David Benatar’s axiological asymmetry argument for antinatalism states that it is always bad for a sentient being to come into existence. There has been a lot of discussion about this argument since its publication in 2006, but this discussion has often been lacking by not accepting some ground rules, or assumptions, that Benatar establishes. In this paper I accept these ground rules, which is the person-affecting view, and the idea that the axiological asymmetry argument provides a lot of explanatory power, by single handedly being able to explain four other, primafacie plausible asymmetries. In this paper I investigate these other asymmetries to see (i) if they are true and (ii) if some other, more plausible theory, can explain them. My investigation shows that two of these asymmetries are false when understood in a theoretical way. When these two asymmetries are understood in a practical way, they are true, but then they don’t lend support to the axiological asymmetry argument. The third asymmetry, while true, is better explained by the so-called existence requirement. The fourth asymmetry, while true, doesn’t lend support to the axiological asymmetry argument since it doesn’t provide anything new to this argument. The conclusion drawn from this is that the explanatory power of the axiological asymmetry argument, with regards to these other asymmetries, is not that strong, which in effect weakens the plausibility of the axiological asymmetry argument for antinatalism. / David Benatars axiologiska asymmetri-argument för antinatalism säger att det alltid är dåligt för en kännande varelse att börja existera. Det har varit mycket diskussion kring detta argument sedan dess publicering år 2006, men denna diskussion har ofta varit bristfällig genom att inte acceptera några grundregler, eller antaganden, som Benatar etablerar. I den här uppsatsen accepterar jag dessa grundregler, som dels är den så kallade person-affecting teorin, och dels tanken att det axiologiska asymmetri-argumentet ger mycket förklaringskraft, genom att på egen hand kunna förklara fyra andra, prima facie rimliga asymmetrier. I den här uppsatsen undersöker jag dessa andra asymmetrier för att se (i) om de är sanna och (ii) om någon annan, rimligare teori, kan förklara dem. Min undersökning visar att två av dessa asymmetrier är falska när de förstås på ett teoretiskt sätt. När dessa två asymmetrier förstås på ett praktiskt sätt är de sanna, men då ger de inte stöd för det axiologiska asymmetri-argumentet. Den tredje asymmetrin är sann, men förklaras bättre av det så kallade existens-kravet. Den fjärde asymmetrin är sann, men ger inte något stöd till det axiologiska asymmetri-argumentet eftersom den inte tillför något nytt till detta argument. Slutsatsen som dras av detta är att förklaringskraften hos det axiologiska asymmetri-argumentet, med avseende på dessa andra asymmetrier, inte är så stark, vilket som en följd försvagar rimligheten hos det axiologiska asymmetri-argumentet för antinatalism.

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Bakgrund: Sömn är ett grundläggande mänskligt behov som vid uppfyllelse främjarhälsa och välmående. Sömnsvårigheter och sömnbrist uppträder ofta i samband medsjukdom, stress och ångest samtidigt som kroppens återhämtningsförmåga försämras.Forskning har visat att patienters sömnkvalitet försämras under sjukhusvistelse och attsömnen påverkas av omgivningen på sjukhus. Det finns flera sätt att stödja patienter medsömnproblematik, där sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva faktorer som störde patienters sömn i sjukhusmiljön. Metod: En kvantitativ litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats. Fribergs modell användes till dataanalysen och Jönköping Universitys kvalitetsprotokoll för kvantitativa artiklaranvändes för granskning av resultatartiklar. Resultat: Resultatet består av tre huvudkategorier som beskriver sömnpåverkandefaktorer: miljörelaterade, emotionella och fysiska. Miljörelaterade faktorer sompåverkade sömnen var ljud, belysning, personal och komfort. Emotionella faktorer somvisades påverka patientsömnen var ångest, oro, stress och saknad. De fysiska faktorernasom framkom innefattade bland annat smärta och toalettbesök. Slutsats: Studien har visat att det finns mängder av sömnpåverkande faktorer isjukhusmiljön samt att det är ett område som behöver uppmärksammas för att förbättrapatienters sömn på sjukhus. / Background: Sleep is a basic human need that when properly fulfilled, promotes healthand wellbeing. Difficulties sleeping or a lack of sleep often coincide with illness, stress andanxiety while simultaneously degrading the body's resilience. Research has shown thatpatients sleep quality declines during hospitalization and that sleep is affected by thehospital environment. There are multiple ways of supporting patients with sleepingproblems, where the nurse has a key role. Aim: The aim was to describe factors that disturbed patients sleep in the hospitalenvironment. Method: A quantitative litterature review with an inductive approach. Friberg's modelwas used for the data analysis and Jönköping University's’ quality protocol forquantitative articles was used for the examination of the result articles. Results: The result consists of three main categories that describe sleep affecting factors:environmental, emotional and physical. Environmental factors that impacted sleep weresound, lighting, staff and comfortability. Emotional factors that were shown to affectpatient sleep were anxiety, worry, stress and longing. The physical factors that appearedwere amongst others: pain and toilet visits. Conclusion: The study has shown that there is a multitude of sleep affecting factors inthe hospital environment and that it needs to be better researched, to improve patientsleep in the hospital.

