O Eucalyptus cloeziana se destaca pelas propriedades tecnológicas da sua madeira, principalmente em razão da sua durabilidade, densidade e resistência. Entretanto, essa espécie apresenta limitações quanto ao enraizamento adventício de estacas, dificultando a obtenção de mudas clonais e o avanço nos programa de melhoramento da espécie. Nesta perspectiva, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a micropropagação de E. cloeziana a partir de materiais juvenis e adultos como uma técnica para a propagação da espécie. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro partes. No primeiro estudo, estabeleceu-se um protocolo de organogênese indireta de E. cloeziana a partir de hipocótilos e cotilédones. No segundo estudo avaliou-se o resgate de matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana através da indução de brotações epicórmicas em megaestacas. No terceiro estudo definiu-se um protocolo de micropropagação via proliferação de gemas axilares de matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana. Por último, no quarto estudo avaliou-se o rejuvenescimento in vitro de matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana por meio da micropropagação via proliferação de gemas axilares e a microestaquia, a partir das matrizes rejuvenescidas in vitro,para comprovar a viabilidade do cultivo in vitro como alternativa de propagação da espécie. A organogênese indireta de E. cloeziana mostrou-se possível e dependente do tipo de explante, dos reguladores de crescimento, suas concentrações e combinações utilizadas nas diferentes fases de morfogênese. As brotações adventícias foram micropropagadas e aclimatizadas com sucesso, obtendo-se mudas clonais de E. cloeziana. No resgate das matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana ocorreu maior indução de brotações epicórmicas para as megaestacas coletadas na época do ano com maior pluviosidade e temperatura. O diâmetro médio das megaestacas, compreendido entre 2,0 e 5,0 cm, correspondeu ao mais adequado para a obtenção de maior número de brotações epicórmicas no resgate das matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana. O protocolo de micropropagação das matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana foi estabelecido com sucesso, utilizando como explantes, brotações epicórmicas induzidas nas megaestacas. A multiplicação in vitro das microcepas foi realizada com êxito no meio de cultura WPM suplementado com BAP e ANA, cujas concentrações variaram entre os genótipos. Os tratamentos de \"pulse\" com GA3 não foi adequado para promover o alongamento in vitro das brotações, o qual foi obtido coma redução da concentração do BAP (0,1 mg L-1). A aclimatização e o enraizamento ex vitro das microestacas foi realizada com sucesso nos miniestufas, garantindo a obtenção de mudas clonais das matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana para a composição de um microjardim clonal. As microcepas das árvores matrizes de E. cloeziana apresentaram diferentes taxas de multiplicação in vitro, apresentando especificidades dos materiais genéticos à micropropagação. Os resultados da microestaquia das matrizes rejuvenescidas in vitro de E. cloeziana corroboraram as evidências de rejuvenescimento desses genótipos durante a micropropagação. Além disso, constatou-se que outros fatores, além da maturidade, podem estar atuando diretamente na recalcitrância do E. cloeziana ao enraizamento adventício. Dessa forma, comprovou-se a importância da micropropagação como uma ferramenta para a clonagem de E. cloeziana, abrindo perspectivas para investigações futuras para otimizar os métodos de propagação da espécie. / Eucalyptus cloeziana has importance for its wood technologic characteristics, mainly the durability, density and resistance. Moreover, this species has limitations on adventitious rooting of cuttings, having difficulties to obtain clonal seedlings and to advance in the improvement programs. In this perspective, the present work aimed to evaluate the E. cloeziana micropropagation by juvenile and mature explants as a technique for propagation this specie. Therefore, the work was divided into four basic studies. The first study was the establishment of the protocol to indirect organogenesis to E. cloeziana hypocotyls and cotyledons. In the second study evaluated the rescue of E. cloeziana adult matrices for epicormic shoots induction in crow branches. In the third study was definite a micropropagation protocol by axillary branching of E. cloeziana adult matrices. Finally, in