situation, two industries of the spinning branch and weaving in the State of Ceará were researched. They were benefited by the fiscal incentives, and denominated of company "A" and "B". The Cost-Benefit Index (CBI) was made calculations of each one, being considered the amounts of the benefits and costs susceptible to measure. In the methodology of calculation of the benefits was used the Added Value Statement – AVS. To the costs, the total of released tributes of withdrawal was considered. The results indicated the benefits were superior at the costs (CBI > 1) in both companies. However, the index was decreasing in the company "A", could evidence a dangerous dependence of the fiscal incentives, to the point of committing the continuity of the company if were removed. The company "B" presented the constant index, but, the amount of the costs of the fiscal renouncement had a reasonable increment in 2000, that could indicate the same dependence already mentioned. For the analysis of AVS of the researched companies, it can be inferred that the model of concession of fiscal incentives, favored to the bad distribution of income in the State of Ceará.

O objetivo da contabilidade é definido como fornecer aos seus usuários informações relevantes para a tomada de decisões. Porém, quem são os usuários e qual informação é relevante? O enfoque dado pela Teoria Positiva da Contabilidade considera os investidores dos mercados de capitais como os usuários das informações contábeis e essas são relevantes quando possuem um grau de associação estatisticamente significativo com o preço ou retorno das ações. Tendo em vista as mudanças na legislação societária que estão tramitando no Câmara dos Deputados, o Brasil poderá tornar obrigatória a elaboração e publicação da Demonstração do Valor Adicionado pelas companhias abertas. De forma similar à Demonstração do Resultado do Exercício, a DVA é uma demonstração de características dedutivas em que a última linha representa um resultado, nesse caso, a riqueza gerada pela empresa durante um período. Porém, em adição a essa informação, é evidenciado de que forma essa riqueza é distribuída para uma série de stakeholders, além da parcela distribuída aos proprietários, sócios ou acionistas. Logo, é uma demonstração mais ampla que a DRE, destinada a vários usuários, não apenas aos proprietários, sócios ou acionistas, como a DRE, a princípio, parece ser destinada. Mas, quando se leva em conta os conceitos da Teoria Positiva da Contabilidade, convêm perguntar: O valor adicionado líquido para distribuição, evidenciado através da DVA das companhias abertas que publicam a demonstração, é relevante para os investidores da Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo - BOVESPA? Buscar essa resposta é a proposta deste trabalho. Para tanto, utilizou-se de abordagem empírico-analítica para testar as hipóteses de pesquisa formuladas. A amostra de dados foi constituída pelas sociedades anônimas abertas que publicaram a DVA nos anos de 2000 a 2004. Para essa amostra de dados foi obtido o preço das ações quatro meses após o fechamento do exercício social (variável dependente), o valor adicionado líquido para distribuição por ação, o lucro líquido por ação e o patrimônio líquido por ação para os anos de 2000 a 2004 (variáveis independentes). A amostra final de dados foi constituída de 459 observações, sendo 202 para ações ordinárias e 257 para ações preferenciais. Todas variáveis foram ajustadas pelo preço da ação do período anterior. Os resultados dos testes empíricos demonstraram que o valor adicionado líquido para distribuição é relevante para os investidores do mercado de capitais, com grau de significância de 99%, o que confirma as evidências empíricas internacionais, entretanto, não houve um desempenho melhor tão evidente, medido pelo coeficiente R2, do valor adicionado líquido para distribuição sobre o lucro líquido e o patrimônio líquido, o que contraria as evidências empíricas internacionais. Quando se separou a amostra de dados entre as empresas com níveis diferenciados de governança corporativa da BOVESPA das demais empresas, observou-se que o poder explicativo do valor adicionado líquido para distribuição cresce de forma substancial nas empresas com níveis diferenciados de governança corporativa, especialmente no caso das ações preferenciais. Esses resultados demonstram a importância da DVA e contribuem para o debate acadêmico acerca da demonstração. / The objective of accounting is supply its users with relevant information to make useful decisions. However who are those users and which information are relevant? Under the focus of the Positive Accounting Theory, the users are the investors of financial markets and information is relevant when it has statistically association with prices or return of stocks. In Brazil, the mandatory preparation and publication of the Value Added Statement is close to near. Value Added Statement is a statement that demonstrates the generation of wealth of a company and how this wealth is distributed to several stakeholders and also to the stockholders. Therefore, it is a wider accounting statement than the Income Statement, because it is destined to several users. However, inside the perspectives of the Positive Accounting Theory a question seems to be necessary: The net value added generated by a company and disclosed in the Value Added Statement is relevant for the investors, or in other words, is relevant for financial markets? Look for an answer to this question is exactly what the present work intends to do. To do that, it was used an empiric-analytic approach to reach the objectives proposed for this study, and doing so, testing the research hypotheses related to the research problems proposed. The sample used was constituted by the public companies that published the Value Added Statement in the years 2000 to 2004. For this sample were obtained the price of the stocks four months after the closing of the fiscal year (dependent variable), the net value added for distribution, the net profit and the equity for the years from 2000 to 2004 (independent variables). After the process of discard of companies without data in the period, it was obtained a sample of data constituted by 459 firm-year observations, being 202 for common stocks and 257 for preferred stocks. All variables were considered by theirs per share value adjusted by the stock price of the previous year. The results of the empiric analysis demonstrated that the net value added for distribution is relevant to the financial market, with 99% degrees of significance, what confirms international empiric evidences presented in the theoretical framework, however, there?s not a better performance, measured for the coefficient R2 of the value added over net profit and equity, which goes contrary to international empirical evidences. When the sample was separated between companies with differentiated levels of corporate governance of BOVESPA of the other companies, it was observed that the explanatory power of the variable net value added for distribution increases enough in a general way for the ones, especially in the case of preferred stocks. Those results demonstrate the relevance of the Value Added Statement and contribute to the increase of the academic debate about this statement.

