Le présent mémoire vise à unifier les résultats d’études comportementales, neuropsychologiques et électrophysiologiques disponibles quant à la possibilité d’un partage des ressources neuronales dédiées au traitement du langage et de la musique. Pour ce faire, une analyse théorique précise des aspects traités lors de l’intégration structurale et temporelle d’éléments langagiers ou musicaux en processus de traitement en temps réel est essentielle. Le but visé est de se questionner sur l’effet potentiel d’un entraînement musical et linguistique sur les capacités syntaxiques touchées dans l’agrammatisme chez la population aphasique (Broca). / The present thesis aims at the unification of the results suggested by behavioral, neuropsychological and electrophysiological studies on the possible relation between neural correlates dedicated to treatment of language and music. To do this, a theoretical analysis of specific aspects processed in the structural and temporal integration of linguistic or musical elements when being processed on-line is essential. Our goal is to question whether a musical training would benefit the aphasic population (Broca) with agrammatism, especially on processing syntactic structures.

Η παρούσα εργασία εστιάζει στον τρόπο επεξεργασίας των σύνθετων λέξεων της Νέας Ελληνικής (ΝΕ) στην Πρωτοπαθή Προοδευτική Αφασία με αγραμματικό λόγο (ΠΠΑ-α). Οι μέχρι τώρα έρευνες επικεντρώνονται κυρίως σε κλινικές περι- πτώσεις αφασίας από κάποια εστιακή εγκεφαλική βλάβη (ΕΑ), ενώ η ΠΠΑ δεν έχει μελετηθεί ως προς το ζήτημα αυτό τόσο στη ΝΕ όσο και διαγλωσσικά. Στόχο, λοι- πόν, της συγκεκριμένης εργασίας αποτελεί η εξέταση του κατά πόσο ελληνόφωνοι ασθενείς με ΠΠΑ-α παρουσιάζουν ελλείμματα στην κατονομασία σύνθετων λέξεων. Μέθοδος: Διεξαγωγή πειράματος κατονομασίας μέσω ορισμού (naming on definition task), το οποίο αφορά την κατονομασία σύνθετων λέξεων της ΝΕ. Συμμετέχοντες: 2 ΠΠΑ-α ασθενείς (ο πρώτος σε πιο πρώιμο στάδιο της ΠΠΑ-α σε σχέση με το δεύτερο) και 2 άτομα που συνιστούν την ομάδα ελέγχου (controls). Πειραματικό υλικό: 71 σύνθετα της ΝΕ, 45 υποτακτικά (π.χ. μολυβοθήκη, μαυροπί- νακας, σιγοτραγουδώ), 15 παρατακτικά (π.χ. αλατοπίπερο, βορειοδυτικός) και 11 εξωκεντρικά (π.χ. κοκκινομάλλης, κακόγουστος).Υποθέσεις: Σύμφωνα με τα πορίσματα της τρέχουσας βιβλιογραφίας, ασθενείς με αγραμματικού τύπου ΕΑ και ΠΠΑ-α εμφανίζουν παρόμοια επίδοση σε πειράματα που ελέγχουν τη μορφοσύνταξη (Thompson et al.). Έτσι, αναμένεται να έχουν εξί- σου παρόμοια επίδοση και όσον αφορά την επεξεργασία συνθέτων, αφού η σύνθεση αποτελεί μία αμιγώς μορφολογική διαδικασία. Βάσει του παραπάνω παραλληλι- σμού, υποθέτουμε πως οι ΠΠΑ-α ασθενείς θα κατονομάζουν ευκολότερα τα σημα- σιολογικά διαφανή σύνθετα (πρώτη υπόθεση), θα διατηρούν τη γνώση της δομής του συνθέτου (δεύτερη υπόθεση), θα διατηρούν τα όρια των επιμέρους συστατικών σε πιθανά λάθη υποκατάστασης ή παράλειψης (τρίτη υπόθεση), και θα προβαίνουν σε ανάκληση του συνθέτου μέσω τεμαχισμού στα επιμέρους συστατικά του (τέταρτηυπόθεση). Τέλος, αν το συστατικό-κεφαλή έχει κάποιο βασικό ρόλο στη διαδικασία της κατονομασίας, αναμένονται συστηματικά περισσότερα λάθη σε αυτό το συστα- τικό (πέμπτη υπόθεση). Ακόμη, στο επίκεντρο του ενδιαφέροντος βρίσκονται και κάποια επιπλέον ερωτήματα που αφορούν το αν και κατά πόσο υπάρχει όντως σύ- γκλιση μεταξύ της ΠΠΑ-α και της ΕΑ-α στην κατονομασία σύνθετων λέξεων, το αν υπάρχει συσχέτιση μεταξύ του είδους/αριθμού των λαθών και του τύπου συνθέτου και το αν υφίστανται πρόβλημα με συστατικά συγκεκριμένης γραμματικής κατηγο- ρίας. Αποτελέσματα: Τα αποτελέσματα του πειράματος ανέδειξαν σημαντικές διαφορές στην επίδοση των δύο ασθενών. Ειδικότερα, ο πρώτος ασθενης είχε περισσότερα λάθη υποκατάστασης, τα οποία σηματοδοτούν επίγνωση της σύνθετης δομής και ανάκληση του συνθέτου μέσω τεμαχισμού στα επιμέρους συστατικά του. Αντίθετα, η δεύτερη ασθενής είχε περισσότερα λάθη περίφρασης και απάντησης με μία λέξη- λέξημα, ενώ ο στόχος ήταν η απάντηση με σύνθετη λέξη. Έτσι, τα λάθη της δεύ- τερης ασθενούς παραπέμπουν σε μη επίγνωση της σύνθετης δομής και σε μία πιο ολιστική διαδικασία ανάκλησης του συνθέτου. Τέλος, τα περισσότερα λάθη και των δύο ασθενών έγιναν σε υποτακτικά σύνθετα της γραμματικής κατηγορίας του ονό- ματος, ενώ δεν εντοπίστηκε επίδραση τόσο της σημασιολογικής διαφάνειας όσο και της μορφολογικής