O presente trabalho investigou os principais fatores que levaram parte dos pequenos comerciantes do varejo alimentar a construírem redes de cooperação, a influência destas organizações na estruturação dos varejos locais e as repercussões destes processos sobre os produtores e a produção local de hortigranjeiros (FLV). Buscou-se na sociologia econômica, em especial na desenvolvida por Pierre Bourdieu e Neil Fligstein, a teoria e os conceitos básicos para a análise do fenômeno do surgimento destas organizações no contexto da construção social dos mercados locais de alimentos. Através deste arcabouço teórico estudouse como as disposições dos atores do pequeno varejo são condicionadas pelo campo do varejo local, bem como a forma como as suas práticas também influenciam a estruturação destes espaços. A pesquisa empírica é composta por dois estudos de caso no Rio Grande do Sul: o campo do varejo de Santa Maria, na região central do estado, onde foram estudas as redes de cooperação Rede Super e a Unimercados; e o campo do varejo de Santa Rosa, situada na região noroeste do estado, onde foi estudada a rede de cooperação CNS. Além das redes, foram estudados os principais atores com os quais elas se relacionam, no caso os supermercados Carrefour e a empresa supermercadista Rede Vivo, ambas concorrentes das redes de Santa Maria; e as organizações dos agricultores que fornecem FLV para as redes e outras empresas, APRHOROSA (associação de produtores de FLV de Santa Rosa) e a Coopercedro (cooperativa de produtores de FLV de Santa Maria). Entre as conclusões do trabalho está a confirmação da importância da teoria sobre a construção social dos mercados para revelar a transformação das disposições dos atores e as suas causas, bem como a influência das mudanças no comportamento dos mesmos nas relações entre varejo e fornecedores, com destaque para os produtores locais. A invasão dos varejos locais por grandes cadeias supermercadistas condicionou os pequenos varejistas que apresentavam disposição para participar do jogo do varejo a organizarem-se em redes a fim de conseguirem preservar suas posições estruturais. Os que não tinham tal disposição, bem como os que não contavam com recursos (capital) para enfrentar as pressões do campo de poder, tornaram-se marginalizados. Quanto a quem são os construtores das redes, concluiu-se que se tratam de pequenos comerciantes dinâmicos, que não têm habitus de comerciantes tradicionais, mas de comerciantes sintonizados com as transformações do campo. Uma segunda conclusão importante é a de que o pequeno varejo que emerge com as redes é plenamente integrado às regras e à cultura dos varejos locais em que participam, tanto nas práticas de relacionamento com os concorrentes, quanto com os fornecedores. Por outro lado, o pequeno varejo tradicional e as feiras livres se enfraquecem na medida em que tentam sobreviver disputando o mesmo espaço das redes, porém com práticas defasadas. Por fim, quanto à questão central da tese referente à inserção dos agricultores familiares no varejo estruturado moderno, concluiu-se que eles necessitam acima de tudo fortalecer-se nas relações de poder, o que envolve agregação de capitais comercial, tecnológico, cultural, simbólico e principalmente social. Desta forma eles podem ser reinseridos no mercado e a trajetória a partir de então tende a transformar seu habitus, lentamente, como ocorreu com os pequenos comerciantes varejistas na sua trajetória na construção do varejo local com a rede. / The present work investigates the main factors what drove some of small retailer’s merchant of food retail to create cooperation networks. Besides, it investigates also the influence of these organizations as they structure local retails furthermore the repercussions of these processes over the producers and the local fresh fruits and vegetables production (FLV). It was examined in the economical sociology; especially the one developed by Pierre Bourdieu and Neil Fligstein, the theory and the basic concepts for the phenomenon analysis of these organizations appearance in the social construction context of foods their local markets. Through this theoretical outline it was studied how the actors dispositions of small retail are conditioned by the local retail field, as well as the way how their practices also influence these spaces organization. The empiric research is composed by two case studies in Rio Grande do Sul state: first, the Santa Maria's retail field, in the state central area, where it was studied the cooperation networks such as Rede Super and Unimercados; second, the Santa Rosa's retail field, located in the northwest area of the state, where it was studied the CNS cooperation network. Besides the networks, it was studied as well, the main actors what they