CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / No processo do envelhecimento humano ocorrem alteraÃÃes significativas no organismo,incluindo o aumento do estresse oxidativo, que tem sido responsabilizado pelo desencadeamento de muitas doenÃas degenerativas. A adoÃÃo de estratÃgia capaz de interferir no processo oxidativo seria fundamental para amenizar ou retardar o surgimento de afecÃÃes prevalentes na idade avanÃada. A utilizaÃÃo de substÃncias em doses nutracÃuticas, como precursoras de antioxidantes, tem sido muito estudada. A seguranÃa e os efeitos da suplementaÃÃo via oral de glutamina, em doses nutracÃuticas, sobre o estresse oxidativo e o metabolismo glicÃmico foram analisados em indivÃduos de meia-idade e idosos. Para tanto, foi realizado um ensaio clÃnico randomizado, controlado, cruzado, duplo-cego. Foram selecionados, pelos critÃrios do Protocolo SENIEUR com modificaÃÃes, 32 residentes em instituiÃÃo de longa permanÃncia, divididos em 2 grupos e submetidos à suplementaÃÃo com L-glutamina e caseinato de cÃlcio via oral, na dose de 0,5g/Kg/dia por perÃodo de 14 dias intercalados por pausa temporal (washout period) de 5 dias. Foram realizados exames para avaliaÃÃo de alteraÃÃes hematolÃgicas, hepÃticas, renais e calculada a estimativa do Ritmo de FiltraÃÃo Glomerular (eRFG), avaliada a capacidade antioxidante pela dosagem da Glutationa Total, cÃlculo da razÃo GSH/GSSG, do potencial redox pela EquaÃÃo de Nerst e avaliada a peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica pela dosagem do TBARS (substÃncia reativa Ãcido tiobarbitÃrico) antes (T0) e apÃs (T1) suplementaÃÃo. Dos 32 participantes que iniciaram o estudo, um foi excluÃdo por uso de antiinflamatÃrio e out o e retirou por vontade prÃpria. Dos 30 indivÃduos restantes, 16 (53,3%) eram homens, mÃdia de idade 69  8,8 anos, peso mÃdio 61,8  14,2Kg,albumina sÃrica 4,0  0,3g/dL. NÃo houve efeito clÃnico adverso durante a utilizaÃÃo de Lglutamina,tampouco alteraÃÃo significativa dos parÃmetros laboratoriais, exceto aumento nos nÃveis de urÃia, tanto no grupo caseinato (T0 = 33,033  8,688; T1 = 43,066  11,732; p <0,0001) quanto no grupo glutamina (T0 = 34,100  9,117; T1 = 44,200  8,833; p<0,0001) e aumento estatisticamente significante de creatinina no grupo glutamina (T0 = 0,917  0,123;T1 = 1,050  0,138; p<0,0001) e reduÃÃo da eRFG: 13,3% na suplementaÃÃo de L-glutamina e de 2,9% na suplementaÃÃo de caseinato de cÃlcio, porÃm sem significado clÃnico. A concentraÃÃo sanguÃnea de Glutationa Total nÃo mostrou alteraÃÃo com a suplementaÃÃo de L-glutamina, tampouco houve alteraÃÃo na capacidade de antioxidaÃÃo do sistema glutationa avaliada pelo cÃlculo da razÃo GSH/GSSG, pela equaÃÃo de Nerst e na peroxidaÃÃo de lipÃdeos avaliada pela dosagem de TBARS. A suplementaÃÃo de L-glutamina nÃo teve impacto sobre a via glicolÃtica e secretagoga de insulina. Conclui-se que aumento nos nÃveis sÃricos de urÃia e creatinina e a reduÃÃo da estimativa de Ritmo de FiltraÃÃo Glomerular sÃo provavelmente devidos à dificuldade dos rins envelhecidos de metabolizar suplementos de fonte protÃica. Embora nÃo clinicamente significativas, estas alteraÃÃes impÃem um rigoroso controle na avaliaÃÃo dos parÃmetros da funÃÃo renal durante a suplementaÃÃo de L-glutamina na dose de 0,5g/kg/dia em indivÃduos de meia-idade e idosos. Na ausÃncia de estresse adicional, a suplementaÃÃo de L-glutamina nÃo altera o padrÃo das reaÃÃes orgÃnicas de estresse oxidativo, prÃprias