κεφαλής. Συμπεράσματα: Από την ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων γίνεται σαφές πως το στά- διο της διαταραχής καθορίζει και το είδος των γλωσσικών ελλειμμάτων. Συγκεκρι- μένα, στα πρώιμα στάδια της ΠΠΑ-α εμφανίζονται γλωσσικά ελλείμματα τα οποία συγκλίνουν με αυτά της ΕΑ-α, ενώ σε μετέπειτα στάδια η ικανότητα κατονομασίας πλήττεται σοβαρά διαμορφώνοντας ένα ιδιαίτερο κλινικό προφίλ, το οποίο δεν φαί- νεται να συγκλίνει ξεκάθαρα με κάποιον άλλο παθολογικό πληθυσμό. Αναλυτικό- τερα, στα αρχικά στάδια το πρόβλημα εδράζεται στην ενεργοποίηση της φωνολο- γικής μορφής της λέξης, ενώ οι μορφολογικοί κανόνες φαίνεται ότι διατηρούνται (γνώση της σύνθετης δομής, ορίων των συστατικών). Αντίθετα, σε μετέπειτα στά- δια το πρόβλημα εντοπίζεται στην ενεργοποίηση τόσο της φωνολογικής όσο και της μορφολογικής δομής του συνθέτου. Σε ό,τι αφορά τα υποτακτικά σύνθετα, η αυξη- μένη δυσκολία που δημιουργούν μπορεί να συσχετιστεί με τη λειτουργική σχέση των επιμέρους συστατικών τους. Εν κατακλείδι, η παρούσα εργασία αποτελεί μία πρώτη προσπάθεια μελέτης της σύνθεσης στην ΠΠΑ-α. Η ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων έφερε στο φως μία σειρά από γλωσσικά ελλείμματα, τα οποία αναμένεται να ελεγχθούν σε μεγαλύτερο δείγμα ΠΠΑ-α ασθενών για τον καθορισμό ασφαλέστερων συμπερασμάτων. / The present study is focused on the agrammatic variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA-a), which is a language impairment caused by neurodegenerative disease and characterized by difficulties in processing the grammatical aspects of speech (Mesulam, 2013). PPA-a has not examined about the grammatical deficits in Modern Greek (MG). Therefore, the aim of the present study is to examine if the Greek-speaking individuals with PPA-a have problems in naming compound words in MG. Procedure: Naming definition task of compound words in MG. Participants: Two patients with PPA-a (the first patient is in earlier stage of the disease than the other patient). Stimulus set: 71 compounds in MG, 45 subordinate compounds (e.g. [molivo’θici]>pencil case, [mavro’pinakas]>blackboard), 15 coordinate compounds (e.g. [alato’pipero]>salt and pepper, [vorioδiti’kos]>northwest) and 11 exocentric compounds (e.g. [kokkino’malis]>redhead, [ka’koγustos]>vulgar/tasteless). Hypotheses: According to the recent bibliography, agrammatic patients caused by stroke (StrAgr) and PPA-a patients have common performance in tasks which examine the morphosyntax (Thompson et al. 2013). So, PPA-a is expected to have the same deficits with StrAgr in naming compounds, given that compounding is a pure morphological procedure. Specifically, we expected compound effect, semantic transparency effect and lexical access through decomposition. Results: The error analysis showed differences in the performance of the two patients respect to the stage of the disease. Specifically, in the early stage substitution errors were occurred, supporting compound effect and a view of lexical access through decomposition. On the contrary, noncomposed semantic paraphasias and single words errors were occurred mainly at a later stage , indicating a more holistic access. Finally, the most errors were in subordinate compounds, whereas no effect of headedness and semantic transparency were found. Discussion: The results produce clear evidence that the stage of the PPA-a can affect the kind of the linguistic deficits. Specifically, in the initial stages, the linguistic deficits resemble with those of StrAgr patients with problems in the activation of the phonological form of the compound, whereas the morphological rules are intact. On the other hand, the naming competence is more impaired and distinctly different from other pathological populations at a later stage. Specifically, there are problems in the activation of both the phonological and the morphological compound forms. Finally, the increased difficulty with subordinate compounds will be correlated with the grammatical relations holding between the constituents.