are connected with, in this case: firstly, Carrefour and Rede Vivo companies, both competitors of Santa Maria's networks; secondly, the farmer's organizations what supply fresh fruits and vegetables to the networks, and also to other companies such as: APRHOROSA (producer's association of fresh fruits and vegetables of Santa Rosa) and Coopercedro (producer's cooperative of fresh fruits and vegetables of Santa Maria). It is among the conclusions of this work the confirmation of the importance about market's social construction theory to reveal the transformation of the actor's (small retailer's merchant and suppliers) dispositions and their causes, as well as the influence of changes in the behavior of these actors in the relationships between retail and suppliers, emphasizing the local producers. The invasion of the local retails by big supermarket chains has conditioned the small retailer's merchant who presented willingness to participate of the retail game; they organized themselves in networks in order to preserve their structural position. Not only the ones who did not have such willingness, but also the ones who did not reckon upon resources (capital) to face the pressures of power field, they became marginalized. As first main conclusion about who the networks builders are, showed as consequence that it is about small dynamic merchants, who do not have traditional merchants habit, but, in fact, they are merchants tuned with the transformations of the field. As second important conclusion, is the one the small retail which emerges together with the networks is fully integrated to local retails rules and culture in which they participate, not only in the relationship practices with the competitors, but also with the suppliers. On the other hand, the small traditional retail and the open air markets weaken as they try to survive disputing the same space with the networks, however with delayed practices. Finally, concerning to the central subject matter of this paper regarding the family farmers' insert in the structured and modern retail, it is concluded they need, above all, to strengthen themselves about power relationships, what involve commercial, technological, cultural, symbolic and mainly social aggregation of capitals. This way they can be reinserted in the market and the path starting from then tends to transform their habit, slowly, similarly it has happened to the small retailer's merchant in their path to the construction of the local retail with the network.

O presente trabalho investigou os principais fatores que levaram parte dos pequenos comerciantes do varejo alimentar a construírem redes de cooperação, a influência destas organizações na estruturação dos varejos locais e as repercussões destes processos sobre os produtores e a produção local de hortigranjeiros (FLV). Buscou-se na sociologia econômica, em especial na desenvolvida por Pierre Bourdieu e Neil Fligstein, a teoria e os conceitos básicos para a análise do fenômeno do surgimento destas organizações no contexto da construção social dos mercados locais de alimentos. Através deste arcabouço teórico estudouse como as disposições dos atores do pequeno varejo são condicionadas pelo campo do varejo local, bem como a forma como as suas práticas também influenciam a estruturação destes espaços. A pesquisa empírica é composta por dois estudos de caso no Rio Grande do Sul: o campo do varejo de Santa Maria, na região central do estado, onde foram estudas as redes de cooperação Rede Super e a Unimercados; e o campo do varejo de Santa Rosa, situada na região noroeste do estado, onde foi estudada a rede de cooperação CNS. Além das redes, foram estudados os principais atores com os quais elas se relacionam, no caso os supermercados Carrefour e a empresa supermercadista Rede Vivo, ambas concorrentes das redes de Santa Maria; e as organizações dos agricultores que fornecem FLV para as redes e outras empresas, APRHOROSA (associação de produtores de FLV de Santa Rosa) e a Coopercedro (cooperativa de produtores de FLV de Santa Maria). Entre as conclusões do trabalho está a confirmação da importância da teoria sobre a construção social dos mercados para revelar a transformação das disposições dos atores e as suas causas, bem como a influência das mudanças no comportamento dos mesmos nas relações entre varejo e fornecedores, com destaque para os produtores locais. A invasão dos varejos locais por grandes cadeias supermercadistas condicionou os pequenos varejistas que apresentavam disposição para participar do jogo do varejo a organizarem-se em redes a fim de conseguirem preservar suas posições estruturais. Os que não tinham tal disposição, bem como os que não contavam com recursos (capital) para enfrentar as pressões do campo de poder, tornaram-se