This thesis presents an analysis of participles in MA which show verbal and nominal features but are not nouns or verbs. Participles pattern with verbs, combine with adverbs and take objects. Like nouns, they partially agree with their subjects, are negated with mu or inflected ma and cannot appear in VSO order nor do they allow subject-drop. I propose that without the functional projection vP, bare VPs are not fully verbal. When participles occur in a finite present-tense sentence, they act like non-verbal predicates and the resulting copula construction conforms to Benmamoun’s (2008) framework of verbless sentences in Arabic. The existence of VP explains the verbal properties, and the absence of vP explains the nominal ones. The lack of vP explains lacking full agreement and using non-verbal negative particles with participles. Viewing participles as bare VPs is consistent with Croft’s (1991) de-verbalizing hierarchy where verb types range from being fully finite to completely nominalized forms.

This thesis offers new models for participatory and performative interventions in sites of heritage tourism through a theorized practical engagement. Drawing on both Tourism Studies and Performance Studies, the primary aim of these interventions is to reveal and provoke ways of seeing and using these sites as places of multiple meanings rather than as ones constricted and bounded by normative heritage narratives in their production and management. The experimental phase of the project discussed in the thesis includes three contrasting case studies: GeoQuest, Sardine Street, and Water Walk. These are each analysed and evaluated through my development of a ‘mythogeographic’ framework that includes the performative techniques of layering, rhizomatic interweaving, the making of 'anywheres' and the self-mythologising of the activist. The thesis charts a trajectory through praxis, from developing models for ambulatory, signage-based and ‘mis-guided’ interventions to be undertaken by performance ‘specialists’, towards a dispersal of their tactics for use by heritage tourists in general. It thus describes a related change in the balance of the research methodology from ethnographic participant observation towards practice-as-research (PaR), the latter of which both generated and enacted knowledge and understanding. This PaR took the form of various visits and forays to and across heritage sites and landscape, and also the production of a ‘toolkit’ of handbook, pocketbook, website and online short films for the dispersal of tactics and a strategy that is eventually called ‘counter-tourism’. The thesis thus includes the publications A Sardine Street box of tricks, Counter-tourism: the handbook, Counter-tourism: a pocketbook and the DVD, Tactics for counter-tourism, as well as their fully theorized critical contextualisation. These represent a PaR enquiry that attempts to creatively express my research findings from productions made in the field through a popular form of writing and presentation that is capable of inspiring general, ‘non-specialist’ tourists to make their own performance interventions in heritage sites.

Learning, as embodied familiarization, is described as an embodied, non-representational, and non-mechanistic experience. Within this theoretical framework, a qualitative study is presented that offers a deeper understanding of the learner's encounter with unfamiliarity -- a key lived experience of embodied familiarization. Assertions related to encounters with unfamiliarity are made through a multiple case study analysis and a deeper understanding of the assertions is offered by way of a narrative-oriented framework. From this perspective, agentive, concernful, dispositional and meaningful aspects of learning are discernible.

The present study evaluated the efficacy of a four-week seminar which emphasized the principles of Agentive Theory. This theory, which is compatible with theories of a phenomenological/ existential perspective, was first developed by C. T. Warner, an American philosopher. Agentive Theorists/Therapists emphasize that our negative emotions, ie., depression, anger, etc. , are assertions or judgments we make and not merely feelings we are responsible for controlling or expressing. Forty-eight outpatients who sought help with personal/emotional problems from a department of behavioral medicine were assigned to either a treatment or waiting-list control Group. Following a four-week treatment phase, the treatment group was shown to have made significantly greater improvement than the waiting-list control group with respect to general mental health, somatization, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, psychoticism, anger, and guilt.

Albert Bandura’s construct of moral disengagement has been recognized as theoretically useful for the study of self-destructive behaviors and moral disengagement, and to provide a unique criterion for empirical investigation of United States combat veterans returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The purpose of this project is to better understand predictors related to the disengagement of moral self-sanctions in order that self-destructive behaviors related to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, such as drug and alcohol abuse, and the ultimate self-destructive behavior of suicide, might be mitigated. Charles Snyder’s hope construct, Harold Koenig and Arndt Büssing’s concept of intrinsic religiosity and Corey Keyes’ notion of psychological flourishing are chosen as viable predictor variables. Hope and intrinsic religiosity are found to be significant and to be correlated with moral disengagement. Inferences regarding the results are postulated and suggestions are made for research regarding other possible predictors of moral disengagement. Agentive moral reinforcement is discussed and proposals offered related to increasing psychological resilience and decreasing the agent’s risk associated with moral disengagement.