A afasiologia linguística, enquanto ramo da Linguística, contribui para a verificação dos pressupostos da Teoria Gerativa e para a classificação e descrição das particularidades linguísticas características dos diferentes tipos de afasias. Neste contexto, os problemas com a produção de estruturas complexas, como é o caso das interrogativas, têm sido tema de muitos estudos em diversas línguas. Entretanto, os benefícios que tais pesquisas podem oferecer no sentido de melhorar o cotidiano dos sujeitos de pesquisa raramente são abordados. Com o intuito de atuar sobre esta lacuna, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral fornecer um roteiro de pesquisa com sugestões de intervenção de base linguística no tratamento fonoaudiológico de um indivíduo afásico, proporcionando, desta forma, melhora do cotidiano do afásico em seu ambiente familiar. A hipótese que orienta este trabalho é a de que a aplicação de um roteiro de pesquisa linguística descentralizado e desverticalizado sobre o tratamento da afasia pode proporcionar melhorias no cotidiano familiar do paciente acometido pelo déficit. Para desenvolver o roteiro em questão, foram escolhidas as interrogativas-QU como tópico linguístico. O roteiro, todavia, foi desenvolvido para que qualquer outro tópico linguístico, identificado como problemático e passível de tratamento específico, seja aplicável ao esquema. Como objetivo subsidiário, pretende-se desenvolver um modelo de pesquisa que busque contribuir para a aplicação do princípio da indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão. A metodologia consiste na utilização de um estudo de caso com testes avaliativos, treinamento de sentenças e entrevistas. O sujeito selecionado para o estudo é um afásico agramático. Há, ainda, a colaboração de membros de sua família e da equipe de fonoaudiologia do Centro de Recuperação do Paciente Afásico (CRPA) da Universidade Veiga de Almeida (UVA). Os resultados coletados nos testes e nas entrevistas apontam para melhora no processamento linguístico de interrogativas-QU, tanto no que se refere à organização dos sintagmas nas sentenças, quanto à seleção de itens lexicais adequados (elementos-QU). Resultados também apontam para melhoras no cotidiano do afásico no que se refere à redução da ansiedade perante erros, presença de mais opções comunicativas e aumento da capacidade de comunicação independente. Através dos resultados, constata-se a viabilidade de aplicação do roteiro proposto para futura aplicação por profissionais envolvidos com o tratamento e o estudo das afasias / Linguistic aphasiology has contributed to the verification of the Generative Theory assumptions and to the classification and description of linguistic features that characterize different types of aphasia. In this context, the problems with the production of complex structures, such as interrogatives, have been the research topic of many studies in several languages. Nevertheless, the benefits that such researches can offer to improve the daily lives of research patients are rarely addressed. In order to fill in this gap, the general aim here is to provide a research guide with language intervention suggestions for the speech therapy of an aphasic individual, by providing, through it, the improvement of his everyday household life. The working hypothesis is that by applying a linguistic research guide decentralized and non-vertical about the treatment of aphasia, it is possible to provide the improvement needed in the everyday household life of the patient with this deficit. To develop this research guide, the wh-questions are chosen as the language topic of this research. Despite this choice, the guide is developed with the possibility of being adapted to any other linguistic topic, which had been identified as problematic and susceptible to specific treatment. As a subsidiary goal, it is intended to develop a research model that seeks to contribute to the implementation of the principle of the indivisibility of teaching, research and extension one of the legal guiding principles of Brazilian universities. The methodology consists in using a case study with assessment tests, sentence training and interviews. The patient selected for the study is an aphasic with agrammatism. There is also the collaboration of members of his family and the staff of Centro de Recuperação do Paciente Afásico (CRPA a speech therapy center) in Universidade Veiga de Almeida (UVA). The results collected in tests and interviews point to an improvement in linguistic processing skills of wh-questions, regarding to the organization of phrases in the sentences and also to the selection of appropriate lexical items (wh-words). In addition, the results point to the progress in the patients daily life concerning the reduction of anxiety about his errors, the use of more options in communication and the increase of his independent communication skills. It is noted, due to the results, the feasibility of applying the proposed guide for future implementation by professionals involved in the treatment and the study of aphasia