marginalizados. Quanto a quem são os construtores das redes, concluiu-se que se tratam de pequenos comerciantes dinâmicos, que não têm habitus de comerciantes tradicionais, mas de comerciantes sintonizados com as transformações do campo. Uma segunda conclusão importante é a de que o pequeno varejo que emerge com as redes é plenamente integrado às regras e à cultura dos varejos locais em que participam, tanto nas práticas de relacionamento com os concorrentes, quanto com os fornecedores. Por outro lado, o pequeno varejo tradicional e as feiras livres se enfraquecem na medida em que tentam sobreviver disputando o mesmo espaço das redes, porém com práticas defasadas. Por fim, quanto à questão central da tese referente à inserção dos agricultores familiares no varejo estruturado moderno, concluiu-se que eles necessitam acima de tudo fortalecer-se nas relações de poder, o que envolve agregação de capitais comercial, tecnológico, cultural, simbólico e principalmente social. Desta forma eles podem ser reinseridos no mercado e a trajetória a partir de então tende a transformar seu habitus, lentamente, como ocorreu com os pequenos comerciantes varejistas na sua trajetória na construção do varejo local com a rede. / The present work investigates the main factors what drove some of small retailer’s merchant of food retail to create cooperation networks. Besides, it investigates also the influence of these organizations as they structure local retails furthermore the repercussions of these processes over the producers and the local fresh fruits and vegetables production (FLV). It was examined in the economical sociology; especially the one developed by Pierre Bourdieu and Neil Fligstein, the theory and the basic concepts for the phenomenon analysis of these organizations appearance in the social construction context of foods their local markets. Through this theoretical outline it was studied how the actors dispositions of small retail are conditioned by the local retail field, as well as the way how their practices also influence these spaces organization. The empiric research is composed by two case studies in Rio Grande do Sul state: first, the Santa Maria's retail field, in the state central area, where it was studied the cooperation networks such as Rede Super and Unimercados; second, the Santa Rosa's retail field, located in the northwest area of the state, where it was studied the CNS cooperation network. Besides the networks, it was studied as well, the main actors what they are connected with, in this case: firstly, Carrefour and Rede Vivo companies, both competitors of Santa Maria's networks; secondly, the farmer's organizations what supply fresh fruits and vegetables to the networks, and also to other companies such as: APRHOROSA (producer's association of fresh fruits and vegetables of Santa Rosa) and Coopercedro (producer's cooperative of fresh fruits and vegetables of Santa Maria). It is among the conclusions of this work the confirmation of the importance about market's social construction theory to reveal the transformation of the actor's (small retailer's merchant and suppliers) dispositions and their causes, as well as the influence of changes in the behavior of these actors in the relationships between retail and suppliers, emphasizing the local producers. The invasion of the local retails by big supermarket chains has conditioned the small retailer's merchant who presented willingness to participate of the retail game; they organized themselves in networks in order to preserve their structural position. Not only the ones who did not have such willingness, but also the ones who did not reckon upon resources (capital) to face the pressures of power field, they became marginalized. As first main conclusion about who the networks builders are, showed as consequence that it is about small dynamic merchants, who do not have traditional merchants habit, but, in fact, they are merchants tuned with the transformations of the field. As second important conclusion, is the one the small retail which emerges together with the networks is fully integrated to local retails rules and culture in which they participate, not only in the relationship practices with the competitors, but also with the suppliers. On the other hand, the small traditional retail and the open air markets weaken as they try to survive disputing the same space with the networks, however with delayed practices. Finally, concerning to the central subject matter of this paper regarding the family farmers' insert in the structured and modern retail, it is concluded they need, above all, to strengthen themselves about power relationships, what involve commercial, technological, cultural, symbolic and mainly social aggregation of capitals. This way they can be reinserted in the market and the path starting from then tends to transform their habit, slowly, similarly it has happened to the small retailer's merchant in their path to the construction of the local retail with the network.