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This thesis investigates changes in knowledge required to complete tasks within business processes that have implemented planned/radical change. The research is based on the synthesis of three scholarly domains: change management, knowledge management, and business processes. Organisations implement planned/radical change for various reasons: due to perturbations in the external environment, to achieve strategic goals, or to improve profitability. Radical changes affect business processes and the people carrying out tasks within those processes. Yet, many radical process change initiatives founder. The conceptual argument underpinning this thesis is that planned/radical change initiatives are rarely fully implemented because knowledge does not fully evolve from pre-change to post-change knowledge. People can hold onto knowledge they have, or are unable to grasp new knowledge required, or attempt to apply knowledge that is redundant. This thesis posits that knowledge which does not evolve is a barrier to change. Consequently, this study contributes by providing a deeper understanding of knowledge evolution in the context of processes that have undergone planned/radical change, and specifically the evolution of declarative, procedural and heuristic knowledge necessary to complete new or redesigned tasks within business processes, which form the bedrock to enhancing the implementation of planned/radical change. Drawing on the literature related to change, knowledge, process and dynamic capabilities, a conceptual model is developed to explain evolutionary stages from pre-change to post-change declarative, procedural and heuristic knowledge within business processes. The model is based upon empirical data, collected qualitatively from two higher educational institutes based in Kuwait. This thesis also investigates redundant knowledge: knowledge that is no longer of use in post-change processes. In addition, the factors affecting knowledge evolution that exist during the period of implementing planned/radical change in a business process are identified and defined. Understanding these factors enhances the progression of staff members through the evolution stages. The model suggests that greater recognition of the pace at which knowledge evolves is important for implementing planned/radical change. The implications for practice are highlighted. This study has a number of limitations and suggestions for future research, which are set out in more detail in the concluding chapter.

<p>Changes in swallowing function are common in elderly and chronically ill individuals. Therefore it is important to be aware of these changes and their prevalence. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dysphagia in nursing homes in the municipality of Linköping, and to correlate dysphagia with variables that can be a cause or a consequence of dysphagia. These variables were gender, age, MMT-result, dentition, weight loss, medical diagnose or number of medications. The intention was also to examine the additional information regarding dysphagia supplied by pulse oximetry.</p><p>Sixty nursing home residents aged 74-101 years were chosen to participate in the study. The individual's ability to participate was based on their result on Mini-mental state and subjective judgements made by staff members and the authors. The material to assess oral motor and sensory function was the Nordic Orofacial Test - Screening. During the clinical swallowing examination the Standardised Swallowing Assessment (SSA) and pulse oximetry were used. In addition, data regarding the participants' medical diagnoses, number of medications and possible weight loss was collected.</p><p>The result showed that the prevalence of dysphagia and suspected dysphagia was 40 %. Oral dysphagia was present in 20 participants and pharyngeal dysphagia in seven participants. With pulse oximetry one participant with dysphagia and two with suspected dysphagia were identified in addition to those identified by SSA. Analysis of the assessed variables showed no correlations or any significant results.</p> / <p>Förändringar av sväljförmågan är vanligt hos äldre och kroniskt sjuka individer. Det är viktigt att vara medveten om dessa förändringar och hur vanligt förekommande det är med nedsatt sväljförmåga. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka förekomsten av dysfagi på äldreboenden i Linköpings kommun samt att korrelera dysfagi med parametrar som kan vara orsak till eller konsekvens av dysfagi. Dessa parametrar var kön, ålder, MMT-resultat, tandstatus, viktnedgång, sjukdomsdiagnos och antal läkemedel. Ett delsyfte i studien var att undersöka om man med hjälp av pulsoximetri kan upptäcka fler fall av dysfagi.</p><p>Sextio vårdtagare på äldreboenden, i åldern 74-101 år, valdes ut att delta i studien. Urvalet baserades på resultat på Mini-Mental Test samt personalens och testledarnas subjektiva bedömning om vårdtagarens möjlighet att delta. Materialet som användes för att bedöma oral motorik och sensorik var Nordiskt Orofacialt Test – Screening. Vid den kliniska sväljningsbedömningen användes Standardised Swallowing Assessment (SSA) och pulsoximetri. Utöver detta inhämtades uppgifter för samtliga deltagare om sjukdomsdiagnos, antal stående läkemedel samt eventuell viktnedgång.</p><p>Resultatet visade att förekomsten av dysfagi och misstänkt dysfagi var 40 %. Oral dysfagi förekom hos 20 deltagare och faryngeal dysfagi hos sju deltagare. Pulsoximetern identifierade en deltagare med dysfagi och två med misstänkt dysfagi utöver dem som identifierats med hjälp av SSA. Korrelations- och signifikansberäkningar av de undersökta parametrarna visade inga signifikanta resultat.</p>

Changes in swallowing function are common in elderly and chronically ill individuals. Therefore it is important to be aware of these changes and their prevalence. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dysphagia in nursing homes in the municipality of Linköping, and to correlate dysphagia with variables that can be a cause or a consequence of dysphagia. These variables were gender, age, MMT-result, dentition, weight loss, medical diagnose or number of medications. The intention was also to examine the additional information regarding dysphagia supplied by pulse oximetry. Sixty nursing home residents aged 74-101 years were chosen to participate in the study. The individual's ability to participate was based on their result on Mini-mental state and subjective judgements made by staff members and the authors. The material to assess oral motor and sensory function was the Nordic Orofacial Test - Screening. During the clinical swallowing examination the Standardised Swallowing Assessment (SSA) and pulse oximetry were used. In addition, data regarding the participants' medical diagnoses, number of medications and possible weight loss was collected. The result showed that the prevalence of dysphagia and suspected dysphagia was 40 %. Oral dysphagia was present in 20 participants and pharyngeal dysphagia in seven participants. With pulse oximetry one participant with dysphagia and two with suspected dysphagia were identified in addition to those identified by SSA. Analysis of the assessed variables showed no correlations or any significant results. / Förändringar av sväljförmågan är vanligt hos äldre och kroniskt sjuka individer. Det är viktigt att vara medveten om dessa förändringar och hur vanligt förekommande det är med nedsatt sväljförmåga. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka förekomsten av dysfagi på äldreboenden i Linköpings kommun samt att korrelera dysfagi med parametrar som kan vara orsak till eller konsekvens av dysfagi. Dessa parametrar var kön, ålder, MMT-resultat, tandstatus, viktnedgång, sjukdomsdiagnos och antal läkemedel. Ett delsyfte i studien var att undersöka om man med hjälp av pulsoximetri kan upptäcka fler fall av dysfagi. Sextio vårdtagare på äldreboenden, i åldern 74-101 år, valdes ut att delta i studien. Urvalet baserades på resultat på Mini-Mental Test samt personalens och testledarnas subjektiva bedömning om vårdtagarens möjlighet att delta. Materialet som användes för att bedöma oral motorik och sensorik var Nordiskt Orofacialt Test – Screening. Vid den kliniska sväljningsbedömningen användes Standardised Swallowing Assessment (SSA) och pulsoximetri. Utöver detta inhämtades uppgifter för samtliga deltagare om sjukdomsdiagnos, antal stående läkemedel samt eventuell viktnedgång. Resultatet visade att förekomsten av dysfagi och misstänkt dysfagi var 40 %. Oral dysfagi förekom hos 20 deltagare och faryngeal dysfagi hos sju deltagare. Pulsoximetern identifierade en deltagare med dysfagi och två med misstänkt dysfagi utöver dem som identifierats med hjälp av SSA. Korrelations- och signifikansberäkningar av de undersökta parametrarna visade inga signifikanta resultat.