A afasiologia linguística, enquanto ramo da Linguística, contribui para a verificação dos pressupostos da Teoria Gerativa e para a classificação e descrição das particularidades linguísticas características dos diferentes tipos de afasias. Neste contexto, os problemas com a produção de estruturas complexas, como é o caso das interrogativas, têm sido tema de muitos estudos em diversas línguas. Entretanto, os benefícios que tais pesquisas podem oferecer no sentido de melhorar o cotidiano dos sujeitos de pesquisa raramente são abordados. Com o intuito de atuar sobre esta lacuna, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral fornecer um roteiro de pesquisa com sugestões de intervenção de base linguística no tratamento fonoaudiológico de um indivíduo afásico, proporcionando, desta forma, melhora do cotidiano do afásico em seu ambiente familiar. A hipótese que orienta este trabalho é a de que a aplicação de um roteiro de pesquisa linguística descentralizado e desverticalizado sobre o tratamento da afasia pode proporcionar melhorias no cotidiano familiar do paciente acometido pelo déficit. Para desenvolver o roteiro em questão, foram escolhidas as interrogativas-QU como tópico linguístico. O roteiro, todavia, foi desenvolvido para que qualquer outro tópico linguístico, identificado como problemático e passível de tratamento específico, seja aplicável ao esquema. Como objetivo subsidiário, pretende-se desenvolver um modelo de pesquisa que busque contribuir para a aplicação do princípio da indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão. A metodologia consiste na utilização de um estudo de caso com testes avaliativos, treinamento de sentenças e entrevistas. O sujeito selecionado para o estudo é um afásico agramático. Há, ainda, a colaboração de membros de sua família e da equipe de fonoaudiologia do Centro de Recuperação do Paciente Afásico (CRPA) da Universidade Veiga de Almeida (UVA). Os resultados coletados nos testes e nas entrevistas apontam para melhora no processamento linguístico de interrogativas-QU, tanto no que se refere à organização dos sintagmas nas sentenças, quanto à seleção de itens lexicais adequados (elementos-QU). Resultados também apontam para melhoras no cotidiano do afásico no que se refere à redução da ansiedade perante erros, presença de mais opções comunicativas e aumento da capacidade de comunicação independente. Através dos resultados, constata-se a viabilidade de aplicação do roteiro proposto para futura aplicação por profissionais envolvidos com o tratamento e o estudo das afasias / Linguistic aphasiology has contributed to the verification of the Generative Theory assumptions and to the classification and description of linguistic features that characterize different types of aphasia. In this context, the problems with the production of complex structures, such as interrogatives, have been the research topic of many studies in several languages. Nevertheless, the benefits that such researches can offer to improve the daily lives of research patients are rarely addressed. In order to fill in this gap, the general aim here is to provide a research guide with language intervention suggestions for the speech therapy of an aphasic individual, by providing, through it, the improvement of his everyday household life. The working hypothesis is that by applying a linguistic research guide decentralized and non-vertical about the treatment of aphasia, it is possible to provide the improvement needed in the everyday household life of the patient with this deficit. To develop this research guide, the wh-questions are chosen as the language topic of this research. Despite this choice, the guide is developed with the possibility of being adapted to any other linguistic topic, which had been identified as problematic and susceptible to specific treatment. As a subsidiary goal, it is intended to develop