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:57:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1892.pdf: 22355304 bytes, checksum: 085115e10ed2bcac989d623a3ecd668a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-26 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The importance of agroecologic transition for the agricultural nesting in the agrarian reform it s as an alternative front to the economic situation, in the recovery of degraded areas, the balance of agroecosystems and the viability of alimentary agricultural production to attend the needs of the families. The objective of this research was to analyze the agroecologic transition in the agricultural nesting Pirituba farm, in the cities of Itapeva and Itaberá, SP. The used methodology was the research-action and bibliographies. In the field work participative methodologies and half-structuralized interviews had been used. Five groups of agroecologic experimentation, the pointers of sustainability and the phases of each experimental agroecologic transition was identified and analyzed. It was shown that some families had interest in proceed in the agroecologic transition and that some areas demonstrated potential for agroecologic production. However, the continuity of these practices is compromised by some factors representing challenges for the families and also for the public policy of sustainable agricultural development. This work presents the perceptions, practice and perspective for the agroecologic transition in the agricultural nesting Pirituba Farm. / A importância da proposta da transição agroecológica no contexto dos assentamentos rurais se encontra na possibilidade da alternativa frente à atual situação econômica, na recuperação de áreas degradadas, na busca pelo equilíbrio dos agroecossistemas e na viabilidade de produção agrícola para atender as demandas alimentares das próprias famílias assentadas. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a questão da transição agroecológica no assentamento rural Fazenda Pirituba, nos municípios de Itapeva e Itaberá (SP). O arcabouço metodológico foi baseado na pesquisa ação e em levantamentos bibliográficos. Foram utilizadas metodologias participativas e entrevistas semi-estruturadas para coleta de dados na área do assentamento. Foram identificados e analisados cinco grupos envolvidos nos projetos de experimentação agroecológica, seus respectivos indicadores de sustentabilidade e as fases de transição agroecológica que cada área experimental representou. Foi possível constatar que determinadas famílias assentadas possuem interesse no avanço das práticas produtivas nas escalas do processo de transição agroecológica e respectivas áreas do assentamento se constituem em espaço potencial para a produção agroecológica. Entretanto, a continuidade das práticas agroecológicas já desenvolvidas por algumas famílias assentadas então sendo comprometidas por uma série de fatores identificados e que configuram-se como desafios para a comunidade local, bem como, para as políticas públicas que visam o desenvolvimento rural sustentável. Os dados apresentados neste trabalho compõem a análise acerca da transição agroecológica no assentamento rural Faz. Pirituba e apresenta as percepções, as práticas e as perspectivas dos diversos atores sociais envolvidos nesse processo.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:19:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IvaneideOSM.pdf: 374526 bytes, checksum: 37868f7c1128a8ac7de565c01fc9e2e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-01 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Since minetics The economics and political promotion along the necessity of flexibility in states actions admited actors partipction and social controlo on process of construction in local development. The Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento ? Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF) by this framework consists suprass the specific points about contry world in order to embrace territorial dimension of development, focalizing actions that estimulate co-operative pratices among local agents. This work proposal intends to identify advances and regression of PRONAF Infra-estrutura (Framework) by one territorial pact organization considering its administration about mechamisms on advantage conmflicts between distinct actor and their ables to atimulates a construction of new relationships between governors and population. Undderstanding PRONAF action like a process that come from its instrumental proportion surpass looking for substantial elements constructionm on intervention of local development considering administration mechamisms in S?o Paulo do Potengi (RN) city-council-starting by Conselho Municipal de Desenvolvimento Rural as well changes of institutional arrangement with territ?rio da Borborema erection. Throngh documental studies, bibliography researches and interviews we indenttfy an articulante power of Territorial pact partnerships like one of these political process and its sector character as their limits / As pol?ticas de promo??o econ?mica, desde os anos 90, diante da necessidade de flexibiliza??o das a??es do Estado, adotaram a participa??o de atores e o controle social no processo de constru??o do desenvolvimento local. O PRONAF - Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento ? Agricultura Familiar, em sua modalidade de Infra-estrutura, consiste em uma das estrat?gias de interfer?ncia do Estado que se prop?e a ultrapassar as quest?es espec?ficas do mundo rural, no intuito de abranger a dimens?o territorial do desenvolvimento, enfocando a??es que estimulam a pr?tica cooperativa entre os agentes locais. A presente proposta de trabalho visa identificar os avan?os e retrocessos do PRONAF Infra-estrutura, na organiza??o de um pacto territorial, considerando seus mecanismos de administra??o de conflitos de interesses, entre os diferentes atores, e sua capacidade de estimular a constru??o de novas rela??es entre os governantes e governados. Compreendendo as a??es do PRONAF enquanto um processo, que parte da supera??o de suas medidas instrumentais em busca da constru??o de elementos mais substanciais de interven??o no desenvolvimento local, consideramos seus mecanismos de gest?o no munic?pio de S?o Paulo do Potengi RN, a partir da cria??o e implementa??o do Conselho Municipal de Desenvolvimento Rural, bem como das mudan?as no seu arranjo institucional, com a cria??o do Territ?rio da Borborema. Atrav?s de um estudo documental, pesquisa bibliogr?fica e realiza??o de entrevistas, identificamos a for?a articuladora das parcerias do pacto territorial como um dos avan?os desse processo pol?tico e o car?ter setorialista destas parcerias como um de seus limites

O presente trabalho investigou os principais fatores que levaram parte dos pequenos comerciantes do varejo alimentar a construírem redes de cooperação, a influência destas organizações na estruturação dos varejos locais e as repercussões destes processos sobre os produtores e a produção local de hortigranjeiros (FLV). Buscou-se na sociologia econômica, em especial na desenvolvida por Pierre Bourdieu e Neil Fligstein, a teoria e os conceitos básicos para a análise do fenômeno do surgimento destas organizações no contexto da construção social dos mercados locais de alimentos. Através deste arcabouço teórico estudouse como as disposições dos atores do pequeno varejo são condicionadas pelo campo do varejo local, bem como a forma como as suas práticas também influenciam a estruturação destes espaços. A pesquisa empírica é composta por dois estudos de caso no Rio Grande do Sul: o campo do varejo de Santa Maria, na região central do estado, onde foram estudas as redes de cooperação Rede Super e a Unimercados; e o campo do varejo de Santa Rosa, situada na região noroeste do estado, onde foi estudada a rede de cooperação CNS. Além das redes, foram estudados os principais atores com os quais elas se relacionam, no caso os supermercados Carrefour e a empresa supermercadista Rede Vivo, ambas concorrentes das redes de Santa Maria; e as organizações dos agricultores que fornecem FLV para as redes e outras empresas, APRHOROSA (associação de produtores de FLV de Santa Rosa) e a Coopercedro (cooperativa de produtores de FLV de Santa Maria). Entre as conclusões do trabalho está a confirmação da importância da teoria sobre a construção social dos mercados para revelar a transformação das disposições dos atores e as suas causas, bem como a influência das mudanças no comportamento dos mesmos nas relações entre varejo e fornecedores, com destaque para os produtores locais. A invasão dos varejos locais por grandes cadeias supermercadistas condicionou os pequenos varejistas que apresentavam disposição para participar do jogo do varejo a organizarem-se em redes a fim de conseguirem preservar suas posições estruturais. Os que não tinham tal disposição, bem como os que não contavam com recursos (capital) para enfrentar as pressões do campo de poder, tornaram-se marginalizados. Quanto a quem são os construtores das redes, concluiu-se que se tratam de pequenos comerciantes dinâmicos, que não têm habitus de comerciantes tradicionais, mas de comerciantes sintonizados com as transformações do campo. Uma segunda