The release of genetically modified, herbicide tolerant canola (<I>Brassica napus</i> L.) genotypes in western Canada has increased interest in the persistence of volunteer canola. <i>B. napus</i> seed may be induced into secondary dormancy in the laboratory, however, little is known of the seedbank ecology and the role of secondary dormancy as a persistence mechanism in this species in the region. The objectives of this research were i) to determine seedbank additions at the time of harvest, ii) determine the role of secondary seed dormancy in seedbank persistence under different management systems, iii) determine the relative importance of factors contributing to secondary dormancy potential and iv) evaluate the role of abscisic acid (ABA) during secondary dormancy induction in <I>B. napus</i>. On farms, average seedbank additions during harvest were approximately 20 times the normal seeding rate of canola. High secondary seed dormancy potential prolonged seedbank persistence in fields, irrespective of tillage system. <I>B. napus</i> exhibited seedling recruitment of a typical summer annual weed where seedling recruitment was only observed in the spring. Seasonal seedling recruitment was the result of two fates: seed death in the shallow seedbank, irrespective of dormancy potential, and increased ungerminability in buried seeds which was related to secondary seed dormancy potential. Among the factors that contribute to secondary seed dormancy potential, genotype was of greatest significance. Seed size was of lesser importance, while the contributions of pre-harvest factors including seed maturity, year, and location were negligible in comparison. Differences in ABA synthesis and the response to ABA application were related to secondary seed dormancy potential and correlated well previous reports linking ABA to seed dormancy. Conclusions that emerge from this research are i) that on some farms, seedbank additions may be lowered by more diligent harvest practices, ii) seedbank persistence of <I>B. napus</i> may be reduced by growing low dormancy genotypes and avoiding seed burial for one year after seedbank establishment and iii) ABA + ABA-glucose ester (ABA-GE) and the ability of seeds to respond to ABA application after seed dormancy induction may potentially be used to identify seed dormancy potential in this species.

The release of genetically modified, herbicide tolerant canola (<I>Brassica napus</i> L.) genotypes in western Canada has increased interest in the persistence of volunteer canola. <i>B. napus</i> seed may be induced into secondary dormancy in the laboratory, however, little is known of the seedbank ecology and the role of secondary dormancy as a persistence mechanism in this species in the region. The objectives of this research were i) to determine seedbank additions at the time of harvest, ii) determine the role of secondary seed dormancy in seedbank persistence under different management systems, iii) determine the relative importance of factors contributing to secondary dormancy potential and iv) evaluate the role of abscisic acid (ABA) during secondary dormancy induction in <I>B. napus</i>. On farms, average seedbank additions during harvest were approximately 20 times the normal seeding rate of canola. High secondary seed dormancy potential prolonged seedbank persistence in fields, irrespective of tillage system. <I>B. napus</i> exhibited seedling recruitment of a typical summer annual weed where seedling recruitment was only observed in the spring. Seasonal seedling recruitment was the result of two fates: seed death in the shallow seedbank, irrespective of dormancy potential, and increased ungerminability in buried seeds which was related to secondary seed dormancy potential. Among the factors that contribute to secondary seed dormancy potential, genotype was of greatest significance. Seed size was of lesser importance, while the contributions of pre-harvest factors including seed maturity, year, and location were negligible in comparison. Differences in ABA synthesis and the response to ABA application were related to secondary seed dormancy potential and correlated well previous reports linking ABA to seed dormancy. Conclusions that emerge from this research are i) that on some farms, seedbank additions may be lowered by more diligent harvest practices, ii) seedbank persistence of <I>B. napus</i> may be reduced by growing low dormancy genotypes and avoiding seed burial for one year after seedbank establishment and iii) ABA + ABA-glucose ester (ABA-GE) and the ability of seeds to respond to ABA application after seed dormancy induction may potentially be used to identify seed dormancy potential in this species.