a research model that seeks to contribute to the implementation of the principle of the indivisibility of teaching, research and extension one of the legal guiding principles of Brazilian universities. The methodology consists in using a case study with assessment tests, sentence training and interviews. The patient selected for the study is an aphasic with agrammatism. There is also the collaboration of members of his family and the staff of Centro de Recuperação do Paciente Afásico (CRPA a speech therapy center) in Universidade Veiga de Almeida (UVA). The results collected in tests and interviews point to an improvement in linguistic processing skills of wh-questions, regarding to the organization of phrases in the sentences and also to the selection of appropriate lexical items (wh-words). In addition, the results point to the progress in the patients daily life concerning the reduction of anxiety about his errors, the use of more options in communication and the increase of his independent communication skills. It is noted, due to the results, the feasibility of applying the proposed guide for future implementation by professionals involved in the treatment and the study of aphasia

Orientador: Rosana do Carmo Novaes Pinto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem, / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T13:48:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kleppa_Lou-Ann_D.pdf: 12084543 bytes, checksum: 1e300902cc79348dede7cd9bdbf89d2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esta tese situa-se na área de Neurolingüística, buscando dialogar com a área da Aquisição de Linguagem. Seu ponto de partida é a hipótese do espelho invertido, proposta por Roman Jakobson ([1956] 1971), que prevê que os primeiros elementos lingüísticos adquiridos por uma criança serão os últimos sujeitos à dissolução na fala do sujeito afásico. O objeto de estudo desta pesquisa é a preposição ligada a verbos na fala de uma criança (R) em processo de aquisição de linguagem e de dois sujeitos afásicos com agramatismo (MS e OJ) em processo de reconstrução de linguagem. Não se tem notícia de outros estudos que tomem a preposição como ponto de articulação para o contraste da fala de crianças e sujeitos afásicos. Foram examinados dados longitudinais, dialógicos e de fala espontânea de R, MS e OJ e dados dialógicos dos sujeitos afásicos, coletados em situações experimentais. Estes dados, de naturezas diferentes, foram examinados separadamente, para que fosse possível contrastar o funcionamento da preposição (i) na fala da criança versus dos sujeitos afásicos quando envolvidos numa mesma situação dialógica: a conversa informal; (ii) e na fala dos sujeitos afásicos em diferentes situações dialógicas: conversa informal versus situações experimentais. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a classificação das preposições mais adequada é a proposta pela Hipótese da Gramaticalização, já adotada em Kleppa (2005a) para dispor as preposições num continuum de diferentes graus de gramaticalização. Assim, questões de freqüência, distribuição, forma e sentido da preposição determinam seu uso na fala da criança e dos sujeitos afásicos. Os resultados também indicam que a diferença de uso de preposições na fala da criança versus sujeitos afásicos, e dos sujeitos afásicos em conversas espontâneas versus situações experimentais é quantitativa, não qualitativa. Contudo, a maior diferença encontrada diz respeito ao estatuto de sujeito falante da criança e do sujeito afásico. A partir da análise de dados podemos dizer que a criança e os sujeitos afásicos movimentam-se na mesma língua, mas estabelecem diferentes (e incomparáveis) relações com ela. No âmbito da Neurolingüística, a Teoria da Adaptação orienta esta pesquisa, ao passo que no âmbito da Aquisição de Linguagem, a teorização de De Lemos ilumina algumas questões pontuais. Davidson, com seu estudo sobre malapropismos, apresenta uma visão interessante do ato comunicativo/ interpretativo e assim chegamos a diferentes concepções de língua, falante e fala daquelas adotadas nos estudos correntes sobre preposições, fala de criança ou afásico. / Abstract: This thesis was developed within the field of Neurolinguistics and aims some possible dialogue with the field of Language Acquisition. The starting point for