conclusão importante é a de que o pequeno varejo que emerge com as redes é plenamente integrado às regras e à cultura dos varejos locais em que participam, tanto nas práticas de relacionamento com os concorrentes, quanto com os fornecedores. Por outro lado, o pequeno varejo tradicional e as feiras livres se enfraquecem na medida em que tentam sobreviver disputando o mesmo espaço das redes, porém com práticas defasadas. Por fim, quanto à questão central da tese referente à inserção dos agricultores familiares no varejo estruturado moderno, concluiu-se que eles necessitam acima de tudo fortalecer-se nas relações de poder, o que envolve agregação de capitais comercial, tecnológico, cultural, simbólico e principalmente social. Desta forma eles podem ser reinseridos no mercado e a trajetória a partir de então tende a transformar seu habitus, lentamente, como ocorreu com os pequenos comerciantes varejistas na sua trajetória na construção do varejo local com a rede. / The present work investigates the main factors what drove some of small retailer’s merchant of food retail to create cooperation networks. Besides, it investigates also the influence of these organizations as they structure local retails furthermore the repercussions of these processes over the producers and the local fresh fruits and vegetables production (FLV). It was examined in the economical sociology; especially the one developed by Pierre Bourdieu and Neil Fligstein, the theory and the basic concepts for the phenomenon analysis of these organizations appearance in the social construction context of foods their local markets. Through this theoretical outline it was studied how the actors dispositions of small retail are conditioned by the local retail field, as well as the way how their practices also influence these spaces organization. The empiric research is composed by two case studies in Rio Grande do Sul state: first, the Santa Maria's retail field, in the state central area, where it was studied the cooperation networks such as Rede Super and Unimercados; second, the Santa Rosa's retail field, located in the northwest area of the state, where it was studied the CNS cooperation network. Besides the networks, it was studied as well, the main actors what they are connected with, in this case: firstly, Carrefour and Rede Vivo companies, both competitors of Santa Maria's networks; secondly, the farmer's organizations what supply fresh fruits and vegetables to the networks, and also to other companies such as: APRHOROSA (producer's association of fresh fruits and vegetables of Santa Rosa) and Coopercedro (producer's cooperative of fresh fruits and vegetables of Santa Maria). It is among the conclusions of this work the confirmation of the importance about market's social construction theory to reveal the transformation of the actor's (small retailer's merchant and suppliers) dispositions and their causes, as well as the influence of changes in the behavior of these actors in the relationships between retail and suppliers, emphasizing the local producers. The invasion of the local retails by big supermarket chains has conditioned the small retailer's merchant who presented willingness to participate of the retail game; they organized themselves in networks in order to preserve their structural position. Not only the ones who did not have such willingness, but also the ones who did not reckon upon resources (capital) to face the pressures of power field, they became marginalized. As first main conclusion about who the networks builders are, showed as consequence that it is about small dynamic merchants, who do not have traditional merchants habit, but, in fact, they are merchants tuned with the transformations of the field. As second important conclusion, is the one the small retail which emerges together with the networks is fully integrated to local retails rules and culture in which they participate, not only in the relationship practices with the competitors, but also with the suppliers. On the other hand, the small traditional retail and the open air markets weaken as they try to survive disputing the same space with the networks, however with delayed practices. Finally, concerning to the central subject matter of this paper regarding the family farmers' insert in the structured and modern retail, it is concluded they need, above all, to strengthen themselves about power relationships, what involve commercial, technological, cultural, symbolic and mainly social aggregation of capitals. This way they can be reinserted in the market and the path starting from then tends to transform their habit, slowly, similarly it has happened to the small retailer's merchant in their path to the construction of the local retail with the network.

