Le cortex surrénalien produit des hormones stéroïdes, principalement le cortisol, l’aldostérone et des androgènes. Le cortex surrénalien peut être le siège de tumeurs –adénomes ou cancers-, hyperplasies et dysplasies. Ces lésions sont dans leur grande majorité bénignes. Elles peuvent être associés à une hypersécrétion d’hormone stéroïde, le plus souvent de cortisol (syndrome de Cushing) ou d’aldostérone. Il existe aussi des tumeurs non sécrétantes. Si des classifications moléculaires ont été établies pour les carcinomes, à ce jour il n’existe pas de classification pangénomique des tumeurs bénignes corticosurrénaliennes, qui pourrait renseigner sur les mécanismes de sécrétion autonome et de prolifération de ces lésions. Enfin le déterminisme génétique des dysplasies et hyperplasies n’est que partiellement connu. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai pu analyser un jeu de données « omics » complet des lésions bénignes corticosurrénaliennes pour plus d’une centaine d’échantillons, incluant du séquençage haut-débit (exome/ciblé pour les mutations, RNA-seq pour l’analyse des microARNs), des puces transcriptome et méthylome, et des puces SNP pour la recherche d’altérations chromosomiques. J’ai pu identifier une classification moléculaire pangénomique relativement convergente entre les différentes « omics », qui concorde avec les types tumoraux et sécrétoires, mais identifie également des sous-groupes nouveaux au sein de ces lésions. Il ressort notamment que les mutations dans ces lésions sont des déterminants essentiels de la classification moléculaire. Ainsi sont regroupées les lésions selon la voie de signalisation ou le gène altéré, notamment la voie PKA/AMPc pour les lésions produisant du cortisol, la voie Wnt/beta-caténine pour les adénomes ne sécrétant pas ou peu de cortisol, et ARMC5 pour un sous-groupe d’hyperplasies macronodulaires. Ces groupes très distincts contiennent également des lésions sans mutation identifiée, avec vraisemblablement des mécanismes alternatifs d’altération de ces voies de signalisation. Dans le groupe des hyperplasies macronodulaires mutées ARMC5, la comparaison avec l’ensemble des autres lésions bénignes fait ressortir une signature d’expression ovarienne forte, marquée par l’expression de FOXL2 et de ses cibles CYP19A1 et PTHLH. Cette marque de différentiation spécifiquement gonadique au sein de la surrénale fait discuter une anomalie de développement. Cette analyse génomique intégrée identifie également des altérations épigénétiques de la stéroïdogenèse. Notamment les tumeurs sécrétant beaucoup de cortisol sont globalement hyperméthylées dans leurs îlots CpG. Par ailleurs l’hyperméthylation de CYP21A2 est vraisemblablement un mécanisme de déficits en 21-hydroxylase intratumoral. Des signatures de miRNA semblent également avoir un impact sur la stéroïdogenèse. Au cours de ma thèse j’ai également analysé l’exome des hyperplasies macronodulaires non mutées ARMC5. Je n’ai pas identifié de nouvelle mutation somatique récurrente. Au niveau de l’exome germinal, j’ai identifié plusieurs gènes candidats récurrents, qui ouvrent la voie à des analyses génétiques (extension de cohorte) et de biologie cellulaire complémentaires. Ce travail est la première caractérisation génomique d’envergure des lésions bénignes de la corticosurrénale. Même si tous les mécanismes ne sont pas élucidés dans le détail, ces données représentent une ressource importante pour orienter les recherches à venir dans la tumorigenèse surrénalienne bénigne et la stéroïdogenèse. / The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones, mainly cortisol, aldosterone and androgens. The adrenal cortex can be the site of tumors - adenomas or cancers -, hyperplasias and dysplasias. These lesions are in their great majority benign. They may be associated with hypersecretion of steroid hormone, most commonly cortisol (Cushing's syndrome) or aldosterone. There are also non-secreting tumors. Although molecular classifications have been established for carcinomas, to date there is no genome-wide classification of benign adrenocortical tumors, which could provide information on the mechanisms of autonomic secretion and proliferation of these lesions. Finally, the genetic determinism of dysplasia and hyperplasia is only partially known. During my thesis, I analyzed a complete "omics" dataset of benign adrenocortical lesions for more than a hundred samples, including high-throughput sequencing (exome / targeted for mutations, RNA-seq for microRNA analysis), transcriptome and methylome microarrays, and SNP microarrays for chromosomal alterations. I was able to identify a relatively convergent genome-wide molecular classification between the different "omics", which is consistent with the tumor and secretory types, but also identifies new subgroups within these lesions. In particular, it appears that mutations in these lesions are essential determinants of molecular classification. Thus, the lesions are grouped according to the signaling pathway or the altered gene, in particular the PKA / cAMP pathway for lesions producing cortisol, the Wnt / beta-catenin pathway for adenomas that do not secrete little or no cortisol, and ARMC5 for a subgroup of macronodular hyperplasia. These very distinct groups also contain lesions with no identified mutation, presumably with alternative mechanisms of alteration of these signaling pathways. In the group of ARMC5 mutated macronodular hyperplasia, the comparison with all other benign lesions shows a strong ovarian expression signature, marked by the expression of FOXL2 and its targets CYP19A1 and PTHLH. This mark of specifically gonadal differentiation in the adrenal gland causes a development anomaly to be discussed. This integrated genomic analysis also identifies epigenetic alterations of steroidogenesis. In particular, tumors secreting a lot of cortisol are globally hypermethylated in their CpG islands. In addition, hypermethylation of CYP21A2 is probably a mechanism of intratumoral 21-hydroxylase deficiency. MiRNA signatures also appear to have an impact on steroidogenesis. During my thesis I also analyzed the exome of unmutated macronodular hyperplasia ARMC5. I did not identify a new recurrent somatic mutation. At the level of the germinal exome, I identified several recurrent candidate genes, which open the way for complementary genetic analyzes (cohort extension) and cell biology. This work is the first major genomic characterization of benign lesions of the adrenal cortex. Although not all mechanisms are fully elucidated, these data represent an important resource for guiding future research into benign adrenal tumorigenesis and steroidogenesis.