this study is the inverted mirror hypothesis, posed by Roman Jakobson ([1956] 1971), predicting that the first linguistic elements acquired by the child will be the last ones dissolved in the speech of aphasic speakers. The object of this study is the preposition linked to verbs in the speech of one child (R) in the process of language acquisition and two agrammatic speakers (MS and OJ) in the process of language reconstruction. As far as we know, there are no other studies taking the preposition as an articulation point for the contrast between child and aphasic speech. Longitudinal, dialogical data were examined from both the child and the aphasic speakers: R provides spontaneous speech data, while MS and OJ provide as well spontaneous as elicited speech. These data, different by nature, were examined separately in order to allow the contrast of prepositions functioning (i) in the speech of the child versus the speech of agrammatic speakers when involved in the same dialogical context: informal conversation; (ii) and in the speech of agrammatic subjects in different conversational situations: informal conversation versus experimental situations. The results obtained indicate that the best classification of prepositions is the one offered by the Grammaticalization Hypothesis, arraying them in a synchronic continuum of different degrees of grammaticalization, as was done in Kleppa (2005a). Thus, issues concerning frequency, distribution, form and meaning of the prepositions determine their use in the speech of children and agrammatic subjects. Our results also indicate that the differences between the use of prepositions in child and aphasic speech in informal conversations are quantitative, not qualitative. The greatest difference, however, is related to the position of the speaker towards (his) language. The analysis shows that both the child and the aphasic speakers move within their language according to the possibilities given by the language, but the relations they establish with this language are not comparable. Within Neurolinguistics, the Adaptation Theory guides this research, while the theory developed by De Lemos comes to illuminate some specific points of debate concerning language acquisition. Davidson, with his study on malapropisms, presents an alternative view of the communicative/ interpretive act, and thus we reach different conceptions of language, speaker and speech from those assumed in current studies about prepositions, child and agrammatic speech. / Doutorado / Doutor em Linguística

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Desde o início dos estudos lingüísticos das afasias, muito se discute a validade de se agruparem indivíduos para a realização de pesquisas. Alguns autores criticam os estudos de grupo por considerarem haver muita variação entre os indivíduos estudados, e serem os critérios utilizados para os agruparem pré-teóricos e subjetivos, visto que, geralmente, são baseados em impressões clínicas e não são lingüisticamente estruturados. Esses autores acreditam que apenas estudos de caso sejam metodologicamente adequados (Badecker e Caramazza, 1985, 1991). Em oposição, os defensores dos estudos de grupo consideram que apenas esse tipo de metodologia pode dar conta da citada variação, pois estudos de caso não permitem identificar as exceções no desempenho dos indivíduos (Caplan, 1986; Zurif, Swinney e Fodor, 1991). A despeito de todo o debate, poucos autores procuram soluções para a principal causa do desacordo citado, que pode ser considerada uma das maiores deficiências da área: a má seleção de sujeitos de pesquisa. Os critérios de seleção de pacientes comumente utilizados são teoricamente ultrapassados, podendo mesmo variar dependendo dos objetivos de cada pesquisador (Caplan, 1995). A presente dissertação tem como objetivo demonstrar a necessidade de se reverem esses critérios. Por meio de uma pesquisa realizada com quatro afásicos de Broca selecionados pelos critérios clássicos, procuramos demonstrar como a má seleção de pacientes pode prejudicar o desenvolvimento da área por tornar tendenciosos tanto estudos de caso quanto de grupo, aumentando a falta de consenso teórico entre os autores. Para tal, os pacientes foram submetidos a dois experimentos que investigavam seus desempenhos na compreensão de sentenças ativas, passivas