do envelhecimento, nÃo justificando, portanto, seu uso nestas situaÃÃes. / Significant alterations in the organism occur in the human aging process, including the increase of oxidative stress which has been held responsible for unleashing many degenerative diseases. The adoption of a strategy able to interfere in the oxidative process would be essential to ease or retard the appearance of disorders prevailing in advanced age. The usage of substances in nutraceutic dosages as antioxidants precursors has been much studied. Safety and effects of the oral L-glutamine supplementation, in nutraceutic dosages,on oxidative stress and glucose metabolism were analyzed in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Thus, a randomized, controlled, cross-over, double-blind clinic trial was performed. Through the SENIEUR test protocol criteria with modifications, 32 people living in a nursing home were selected, divided in 2 groups and submitted to oral L-glutamine and calcium caseinate supplementation at the dosage of 0.5/kg/day for a 14-day period intercalated by a 5-day washout period. Tests were performed in order to evaluate hematological, hepatic, renal alterations and the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) was calculated, the antioxidant capacity was evaluated through the total glutathione dosage,calculation of GSH/GSSG ratio of the redox (oxidation-reduction) potential through the Nerst equation and the lipid peroxidation was evaluated through dosage of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reacting substances), before (T0) and after (T1) supplementation. From 32 participants that started the study, one was excluded due to anti-inflammatory usage and the other withdrew by own will. 16 (53.3%) out of 30 were men, average age 69 Â} 8.8 years, average weight 61.8 Â} 14.2 kg, serum albumine 4.0 Â} 0.3 g/dl. There was no clinical adverse effect during the L-glutamine usage, nor significant clinical alteration of laboratory parameters except for an increase in urea levels either at the caseinate group (T0= 34.100 Â} 9.117; T1 = 44.200 Â} 8.833; p<0.0001) as at the glutamine group (T0 = 34.100 Â} 9.117; T1 = 44.200 Â} 8.833; p<0.0001) and a statistically significant creatinine increase at the glutamine group (T0 = 0.917 Â} 0.123; T1 = 1.050 Â} 0.138; p<0.0001) and at the GFRe: 13.3% in Lglutamine supplementation and 2.9% in calcium caseinate supplementation, but without clinical significance. Blood levels of the Total Glutathione did not show alteration with Lglutamine supplementation, nor alteration in the anti-oxidation capacity of the glutathione system assessed through TBARS ratio calculation. L-glutamine supplementation had no impact on the glycolitic path and insulin secretagogue. It is concluded that the increase in urea and creatinine serum levels and the reduction of the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate occur probably due to the difficulty of the aged kidneys to metabolize protein-sourced supplements. Although they are not clinically significant, these alterations impose a rigorous control in the evaluation of the kidney function parameters during the L-glutamine supplementation with doses of 0.5g/kg/day on middle-aged and elderly individuals. In absence of additional stress, the L-glutamine supplementation does not alter the organic reactions standard of oxidative stress, pertaining to aging, not justifying, therefore, its usage in these situations.