Orientador : Nilson Antonio Modesto Arraes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T23:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Demantova_GraziellaCristina_M.pdf: 8048916 bytes, checksum: f0f28e40822c256dc8efe40d232943cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: O processo de descentralização (de atribuições e responsabilidades do governo federal para outras esferas de governo) ocorreu no Brasil simultaneamente com a luta pela democratização, cujos objetivos eram a ampliação da participação popular na gestão pública e da cidadania no país. Por esse motivo, muitos autores e atores envolvidos acreditaram que descentralização era sinônimo de democratização e acabaram associando a eficácia dos Conselhos Gestores de Políticas Públicas às finalidades contidas no projeto de democratização do país. Ou seja, atribuíram o fracasso ou o sucesso dos Conselhos Gestores sob o ponto de vista do cumprimento da missão que estes espaços deveriam exercer dentro do projeto de democratização do país, e não sob o ponto de vista do cumprimento dos objetivos priorizados pelos conselheiros, confundindo, assim, eficácia com efetividade. Este equívoco fez com que muitos autores tivessem suas expectativas frustradas, pois a missão, a finalidade definida pelo projeto democrático para os conselhos gestores não foi alcançada na grande maioria dos casos e por esse motivo atribuíram à eles uma baixa eficácia, quando na verdade tratava-se de uma baixa efetividade (com pouca ou nenhuma transformação da realidade na qual o conselho atual). Quando se pretende analisar a eficácia de uma organização é preciso ter conhecimento dos objetivos que ela tem a perseguir e dos resultados que foram alcançados à luz desses objetivos. Para a análise da eficácia do Conselho Municipal de Desenvolvimento Rural (CMDR) de Campinas os objetivos identificados e analisados não são os que foram definidos pelos movimentos sociais envolvidos na luta pela democratização, e nem pela equipe política que elaborou os programas de descentralização do Estado nas diferentes áreas de políticas públicas (o que seria necessário caso a efetividade das ações do CMDR estivesse sendo analisada), mas sim pelos conselheiros que fazem parte da composição do Conselho na gestão estudada. Sob esta perspectiva, a presente dissertação de mestrado busca avaliar a eficácia do Conselho Municipal de Desenvolvimento Rural de Campinas (CMDR), baseada não em expectativas externas, mas nas metas internas pretendidas. Neste sentido a eficácia é avaliada em relação aos resultados alcançados frente aos objetivos perseguidos pela organização em questão. Para atingir o objetivo proposto para este trabalho, além da revisão bibliográfica, foram aplicados 2 questionários aos conselheiros integrantes do CMDR com o objetivo de identificar quais os recursos humanos (qualificação, parceiros, perfil dos conselheiros, composição e papel que desempenham no CMDR), financeiros (existências de recursos para a realização de trabalhos, contratação de assessorias externas e realização de cursos e seminários) e materiais (infra-estrutura adequada) disponíveis e de que maneira eles são utilizados para a realização dos objetivos, e se os objetivos priorizados na atual gestão foram alcançados. Tendo em vista a análise dos dados obtidos, que refletem a percepção dos conselheiros, pode-se dizer que a atual gestão do Conselho Municipal de Desenvolvimento Rural de Campinas obteve um bom resultado no alcance dos objetivos priorizados. Entre os 4 objetivos priorizados, informalmente, pelos conselheiros, 1 foi plenamente alcançado: Municipalizar a Casa da Agricultura, 2 foram parcialmente alcançados: Implantação do programa Estadual de Microbacias e Melhoria das Estradas Rurais e somente 1 deles estava em fase de implantação: Melhoria da Segurança na área rural do Município / Abstract: The process of descentralization of attributions and responsibilities of the federal Administration to the other spheres of the govemment occurred in Brazil in concomitance with the struggle for democratization, whose objectives were to magnify popular participation in public affairs and in the citizenship of the country. For this reason, many authors and social actors involved in this process had believed that the decentralization was a synonymous of democratization, associating the efficiency of the Managing Council of Public Politics with the ideals of the country's democratization project. In other words, they had attributed the failure or the success of the Managing Council to the fulfilment of their mission in the country's democratization project, and not to the fulfilment of the objectives prioritized by the council members, confusing, thus, effectiveness with efficiency. This mistak.e led the authors to frustrated expectations, because the mission, the purpose defined by the democratic project for the managing Council was not reached in the great majority of the cases. Therefore, they were atributed a low a effeciency, when in the truth it was a low effectiveness (with little or no transfonnation of the reality in which the Council set its works). When one intends to analize the effectiveness of an organization, it is necessary to know the objectives that it has aimed and the results reached, considering theses objectives. On this analizis of the effeciency of the City Council of Rural Development (CMDR) of Campinas, the objectives identified were the