No processo derivacional, os sufixos nte e (d/t/s)or são conhecidos por formarem vocábulos designados na língua como agentivos. O conceito de agente, por sua vez, é fundamental para os estudos da linguagem, pois descreve uma categoria primária a qualquer ser vivo, servindo, por isso, de base para a criação de outras categorias. Propôs-se observar, descrever e organizar os significados dos sufixos nte e (d/t/s)or presentes na língua portuguesa, utilizando o mecanismo da paráfrase. Por tratar-se de afixos abrangentes, fizeram-se necessários dois tipos de abordagem: uma qualitativa e uma quantitativa. Num primeiro momento, fez-se uma pesquisa etimológica específica nos agentivos nomeadores de profissionais, isto é, em designadores de seres humanos portadores de uma função, em que se examinou o emprego primitivo dos sufixos que compõem essa análise. Depois, abarcaram-se palavras pertencentes a campos diversos, limitados pela presença desses sufixos. Os sufixos formadores de nomina agentis nte e (d/t/s)or remetem aos falantes a ideia de alguém ou algo que faz alguma coisa, isto é, forma duas séries nas quais se corporizam as derivações deverbais de designações de pessoas que são agentes da ação implicada no significado do verbo. A hipótese do trabalho é a de que os nomes em nte e (d/t/s)or possuem a propriedade do aspecto, entendido como duração da ação, devido à constituição histórica tanto das bases que os integram como dos próprios afixos, o que confere a cada um deles um papel semântico específico na língua. Constatou-se que as paráfrases dos nomes em nte e (d/t/s)or seguem um padrão acional único, sem variação nos diversos grupos lexicais a que pertencem, com uma especificidade no significado do sufixo nte. Esses e os outros elementos morfológicos se constituem como fundamento material para mediar a relação do falante com sua expressão social / In the derivational process, the suffixes nte and (d/t/s)or are known for forming words which are designated in the language as agentives. The term agent is fundamental to the studies of languages because it describes a primary category to any living being, and therefore it serves as a base to the creation of other categories. The proposal of this work is to observe, to describe and to organize the meanings of the suffixes nte and (d/t/s)or in Portuguese, utilizing the mechanism of paraphrase. Since they are comprehensive affixes, two approaches a qualitative and a quantitative one were necessary. Firstly, it was conducted a specific etymological research about the professional agentives, i.e. namely in human beings that have a function, in which the original function of the suffixes was examined. Subsequently, words of different fields were analyzed with these affixes. The nomina agentis forming suffixes nte and (d/t/s)or give to the speakers the idea of someone or something that does some action, forming two series in which they embody the deverbal derivations of nouns of people who are agents of the action implied in the verb meaning. The hypothesis of the work is that names in nte and (d/t/s)or own the property of the aspect, videlicet the implication of the duration of the action, due to historic constitution of both the bases and the affixes, which provides to each suffix one specific semantic role in the language. It was noticed that the paraphrases of the names in nte and (d/t/s)or follow one single standard of action, with no variation in the several and different lexical groups to which they belong, with a specificity in the meaning of the suffix nte. These and the other morphological components constitute the material base to mediate the relationship between the speaker and his/her social expression

No processo derivacional, os sufixos nte e (d/t/s)or são conhecidos por formarem vocábulos designados na língua como agentivos. O conceito de agente, por sua vez, é fundamental para os estudos da linguagem, pois descreve uma categoria primária a qualquer ser vivo, servindo, por isso, de base para a criação de outras categorias. Propôs-se observar, descrever e organizar os significados dos sufixos nte e (d/t/s)or presentes na língua portuguesa, utilizando o mecanismo da paráfrase. Por tratar-se de afixos abrangentes, fizeram-se necessários dois tipos de abordagem: uma qualitativa e uma quantitativa. Num primeiro momento, fez-se uma pesquisa etimológica específica nos agentivos nomeadores de profissionais, isto é, em designadores de seres humanos portadores de uma função, em que se examinou o emprego primitivo dos sufixos que compõem essa análise. Depois, abarcaram-se palavras pertencentes a campos diversos, limitados pela presença desses sufixos. Os sufixos formadores de nomina agentis nte e (d/t/s)or remetem aos falantes a ideia de alguém ou algo que faz alguma coisa, isto é, forma duas séries nas quais se corporizam as derivações deverbais de designações de pessoas que são agentes da ação implicada no significado do verbo. A hipótese do trabalho é a de que os nomes em nte e (d/t/s)or possuem a propriedade do aspecto, entendido como duração da ação, devido à constituição histórica tanto das bases que os integram como dos próprios afixos, o que confere a cada um deles um papel semântico específico na língua. Constatou-se que as paráfrases dos nomes em nte e (d/t/s)or seguem um padrão acional único, sem variação nos diversos grupos lexicais a que pertencem, com uma especificidade no significado do sufixo nte. Esses e os outros elementos morfológicos se constituem como fundamento material para mediar a relação do falante com sua expressão social / In the derivational process, the suffixes nte and (d/t/s)or are known for forming words which are designated in the language as agentives. The term agent is fundamental to the studies of languages because it describes a primary category to any living being, and therefore it serves as a base to the creation of other categories. The proposal of this work is to observe, to describe and to organize the meanings of the suffixes nte and (d/t/s)or in Portuguese, utilizing the mechanism of paraphrase. Since they are comprehensive affixes, two approaches a qualitative and a quantitative one were necessary. Firstly, it was conducted a specific etymological research about the professional agentives, i.e. namely in human beings that have a function, in which the original function of the suffixes was examined. Subsequently, words of different fields were analyzed with these affixes. The nomina agentis forming suffixes nte and (d/t/s)or give to the speakers the idea of someone or something that does some action, forming two series in which they embody the deverbal derivations of nouns of people who are agents of the action implied in the verb meaning. The hypothesis of the work is that names in nte and (d/t/s)or own the property of the aspect, videlicet the implication of the duration of the action, due to historic constitution of both the bases and the affixes, which provides to each suffix one specific semantic role in the language. It was noticed that the paraphrases of the names in nte and (d/t/s)or follow one single standard of action, with no variation in the several and different lexical groups to which they belong, with a specificity in the meaning of the suffix nte. These and the other morphological components constitute the material base to mediate the relationship between the speaker and his/her social expression