Den ökande användningen av information-och kommunikationsteknik (ICT) hos lärosäten i samband med omställningen till distansundervisning har inneburit att allt högre krav ställs på universitetslärare. Den stress som uppstår i samband med användningen av ICT kallas för teknikstress och kan bland annat ge upphov till problem med sömn, koncentration och sociala relationer. Det kan också leda till mindre trivsel och motivation på jobbet. Ålder och kön är faktorer som i tidigare forskning undersökts och man har kommit fram till blandade resultat, men ett relevant resultat är att medelålders lärare i åldern 35-45 år lider av mer teknikstress jämfört med lärare som är yngre än 35 och äldre än 45 och det tros bero på att de som är i medelåldern har ett mer komplicerat förhållande mellan hem och arbete på grund av att man till exempel har barn. Det finns också andra studier som kommit fram till resultat som skiljer sig från dessa. Syftet med denna studie var därmed att undersöka om det finns en korrelation mellan ålder och teknikstress. En kvantitativ undersökning i form av en enkät skickades ut till åtta högskolor och universitet i Sverige och 1422 svar togs emot. Frågorna i enkäten baseras på de fem källorna till teknikstress som är tekno-överbelastning, tekno-komplexitet, tekno-invasion, tekno-otrygghet och tekno-osäkerhet. Dessa används som underlag för att mäta mängden teknikstress hos respondenterna. De resterande frågorna behandlar de påverkande faktorer på teknikstress som identifierats i tidigare forskning. Datan analyserades med deskriptiva, univariata och bivariata analyser. En övergripande univariat analys utfördes på kön och ålder med frekvensfördelning. Resultatet visar på att det inte finns en korrelation mellan teknikstress och ålder och att samtliga åldersgrupper upplevde liknande mängder av teknikstress. Det fanns ingen skillnad i mängden teknikstress för män och kvinnor samt de med barn under 18 år och de utan barn under 18 år. / The increasing use of information and communication technology (ICT) in higher education institutions in connection with the transition to distance education has meant that ever higher demands are placed on university teachers. The stress that arises in connection with the use of ICT is known as technological stress and can, among other things, give rise to problems with sleep, concentration and social relationships. It can also lead to less job satisfaction and motivation. Age and gender are factors that have been investigated in previous research which has shown mixed results, but a relevant result is that middle-aged teachers aged 35-45 suffer from more technical stress compared to teachers younger than 35 and older than 45 and it is believed to be due to the fact that those who are middle-aged have a more complicated relationship between home and work due to having children, for example. There are also other studies that have come up with results that differ from these. The purpose of this study was thus to investigate whether there is a correlation between age and technostress. A quantitative survey in the form of a questionnaire was sent out to nine universities in Sweden which yielded 1422 responses. The questions in the survey are based on the five technostress creators which are techno-overload, techno-complexity, techno-invasion, techno-insecurity and techno-uncertainty. These are used as a basis for measuring the amount of technical stress in the respondents. The remaining questions address the influencing factors on technostress identified in previous research. The data were analyzed with descriptive, univariate and bivariate analysis. An overall univariate analysis was performed on gender and age with frequency distribution. The results show that there is no correlation between technology stress and age and that all age groups experienced similar amounts of technology stress. There was no difference in the amount of technical stress for men and women as well as those with children under 18 years and those without children under 18 years.

Den ökande användningen av information-och kommunikationsteknik (ICT) hos lärosäten i samband med omställningen till distansundervisning har inneburit att allt högre krav ställs på universitetslärare. Den stress som uppstår i samband med användningen av ICT kallas för teknikstress och kan bland annat ge upphov till problem med sömn, koncentration och sociala relationer. Det kan också leda till mindre trivsel och motivation på jobbet. Ålder och kön är faktorer som i tidigare forskning undersökts och man har kommit fram till blandade resultat, men ett relevant resultat är att medelålders lärare i åldern 35-45 år lider av mer teknikstress jämfört med lärare som är yngre än 35 och äldre än 45 och det tros bero på att de som är i medelåldern har ett mer komplicerat förhållande mellan hem och arbete på grund av att man till exempel har barn. Det finns också andra studier som kommit fram till resultat som skiljer sig från dessa. Syftet med denna studie var därmed att undersöka om det finns en korrelation mellan ålder och teknikstress. En kvantitativ undersökning i form av en enkät skickades ut till åtta högskolor och universitet i Sverige och 1422 svar