O trabalho concentra-se sobre o critério do valor adicionado fiscal na repartição do ICMS, com o objetivo de verificar sua adequação como mecanismo de provisão de recursos financeiros a Municípios, no contexto do federalismo fiscal brasileiro. Mediante análise teórica, de dados de distribuição e legislação referente à repartição e ao ICMS, identificamos que o valor adicionado fiscal é gerador de enormes desigualdades de tratamento entre Municípios de porte equivalente e de oscilações brutais de valores de transferência de um para outro ano, mas, sobretudo, que é juridicamente inadequado à multiplicidade de locais de ocorrência de fatos geradores e a heterogeneidade do imposto que pretende repartir. Não atinge, assim, o propósito de medir a adição de valor em um território, nem o de conferir aos Municípios receitas em montante similar ao potencial de arrecadação de um imposto sobre valor adicionado municipal depurado dos efeitos de imunidades, isenções, diferimentos e substituições tributárias, que justificou sua criação. A permanência da utilização do critério do valor adicionado por décadas é apontada no trabalho como resultante de acomodações e ajustes institucionais, característicos de dependência de trajetória (path dependence), que, desrespeitando os limites jurídicos de regulamentação, disfarçam a inadequação do critério e perpetuam as desigualdades e instabilidades dele advindas. Justifica-se, assim, que atenções sejam voltadas à análise de alternativas à repartição do ICMS por outros meios que não o VAF e o aperfeiçoamento de seus mecanismos de regulação, caso permaneça sendo utilizado. / The Added Value Criteria (VAF) is used in Brazil for purposes of ICMS (A State tax on circulation of goods, communication and interstate and intercity transportation services) revenue sharing to cities. The data on how the VAT based tax sharing occurs shows that VAT is a source of inequalities in resource distribution to cities of equivalent population and oscillations in the amounts received by a given city along the years. Moreover and as the central hypothesis of this thesis, VAF, as defined in Brazilian legislation, is not suitable to the complexity of situations and places of occurrence of ICMS taxable events nor to the effects of ICMS on prices, being, thus, unable to measure the value added in each city territory and to protect the revenue sharing from the effects of ICMS exemptions, constitutional immunities, deferrals and tax substitutions. Being so, the VAT regulations, do not recreate the potential of a municipal VAT, falling short in accomplishing the purposes it was created for. In spite of its defects, VAT remains in use decades after its creation as a result of accommodations and institutional adjustments that can be explained by a path dependence trajectory that was, and still, is able to disguise its chronic inadequacies and to perpetuate the inequalities and instabilities arising out of such distribution criteria. Our conclusions on VAF justify the study of other alternatives for the ICMS revenue sharing, as well as attempts to improve the quality of VAT regulations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Arraes.pdf: 34103877 bytes, checksum: 0057ec3b516f3a18a40616c6d82b8627 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-12 / ln this work we analyze the consolidated, from the year 2012, Value Statement (VAS) of 132 business entities listed on Stock, Commodities and Futures Exchange- BMF & BOVESPA, part a specific segment named Novo Mercado BOVESP/ (NMB), who voluntarily brings together companies compromised with to apply the principles of corporate Governance, this segment was chosen for the accuracy of the regulation regarding transparency in corporate information. Were analyzed the Added Value generated by each segment and subsidiary group of companies separated by economic sector, the information found were confronted with the Brazilian Accounting Standard CPC 09. The results have reconciled to the methodology for ca1culatingand were compared with 2012 National GDP, were established a parallel between t1:1etwo calculation methodologies and ratio of the segment relevance on the national scenery. The VAS for its accounting approach, proved to be effidel1tand potentially important serve as a basis for decision-making of various social segments, including the government, which could use is as a data source for public policy of fomentation incentives. / Neste trabalho são analisadas e consolidadas as Demonstrações do Valor Adicionado (DVA) do ano de 2012 132 entidades empresariais listadas na Bolsa de valores ,Mercadorias e Futuros -- BM&FBOVESPA, em um segmento especifico denominado Novo, Mercado que reúne voluntariamente empresas que se comprometem a aplicar os principias de Governança Corporativa, esse segmento foi escolhido pelo rigor do regulamento em relação transparência das informações corporativas. Foi analisado Valor Adicionado gerado pelo segmento e subsidiariamente o valor de cada grupo de empresas Neste trabalho separadas por setor econômico, as informações encontradas forrol1 confrontadas com a norma contábil, CPC 09. Os resultados encontrados foram reconciliados à meto( .01c:giade cálculo do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IEGE) e comparados com o PIE Nacional 2012, estabeleceu-se um paralelo entre as duas metodologias de cálculo e a relação de relevância do no cenário nacional. A DVA, pôr sua abordagem contábil, mostrou-se potencialmente eficiente e importante para servir de base para tomada de decisões vários segmentos da sociedade, entre eles o governo, que poderia utilizá-la como fonte de dados para decisões de políticas públicas de fomento