the fourth study was evaluated the in vitro rejuvenation of E. cloeziana adult matrices to micropropagation by axillary branching and the micro-cutting technique of in vitro rejuvenated matrices to prove the in vitro culture viability to the propagation of this specie. The indirect organogenesis E. cloeziana was dependent of explant type and growth regulator and its concentration used in the different morphogenesis phases. The adventitious shoots were multiplicities and acclimatized with success to obtain E. cloeziana clonal seedlings. The vegetative rescue results of E. cloeziana adult matrices showed a higher induction epicormic shoots from branches collected in warmer and rain season. The medium diameter between 2.0 and 5.0 cm was considered the better to obtain higher epicormic shoots number in vegetative rescue. The micropropagation protocol of E. cloeziana adult matrices was realized with success using epicormic shoots, induced in the branches, like explants. The shoots in vitro multiplication was realized on WPM medium culture, supplemented with BA and NAA. The better growth regulators concentrations were different for each genotype. Treatments pulse with GA3 was not suitable to promote the elongation of shoots in vitro, which was obtained by the BA concentration reduction at 0.1 mg L-1. The in vitro shoots acclimatization and ex vitro rooting was performed in mini-incubators with success and it permit to obtain clonal seedlings from E. cloeziana adult matrices to form a clonal micro-garden. The shoots of E. cloeziana adult matrices showed different in vitro multiplication rates with specific-genotype responses to micropropagation. The micro-cutting technique results of E. cloeziana adult matrices provide evidence that occurred in vitro rejuvenation of these genotypes, during the micropropagation. Therefore, the nursery results showed that other factors, not only maturation, can be involved in the adventitious recalcitrance of E. cloeziana. In conclusion, the importance micropropagation like a biotechnological tool to propagation of E. cloeziana was proved and opened important perspectives for future investigations to optimize the propagation methods for this specie.

This thesis describes applications of advanced multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments to the characterisation of industrially-relevant catalyst materials. Experiments on γ-Al₂O₃ introduce the use of solid-state NMR spectroscopy for the investigation of disordered solids. The existence of Al(V) sites on the surface of this material is demonstrated, showing that removal of adsorbed H₂O may facilitate a rearrangement effect in γ-Al₂O₃ that promotes the formation of these Al environments. A range of aluminium oxide-based supported metal catalysts has been investigated. Studies of these systems by ¹H and ²⁷Al solid-state NMR spectroscopy indicate that a metal-support interaction (MSI) exists between surface cobalt oxide crystallites and the γ-Al₂O₃ support, and is strongest for materials containing small, well dispersed Co oxide crystallites. It is shown that the hygroscopic nature of γ-Al₂O₃ allows the extent of the MSI to be visualised by ¹H MAS NMR, by observing the extent of the proton-metal oxide interaction resulting from the presence of adventitious adsorbed H₂O. The surface/bulk chemistry of Co spinel aluminate materials is also investigated. ¹H, ²⁹Si, ²⁷Al and ¹⁷O solid-state NMR techniques are used to gain insight into the structural nature of silicated alumina catalysts. The combination of isotopic enrichment and dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP) surface-enhanced NMR spectroscopy can provide a definitive and fully quantitative description of the surface structure of Si-γ-Al₂O₃ (1.5 wt% Si), and the role of adventitious surface water is highlighted. Analysis of silicated aluminas prepared by “sequential grafting” and “single shot” approaches shows that silica growth on γ-Al₂O₃ follows two distinct morphologies. ¹⁷O gas exchange enrichment is also shown to be successful in facilitating ¹⁷O solid-state NMR studies of these materials. It is demonstrated that double (²⁹Si and ¹⁷O) enrichment of Si-γ-Al₂O₃ (1.5 wt% Si) can facilitate access to ²⁹Si-¹⁷O 2D correlation experiments, even at low silica loading. An exploratory investigation of Ti-alumina model catalysts has also been carried out using ¹H, ²⁷Al and ¹⁷O solid-state NMR spectroscopy. These studies indicate that Ti-γ-Al₂O₃ and Ti-Al M50 may be structurally distinct materials.