togs emot. Frågorna i enkäten baseras på de fem källorna till teknikstress som är tekno-överbelastning, tekno-komplexitet, tekno-invasion, tekno-otrygghet och tekno-osäkerhet. Dessa används som underlag för att mäta mängden teknikstress hos respondenterna. De resterande frågorna behandlar de påverkande faktorer på teknikstress som identifierats i tidigare forskning. Datan analyserades med deskriptiva, univariata och bivariata analyser. En övergripande univariat analys utfördes på kön och ålder med frekvensfördelning. Resultatet visar på att det inte finns en korrelation mellan teknikstress och ålder och att samtliga åldersgrupper upplevde liknande mängder av teknikstress. Det fanns ingen skillnad i mängden teknikstress för män och kvinnor samt de med barn under 18 år och de utan barn under 18 år. / The increasing use of information and communication technology (ICT) in higher education institutions in connection with the transition to distance education has meant that ever higher demands are placed on university teachers. The stress that arises in connection with the use of ICT is known as technological stress and can, among other things, give rise to problems with sleep, concentration and social relationships. It can also lead to less job satisfaction and motivation. Age and gender are factors that have been investigated in previous research which has shown mixed results, but a relevant result is that middle-aged teachers aged 35-45 suffer from more technical stress compared to teachers younger than 35 and older than 45 and it is believed to be due to the fact that those who are middle-aged have a more complicated relationship between home and work due to having children, for example. There are also other studies that have come up with results that differ from these. The purpose of this study was thus to investigate whether there is a correlation between age and technostress. A quantitative survey in the form of a questionnaire was sent out to nine universities in Sweden which yielded 1422 responses. The questions in the survey are based on the five technostress creators which are techno-overload, techno-complexity, techno-invasion, techno-insecurity and techno-uncertainty. These are used as a basis for measuring the amount of technical stress in the respondents. The remaining questions address the influencing factors on technostress identified in previous research. The data were analyzed with descriptive, univariate and bivariate analysis. An overall univariate analysis was performed on gender and age with frequency distribution. The results show that there is no correlation between technology stress and age and that all age groups experienced similar amounts of technology stress. There was no difference in the amount of technical stress for men and women as well as those with children under 18 years and those without children under 18 years.

I Sverige ökar stressrelaterade diagnoser kopplade till utbrändhet, och forskning från andra länder visar att anställda inom ideella organisationer upplever hög stress. Det existerar få svenska studier som undersöker arbetsrelaterad stress hos anställda i ideella organisationer. Studiens syfte var därför att undersöka arbetsrelaterad stress och dess samband med kön, ålder samt dimensionerna i Job-demand-control-social-support modellen hos ideellt anställda, samt undersöka om faktorerna kunde förklara variationen i arbetsrelaterad stress. Enkäter för att mäta dimensionerna samlades in från totalt 148 deltagare, varav 120 kvinnor. Analysen visade samband mellan arbetsrelaterad stress och dimensionerna krav, kontroll och socialt stöd, samt att krav och socialt stöd förklarade 48% av variationen i arbetsrelaterad stress. Detta indikerar både på likheter och skillnader mellan anställda i ideella organisationer i Sverige och utomlands. Resultatet visar att anställda på ideella organisationer behöver undersökas mer för att skapa förståelse för förutsättningar och utmaningar, både jämfört med andra sektorer och andra länder. / In Sweden, stress-related diagnoses linked to burnout are increasing, and research from other countries shows that employees in non-profit organizations experience high levels of stress. There are only a few Swedish studies examining work-related stress among employees in non-profit organizations. The purpose of the study was therefore to examine work-related stress and its relationship with gender, age, and the dimensions of the Job-demand-control-social-support model in this group, and to investigate to what extent these factors could explain variation in work-related stress. Questionnaires to measure the dimensions were collected from a total of 148 participants, 120 of whom were women. The analysis showed correlations between work-related stress and demand, control and social support, and that demand and social support could explain variation in work-related stress. This indicates both similarities and differences between employees in non-profit organizations in Sweden and abroad. The results show that employees in non-profit organizations need to be studied more to create an understanding of conditions and challenges, both compared to other sectors and other countries.