e interrogativas QU, de sujeito, objeto e objeto in situ. Ainda, foi realizada uma avaliação desses pacientes sem que se assumissem tais critérios de classificação, partindo-se de uma caracterização lingüística inicial obtida a partir dos resultados nas sentenças ativas e passivas, ficando esta análise isenta dos problemas de seleção de pacientes comuns tanto aos estudos de caso quanto aos estudos de grupo. Como resultado, observou-se que a utilização de uma forma diferente de análise dos desempenhos pode informar a respeito do déficit, bem como sobre a organização do sistema lingüístico, sem a necessidade de se vincular a uma metodologia de caso ou de grupo no sentido tradicional / Since the beginning of linguistic aphasiology studies, the validity of grouping aphasics for research purposes has been widely debated. Some authors criticize group studies because they believe there is too much variation among individuals performance and consider the criteria used for grouping patients together to be subjective and pre-theoretical, since those are usually defined by clinical impressions and are not linguistically grounded. Under these assumptions they judge the case studies to be the only adequate methodology (Badecker e Caramazza, 1985, 1991). On the opposite direction, there are some authors who support group studies as they believe that solely this methodology could account for the variation, which would be impossible on case studies, in which the identification of exceptionalities on individuals performance is unattainable (Caplan, 1986; Zurif, Swinney e Fodor, 1991). In spite of this debate, there are only a few authors who actually look for solutions to the main cause of the conflict, which may also be considered as one of the major flaws in this field of study. The criteria of patients selection commonly applied in the studies are theoretically antiquated and can even vary depending on each authors objectives (Caplan, 1995). The goal of this dissertation is to demonstrate the need for a reevaluation of these criteria. With this intention in mind, we undertook an investigation of four (traditionally classified) Brocas aphasics comprehension on two experimental tasks which measured their performance on active and passive sentences, as well as in subject, object and in situ object WH questions. The results of these experiments allowed us to demonstrate how a problematic patients selection hinders the development of this field of study, as it makes both case and group studies biased, increasing the theoretical disagreements among the authors. Thus, conversely to what is generally done, we carried out an evaluation of the patients performances without assuming those problematic, pre-established classification criteria, which relieves our work from the problems found on case or group studies, since we assumed an initial linguistic characterization of the patients, considering their results on active and passive sentences, instead of the clinical one. As a result, we noticed that through this different way of analyzing patients performance it is possible to get information concerning the deficit and the organization of the linguistic system, without needing to be compromised with case or group views in a traditional way

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Desde o início dos estudos lingüísticos das afasias, muito se discute a validade de se agruparem indivíduos para a realização de pesquisas. Alguns autores criticam os estudos de grupo por considerarem haver muita variação entre os indivíduos estudados, e serem os critérios utilizados para os agruparem pré-teóricos e subjetivos, visto que, geralmente, são baseados em impressões clínicas e não são lingüisticamente estruturados. Esses autores acreditam que apenas estudos de caso sejam metodologicamente adequados (Badecker e Caramazza, 1985, 1991). Em oposição, os defensores dos estudos de grupo consideram que apenas esse tipo de metodologia pode dar conta da citada variação, pois estudos de caso não permitem identificar as exceções no desempenho dos indivíduos (Caplan, 1986; Zurif, Swinney e Fodor, 1991). A despeito de todo o debate, poucos autores procuram soluções para a principal causa do desacordo citado, que pode ser considerada uma das maiores deficiências da área: a má seleção de sujeitos