Wetland plant species rely largely on vegetative reproduction. Although all types of clonal growth organs are found in wetlands, special adaptations, e.g., turions, fragmentation and budding, are more frequent in true aquatic communities. However, root-sprouting is underrepresented, although it can be beneficial under disturbed conditions. This thesis focuses on ecological constrains potentially hindering root-sprouting in wetlands. This ability was studied in a wetland herb Rorippa palustris in relation to life history, injury timing and carbon economy of a plant. In addition, plant regeneration following submergence and severe disturbance was assessed.

O Eucalyptus cloeziana se destaca pelas propriedades tecnológicas da sua madeira, principalmente em razão da sua durabilidade, densidade e resistência. Entretanto, essa espécie apresenta limitações quanto ao enraizamento adventício de estacas, dificultando a obtenção de mudas clonais e o avanço nos programa de melhoramento da espécie. Nesta perspectiva, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a micropropagação de E. cloeziana a partir de materiais juvenis e adultos como uma técnica para a propagação da espécie. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro partes. No primeiro estudo, estabeleceu-se um protocolo de organogênese indireta de E. cloeziana a partir de hipocótilos e cotilédones. No segundo estudo avaliou-se o resgate de matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana através da indução de brotações epicórmicas em megaestacas. No terceiro estudo definiu-se um protocolo de micropropagação via proliferação de gemas axilares de matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana. Por último, no quarto estudo avaliou-se o rejuvenescimento in vitro de matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana por meio da micropropagação via proliferação de gemas axilares e a microestaquia, a partir das matrizes rejuvenescidas in vitro,para comprovar a viabilidade do cultivo in vitro como alternativa de propagação da espécie. A organogênese indireta de E. cloeziana mostrou-se possível e dependente do tipo de explante, dos reguladores de crescimento, suas concentrações e combinações utilizadas nas diferentes fases de morfogênese. As brotações adventícias foram micropropagadas e aclimatizadas com sucesso, obtendo-se mudas clonais de E. cloeziana. No resgate das matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana ocorreu maior indução de brotações epicórmicas para as megaestacas coletadas na época do ano com maior pluviosidade e temperatura. O diâmetro médio das megaestacas, compreendido entre 2,0 e 5,0 cm, correspondeu ao mais adequado para a obtenção de maior número de brotações epicórmicas no resgate das matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana. O protocolo de micropropagação das matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana foi estabelecido com sucesso, utilizando como explantes, brotações epicórmicas induzidas nas megaestacas. A multiplicação in vitro das microcepas foi realizada com êxito no meio de cultura WPM suplementado com BAP e ANA, cujas concentrações variaram entre os genótipos. Os tratamentos de \"pulse\" com GA3 não foi adequado para promover o alongamento in vitro das brotações, o qual foi obtido coma redução da concentração do BAP (0,1 mg L-1). A aclimatização e o enraizamento ex vitro das microestacas foi realizada com sucesso nos miniestufas, garantindo a obtenção de mudas clonais das matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana para a composição de um microjardim clonal. As microcepas das árvores matrizes de E. cloeziana apresentaram diferentes taxas de multiplicação in vitro, apresentando especificidades dos materiais genéticos à micropropagação. Os resultados da microestaquia das matrizes rejuvenescidas in vitro de E. cloeziana corroboraram as evidências de rejuvenescimento desses genótipos durante a micropropagação. Além disso, constatou-se que outros fatores, além da maturidade, podem estar atuando diretamente na recalcitrância do E. cloeziana ao enraizamento adventício. Dessa forma, comprovou-se a importância da micropropagação como uma ferramenta para a clonagem de E. cloeziana, abrindo perspectivas para investigações futuras para otimizar os métodos de propagação da espécie. / Eucalyptus cloeziana has importance for its wood technologic characteristics, mainly the durability, density and resistance. Moreover, this species has limitations on adventitious rooting of cuttings, having difficulties to obtain clonal seedlings and to advance in the improvement programs. In