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2009. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1967.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1967.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1941. / Typescript. Includes abstract and vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 24-26).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 153 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-153). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Alterações nutricionais, hormonais e ambientais nos períodos críticos do desenvolvimento como a gestação e/ou lactação podem influenciar a estrutura e a fisiologia de órgãos e tecidos, predispondo ao aparecimento de doenças na vida adulta. Esse fenômeno é conhecido como programação metabólica. O fumo materno na gestação/lactação tem sido associado ao sobrepeso/obesidade na infância e na vida adulta em ambos os sexos. Porém, estudos evidenciam diferenças entre os gêneros em resposta a exposição à nicotina. Já foi demonstrado que muitas mulheres param de fumar na gestação, mas a maioria destas volta a fumar na lactação. Anteriormente, mostramos que machos adultos cujas mães foram expostas à nicotina na lactação, desenvolveram obesidade central, hiperleptinemia e hipotireoidismo. Como a nicotina afeta a função adrenal e como catecolaminas e glicocorticóides têm efeitos bem conhecidos sobre o tecido adiposo, avaliamos a função da medula adrenal e o conteúdo de leptina no tecido adiposo e músculo de machos e fêmeas cujas mães foram expostas à nicotina na lactação. Dois dias pós-parto, implantamos minibombas osmóticas nas ratas lactantes dividas em: NIC infusão de nicotina (6mg/Kg/dia s.c.) por 14 dias, e C infusão de salina pelo mesmo período. Estas lactantes foram divididas de acordo com o sexo das proles. O sacrifício das proles de ambos os sexos ocorreu aos 15 (fim da exposição à nicotina) e 180 dias de vida. Aos 15 dias, os machos da prole NIC apresentaram aumento de MGV absoluta e relativa ao peso corporal (+72% e +73% respectivamente), hiperleptinemia (+35%), hipercorticosteronemia (+67%), maior peso adrenal (+39%), conteúdo de catecolaminas totais (absoluto: +69% e relativo: +41%), embora diminuição da enzima TH (-33%). Quando adultos, os machos programados exibiram maior massa corporal (+10%), MGV absoluta (+47%) e relativa (+33%), além de hiperleptinemia (+41%) e maior conteúdo de leptina no TAV (+23%). Esses animais também apresentaram hipercorticosteronemia (+77%), maior conteúdo de catecolaminas totais absoluto e relativo (+79% e +89% respectivamente) e de TH (+38%) embora tenham menor secreção de catecolaminas in vitro estimulada por cafeína (-19%) e maior expressão do ADRB3 no TAV (+59%). Em relação as fêmeas da prole NIC aos 15 dias de vida, estas apresentaram menor massa corporal (-6%) e hiperleptinemia (+41%) embora sem alteração da MGV. Aos 180 dias, as fêmeas da prole NIC apresentaram menor conteúdo de leptina no TAS (-46%) e maior conteúdo de leptina no músculo solear (+22%) e diminuição da expressão do ADRB3 no TAV (-39%). Concluímos que a nicotina materna afeta ambos, medula adrenal e tecido adiposo de forma gênero dependente, tanto em curto prazo (quando a nicotina está presente no leite materno), quanto em longo prazo (repercussões na vida adulta). De forma geral, as fêmeas da prole NIC apresentam alterações mais discretas do que os machos em ambos os períodos estudados. / Nutritional, hormonal and environmental changes during critical periods of life (pregnancy and/or lactation) are associated with future changes in the structure and physiology of body tissues and systems, influencing some diseases in adulthood. This phenomenon is known as metabolic programming. Maternal smoking during pregnancy/lactation has been associated with overweight/obesity in childhood and adulthood in both genders. However, studies have shown gender differences in response to nicotine exposure. Although many women quit smoking during pregnancy, data reveal that most women who stop smoking during gestation relapse during lactation. Previously, we showed that adult male rats whose mothers received nicotine during lactation developed overweight, hyperleptinemia and hypothyroidism. Because nicotine affects the adrenal function and, as glucocorticoids and catecholamines have well known effects on adipose tissue, we evaluated adrenal medulla function and leptin content in adipose tissue and muscle of males and females whose dams were nicotine-treated during lactation. On postnatal (PN) day 2, dams were subcutaneously implanted with osmotic minipumps releasing nicotine (6mg/Kg/day) for 14 days of lactation (NIC) or saline. Male and female offspring were killed at 15 and 180 days-old. In PN15, males of NIC group presented