de pesquisa. Os critérios de seleção de pacientes comumente utilizados são teoricamente ultrapassados, podendo mesmo variar dependendo dos objetivos de cada pesquisador (Caplan, 1995). A presente dissertação tem como objetivo demonstrar a necessidade de se reverem esses critérios. Por meio de uma pesquisa realizada com quatro afásicos de Broca selecionados pelos critérios clássicos, procuramos demonstrar como a má seleção de pacientes pode prejudicar o desenvolvimento da área por tornar tendenciosos tanto estudos de caso quanto de grupo, aumentando a falta de consenso teórico entre os autores. Para tal, os pacientes foram submetidos a dois experimentos que investigavam seus desempenhos na compreensão de sentenças ativas, passivas e interrogativas QU, de sujeito, objeto e objeto in situ. Ainda, foi realizada uma avaliação desses pacientes sem que se assumissem tais critérios de classificação, partindo-se de uma caracterização lingüística inicial obtida a partir dos resultados nas sentenças ativas e passivas, ficando esta análise isenta dos problemas de seleção de pacientes comuns tanto aos estudos de caso quanto aos estudos de grupo. Como resultado, observou-se que a utilização de uma forma diferente de análise dos desempenhos pode informar a respeito do déficit, bem como sobre a organização do sistema lingüístico, sem a necessidade de se vincular a uma metodologia de caso ou de grupo no sentido tradicional / Since the beginning of linguistic aphasiology studies, the validity of grouping aphasics for research purposes has been widely debated. Some authors criticize group studies because they believe there is too much variation among individuals performance and consider the criteria used for grouping patients together to be subjective and pre-theoretical, since those are usually defined by clinical impressions and are not linguistically grounded. Under these assumptions they judge the case studies to be the only adequate methodology (Badecker e Caramazza, 1985, 1991). On the opposite direction, there are some authors who support group studies as they believe that solely this methodology could account for the variation, which would be impossible on case studies, in which the identification of exceptionalities on individuals performance is unattainable (Caplan, 1986; Zurif, Swinney e Fodor, 1991). In spite of this debate, there are only a few authors who actually look for solutions to the main cause of the conflict, which may also be considered as one of the major flaws in this field of study. The criteria of patients selection commonly applied in the studies are theoretically antiquated and can even vary depending on each authors objectives (Caplan, 1995). The goal of this dissertation is to demonstrate the need for a reevaluation of these criteria. With this intention in mind, we undertook an investigation of four (traditionally classified) Brocas aphasics comprehension on two experimental tasks which measured their performance on active and passive sentences, as well as in subject, object and in situ object WH questions. The results of these experiments allowed us to demonstrate how a problematic patients selection hinders the development of this field of study, as it makes both case and group studies biased, increasing the theoretical disagreements among the authors. Thus, conversely to what is generally done, we carried out an evaluation of the patients performances without assuming those problematic, pre-established classification criteria, which relieves our work from the problems found on case or group studies, since we assumed an initial linguistic characterization of the patients, considering their results on active and passive sentences, instead of the clinical one. As a result, we noticed that through this different way of analyzing patients performance it is possible to get information concerning the deficit and the organization of the linguistic system, without needing to be compromised with case or group views in a traditional way

$EVWUDFW 7KH GLVVHUWDWLRQ H[DPLQHV DSKDVLD LQ WKH &]HFK ODQJXDJH 7KH ILUVW WKHRUHWLFDO SDUW LV IROORZHG E\ D VHFWLRQ RI VL[ H[SHULPHQWV SHUIRUPHG E\ ILIWHHQ &]HFK DSKD VLF SDWLHQWV 7KH WKHRUHWLFDO FKDSWHU ILUVW DGGUHVVHV WKH UROH RI DSKDVLRORJ\ LQ FR JQLWLYH VFLHQFH DQG )RGRU¶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