The issue of learner engagement is an important question for education and for instructional design. It is acknowledged that computer games in general are engaging. Thus, one possible solution to learner engagement is to integrate computer games into education; however, the literature indicates that pedagogical, logistical and political barriers remain. Another possible solution is to derive principles for the design of engaging experiences from a critical examination of computer game design. One possible application of the derived design principles is that instruction may be designed to be inherently more engaging. The purpose of this dissertation was to look for operational principles underlying the design of computer games in order to better understand the design of engaging experiences. Core design components and associated operational principles for the design of engaging experiences were identified. Selected computer games were analyzed to demonstrate that these components and principles were present in the design of successful computer games. Selected instructional units were analyzed to show evidence that these operational principles could be applied to the design of instruction. An instructional design theory—called Challenge-driven Instructional Design—and design considerations for the theory were proposed. Finally, suggestions were made for continued development and research of the instructional design theory.

<p>This study addresses the French morphological construction [VN/A/Adv/P]_N/A. The main objectives are to posit a single rule for its formation and to question the implications of the agent polysemy. The theoretical framework is lexeme-based morphology, which adheres to weak lexicalism.</p><p>The first part of our analysis is qualitative and concerns the availability aspect of productivity. The method is introspective. The internal semantic patterns of the French construction are examined. Our results give evidence for the claim that a single morphological construction rule, [VN/A/Adv/P]_N/A, is responsible for the cases where the first constituent is a verb stem, and the second constituent may correspond to an internal argument, an external argument or a semantic adjunct. All cases manifest the same patterns, which are related to the denotative meanings included in the agent polysemy: Agent, Instrument, Locative, Action, Result and Cause. Our contrastive analysis shows that the same patterns are found in the four Swedish agentive formations, [N/A/Adv/PV-are]_N, [N/A/Adv/PV]_N, [N/A/Adv/PV-a]_N and [VN]_N, which correspond to the French [VN/A/Adv/P]_N/A construction and which also contain a verbal constituent and its internal or external argument, or an adjunct.</p><p>The second part of our analysis is quantitative and concerns the profitability aspect of productivity. The method is inductive. The aim is to explore the polysemy of agent and its assumed hierarchical structure, in synchrony and diachrony. Four French agentive formations, [VN/A/Adv/P]_N/A compounds and V-<i>ant</i>, V-<i>eur</i> and V-<i>oir</i>(<i>e</i>) derivations, are included in order to examine semantic competition and blocking effects. Our results give evidence for the existence of an agent polysemy but deny that it has a hierarchical structure valid for every agentive formation. The meanings in the agent polysemy are more or less profitable according to formation type: blocking effects could explain this behaviour.</p>

This study addresses the French morphological construction [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A. The main objectives are to posit a single rule for its formation and to question the implications of the agent polysemy. The theoretical framework is lexeme-based morphology, which adheres to weak lexicalism. The first part of our analysis is qualitative and concerns the availability aspect of productivity. The method is introspective. The internal semantic patterns of the French construction are examined. Our results give evidence for the claim that a single morphological construction rule, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A, is responsible for the cases where the first constituent is a verb stem, and the second constituent may correspond to an internal argument, an external argument or a semantic adjunct. All cases manifest the same patterns, which are related to the denotative meanings included in the agent polysemy: Agent, Instrument, Locative, Action, Result and Cause. Our contrastive analysis shows that the same patterns are found in the four Swedish agentive formations, [N/A/Adv/PV-are]N, [N/A/Adv/PV]N, [N/A/Adv/PV-a]N and [VN]N, which correspond to the French [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A construction and which also contain a verbal constituent and its internal or external argument, or an adjunct. The second part of our analysis is quantitative and concerns the profitability aspect of productivity. The method is inductive. The aim is to explore the polysemy of agent and its assumed hierarchical structure, in synchrony and diachrony. Four French agentive formations, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A compounds and V-ant, V-eur and V-oir(e) derivations, are included in order to examine semantic competition and blocking effects. Our results give evidence for the existence of an agent polysemy but deny that it has a hierarchical structure valid for every agentive formation. The meanings in the agent polysemy are more or less profitable according to formation type: blocking effects could explain this behaviour.