this perspective, the present work aimed to evaluate the E. cloeziana micropropagation by juvenile and mature explants as a technique for propagation this specie. Therefore, the work was divided into four basic studies. The first study was the establishment of the protocol to indirect organogenesis to E. cloeziana hypocotyls and cotyledons. In the second study evaluated the rescue of E. cloeziana adult matrices for epicormic shoots induction in crow branches. In the third study was definite a micropropagation protocol by axillary branching of E. cloeziana adult matrices. Finally, in the fourth study was evaluated the in vitro rejuvenation of E. cloeziana adult matrices to micropropagation by axillary branching and the micro-cutting technique of in vitro rejuvenated matrices to prove the in vitro culture viability to the propagation of this specie. The indirect organogenesis E. cloeziana was dependent of explant type and growth regulator and its concentration used in the different morphogenesis phases. The adventitious shoots were multiplicities and acclimatized with success to obtain E. cloeziana clonal seedlings. The vegetative rescue results of E. cloeziana adult matrices showed a higher induction epicormic shoots from branches collected in warmer and rain season. The medium diameter between 2.0 and 5.0 cm was considered the better to obtain higher epicormic shoots number in vegetative rescue. The micropropagation protocol of E. cloeziana adult matrices was realized with success using epicormic shoots, induced in the branches, like explants. The shoots in vitro multiplication was realized on WPM medium culture, supplemented with BA and NAA. The better growth regulators concentrations were different for each genotype. Treatments pulse with GA3 was not suitable to promote the elongation of shoots in vitro, which was obtained by the BA concentration reduction at 0.1 mg L-1. The in vitro shoots acclimatization and ex vitro rooting was performed in mini-incubators with success and it permit to obtain clonal seedlings from E. cloeziana adult matrices to form a clonal micro-garden. The shoots of E. cloeziana adult matrices showed different in vitro multiplication rates with specific-genotype responses to micropropagation. The micro-cutting technique results of E. cloeziana adult matrices provide evidence that occurred in vitro rejuvenation of these genotypes, during the micropropagation. Therefore, the nursery results showed that other factors, not only maturation, can be involved in the adventitious recalcitrance of E. cloeziana. In conclusion, the importance micropropagation like a biotechnological tool to propagation of E. cloeziana was proved and opened important perspectives for future investigations to optimize the propagation methods for this specie.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit den morphologischen bzw. cytologischen Anomalien eines mutierten Klons 5/74/2 aus der haploiden Sorte `Kleiner Liebling` von Pelargonium zonale. An histologischen Schnitten wurden die Ploidiestufen verschiedener Zellschichten von Cytochimären durch Chromosomenzählung direkt bestimmt. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Epidermis in den Blättern vom Klon 5/74/2 verschiedene Ploidiestufen aufweist. Solche Variabilität trat in den L2- und L3-bürtigen Zellschichten nicht auf. Somit wurde hier erstmals eine Periklinalcytochimäre mit verschiedenen Ploidie in der Epidermis nachgewiesen. Es zeigte aber zwei unterschiedliche Zustände im Sprossscheiteln: Beim ersten sind die Zellen der L1 Polyploidie. Beim zweiten sind die Zellen der L1 haploid. Die Polyploidisierung der Epidermis setzt sich bei dem Wachstum des Blattes fort. Bei den cytologischen Untersuchungen wurden anomale Mitosen mit irregulären Chromsomenanordnungen (multipolare) und mehrkernige Zellen in der Epidermis beobachtet. Als weitere Anomalie traten eingeschnürte Zellkerne in den Epidermiszellen auf. Die Pflanzen mit stark behaarten und gekräuselten Blättern vom Klon 5/74/2 waren nicht stabil. Die Epidermis des gekräuselten und stark behaarten Blattes enthielt wie die des stark behaarten Blattes oder die des gekräuselten Blattes verschiedene Ploidiestufe. Die Epidermiszellen der meisten Pflanzen mit normal glatten Blättern lagen im diploiden Bereich. Die morphologische Kräuselung und Behaarung hing mit dem Auftreten der somatischen Variabilität in Epidermis von Klon 5/74/2 zusammen. Adventivpflanzen mit Hilfe eines modifizierten Mediums aus Kallus von Pelargonium zonale sind in in vitro-Kultur zu regenerieren. Dabei zeigte die Zugabe von Perlit und anschließend PVP