higher absolute (+72%) and relative (+73%) VFM, hyperleptinemia (+35%), hypercorticosteronemia (+67%), higher adrenal weight (+39%) and adrenal catecholamine content (absolute: +69% and relative: +41%) although lower TH content (-33%). In PN180, these males displayed higher body mass (+10%), absolute (+47%) and relative (+33%) VFM, hyperleptinemia (+41%), higher leptin content in VAT (+23%), hypercorticosteronemia (+77%), higher adrenal catecholamine content (absolute:+79% and relative:+89%), higher TH expression (+38%), lower in vitro catecholamine release (-19%) and higher ADRB3 content in VAT (+59%). Females of NIC group at PN15 presented lower body mass (-6%) and hyperleptinemia (+41%) but no change in VFM. In PN180, these females showed lower leptin content in SAT (-46%), higher leptin content in muscle (+22%) and lower ADRB3 content in VAT (-39%). Thus, we evidenced a sex dimorphism in the model of programming by maternal nicotine exposure during lactation. The medullary adrenal function and corticosteronemia in adult rat were programmed only in male offspring while the female offspring displayed relevant alterations in leptin content.

Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-20T12:12:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_SylvioAndreGarciaVieira.pdf: 3455615 bytes, checksum: 2826b01774c4732fb20d76dd1dde7a09 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T12:12:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_SylvioAndreGarciaVieira.pdf: 3455615 bytes, checksum: 2826b01774c4732fb20d76dd1dde7a09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-23 / The analysis of the biological formations through computer programs has been turning the interpretation of information quicker, more practical, and more reliable. There are a great number of data stored in specialized databases all over the world, that need to be analyzed and interpreted. On the biological databases, there are data obtained from a variety of ways of research in organisms affected by illnesses such as adenoma and carcinoma. There are also data related to the processes of maintenance of the organism in various levels, called pathways. These pathways act in the organism in a different way in every stage, such as in its normality or in the presence of some genetic disease. This study aims at using graphs in order to develop a model of pathway interaction network that incorporate the maintenance of the genome and other activities of the organism conveyed in adenoma and carcinoma of the adrenal cortex, identifying those who are active in the organism in the presence of gene mutation. In order to determine which pathways are modified in the presence of each disease was used a calculus of relative activity of the route associated to the statistical test Z. To visualize the results, graphs were used, whose junctions represent the pathways and whose edges represent the interactions. Through the computer program developed, it was possible to identify the differences that the organism presents in these conditions, allowing the suggestion of employment of this technique to identify modifications that the organism may present when a new nanoencapsulated drug is used. / A análise de informações biológicas por meios computacionais vem tornando as atividades de interpretação das informações mais rápida, prática e confiável. Existem muitos dados depositados em bancos especializados ao redor do mundo, que precisam ser avaliados e interpretados. Nestes bancos de dados de informações biológicas há informações resultantes de várias formas de pesquisas em organismos acometidos de doenças, como adenomas e carcinomas. A evolução dessas doenças ocorre através da ativação de vias muito específicas. Estas vias atuam no organismo de forma diferente em cada estado, como na sua normalidade ou na presença de alguma doença genética. Este trabalho tem por objetivo utilizar grafos para desenvolver um modelo de redes de interação de vias que envolvam a manutenção do genoma e outras atividades do organismo expressas em adenoma e carcinoma de córtex adrenal, identificando as vias expressas no organismo na presença de mutações. Para determinar quais vias estariam com a sua expressão alterada na presença de cada doença, foi utilizado o cálculo de atividade relativa da via associado ao teste estatístico Z. Para visualização dos resultados foram utilizados grafos, cujos nós representam as vias e as arestas representam as interações. Por meio do sistema computacional desenvolvido foi possível identificar as diferenças que o organismo apresenta nestas condições, permitido a sugestão de utilização desta técnica para a identificação das modificações que o organismo possa apresentar quando da utilização de um novo fármaco nanoencapsulado.