die beste Wirkung gegen die Bildung von Polyphenolverbindungen im Pelargonium-Gewebe. TDZ ist einer der effektivsten Wuchsstoffe für die Kallusinduktion und Regeneration der Adventivsprosse bei Pelargonium. Die Blatt- und die Blütenfarbe der Adventivpflanzen aus dem dreifach markierten chimärischen `Weißer Liebling` (WRR, GWG, DHH) stimmten mit dem Genotyp der L1-Zellen überein. Die Stomatalängen der Adventivpflanzen aus dem Klon 5/74/2 (PHH) lagen wie die von `Weißer Liebling` (DHH) meistens im Bereich von diploid, nur selten von tetraploid oder gemischten. Die ursprünglich polyploiden und haploiden Zellen der kultivierten Gewebe traten nach der Regeneration nicht mehr auf. Dies weist auf eine Zellmutation und -selektion während der in vitro-Kultur hin. Aus chimärischen Geweben der GWG- und GGW-Varianten von `Mrs. Pollock` wurden 8,6% Adventivsprosse mit neuen chimärischen Blattmustern regeneriert. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass die Zellen mindestens in L2 und L3-bürtigen Gewebeschichten der Explantaten zur Regeneration der Adventivsprossen teilgenommen haben. / A mutated clone with different ploidy levels in epidermis cells, 5/74/2, of the haploid `Kleiner Liebling` of Pelargonium zonale was investigated to answer the question that how the different ploidy levels were generated. Such a variability did not appear in L2- and L3-derived cells. Consequently, clone 5/74/2 is a periclinal cytochimera with a mixed ploidy epidermis. This type of cytochimera with different ploidy levels in epidermis has not been reported up to now. The epidermis of the blistered leaf or of the hairy leaf is polyploid with different ploidy levels, like the epidermis of the shoots with blistered and hairy leaves. Epidermis cells of normal shoots are diploid. The morphologically blistered leaf surface seems to be the result of a somatic variability in epidermis. Histological investigations of clone 5/74/2 showed two different ways of development of the somatic variability: the cells of the L1 in the apical meristem were already polyploid and the cells in the apical meristem were haploid. Cytological analyses revealed anomalies of the mitosis in epidermis cells of clone 5/74/2. Various irregular chromosomal arrangements (multipolar mitosis) and polynuclear cells were observed. Additionally, nuclei with constrictions were found. Adventitious shoots were successfully regenerated from callus of adult tissue of Pelargonium in vitro on modified medium. The combination of Perlit and PVP showed the best effects against the formation of phenolic substances on Pelargonium tissues during in vitro-culture. TDZ was the most effective substance for callus induction and regeneration of adventitious shoots. The colour of leaves and flowers in the adventitious plants regenerated from tissue of the triply marked chimera ’Weißer Liebling’ (GWG, WRR, DHH) were correlated with the genotype of L1. However, somaclonal variability of ploidy levels was observed. The size of stomata on adventitious plants from the clone 5/74/2 (PHH) was similar to from DHH-tissue, mostly in the range of diploid, only rarely in tetraploid or mixed ploidy. Derivates of the original polyploid and haploid cells of the cultivated tissue were not found. Evidently, cell selection and mutation occurred during the in vitro-culture. 8.6% Adventitious shoots with new chimeral patterns were regenerated from chimeral GWG- and GGW-explants of Pelargonium zonale `Ms. Pollock`. More chimeras from GGW explants were obtained than from GWG explants. This result showed that cells in both L2 and L3 derived tissues of the explants were involved in the regeneration of the adventitious shoots.

Disturbance is one of most important selective factor causing removal of plant biomass. Man-made habitats are characterized by strong and unpredictable disturbances, providing bare soil surface colonized by plants with short life cycle. Populations of the short-lived plants are, however, vulnerable to the strong disturbance removing all stem parts with reserve axillary meristems in the case it occurs before plant flowering and fruiting. Nevertheless, 2 % of annual and 14 % of biennial plants are able to overcome meristem limitation by adventititous sprouting from hypocotyle or/and roots. This thesis is composed of four original studies describing the occurrence of adventitious sprouting in natural populations of 22 monocarpic weeds of Central Europe and one species in Indonesia. The studied phenomenon was analyzed in relation to various environmental factors and plant traits in the field and in experimental conditions.