ones that had been defined by the council members who formed the board in the studied administration, and not by the social movementes involved in the struggle for democratization or the political groups that had elaborated the state's descentalization policies among its different areas. These objectives would be nedded for an effectivenes analizys, and not for an efficiency study. Under this perspective, the purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the effeciency of the CMDR, based not in expectations. In this sense, the effeciency is evaluated in relation to the results reached considering the objectives pursued by the administration in study. To accomplish the goal of this work, besides the bibliographical revision, 2 questionnaires were made to the council members of the CMDR, with the means to identify which human resources (qualification, partners, profile of the council members, composition and paper that they play in the CMDR), financial resources (existences of resources for the accomplishment of works, act of contract of external assessorships and accomplishment of courses and seminaries) and materials (adequate infrastructure) were available, how they were used to reach the objectives, and if its priorities in the current management have been reached. On the analysis of the gathered data, wich reflected the perception of the council members, it can be said that the current management of the City Council of Agricultural Development of Campinas achieved a good resuIt in its quest for the prioritized objectives. Among four of these, informally, in the conception of the council members, one was fully reached: to tum municipal the House of Agriculture. Two were partially reached: the implantation of the State program of Microbacias and Melhoria of Agricultural Roads. Only one of them remained in its implantation phase: the improvement of the Security in the agricultural area of the City / Mestrado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

black owners by white colonialists. Even though whites made up less than 20% of the nation‟s population, they took more than 80% of the agriculturally productive land and drove the original owners to the unproductive reserves where they were cramped and could not practice agriculture at all. Various acts such as the Black Land Act of 1913, Development Trust Act of 1936 and the Native Laws Amendment Act of 1937 were introduced which further frustrated the displaced black population thereby plunging it deeper and deeper into poverty. The main objective behind the introduction of these acts was to restrain the black population from earning livelihoods through agriculture thus forcing them to offer their labour to white farmers for low wages just to earn some form of livelihood. Such unfair practices and distribution of land prompted the first democratically elected government of South Africa to embark on a drive to redistribute the nation‟s land equitably amongst its citizens to foster national reconciliation, stimulate economic growth and compensate those that were forced out or lost their land during the apartheid era. This initiative was called the Land Reform Programme (LRP) and was implemented with three prongs namely (i) land redistribution; (ii) restitution; and (iii) land tenure. Among the beneficiaries of the LRP were farmers from a community called Marselle in Kenton-on-sea. In addition to getting land for farming purposes, the Marselle farmers also obtained financial support from the government‟s Land Bank to help them kick-start their farming activities. However, in spite of such interventions, they have struggled to turn their activities into sustainable livelihood sources. One most likely cause for this is the lack of farming knowledge and skills needed to make them more efficient and productive. This study was thus geared towards evaluating the knowledge and skills gap in Marselle which, when addressed, could make the Marselle farmers more productive. Its focus was limited to the 32 livestock and 8 chicory farmers that are recognized members of their respective projects. Focus was limited only to these farmers since the next phase of this study will involve building their capacity based on the skills gaps identified through this study. The findings showed that the two projects benefited at least 130 individuals belonging to the farming households, with 67.5% of these households headed by males. The age of these farmers was equally shared at 40% each between those above 65 years and those that only went as far as fourth grade. No one went to tertiary at all. At least 75% of the investigated farmers were unemployed and 42% of this population was pensioners. In terms of income though, 64.98% of it was from external sources. The Masakhane Silime (Chicory) project was implemented to generate income and provide job opportunities for the locals but neither of these objectives had been met at the time the data for this study was collected due to various challenges like lack of funds and infrastructure to enhance productivity. Just like the chicory project, the livestock project had its own objectives, namely; to remove animals from the residential areas, provide the animals with a safe place, reduce road accidents and also to provide a livelihood source for local farmers. Due to overgrazing the pastures, lack of proper camps and other challenges, some effort still needs to be put to achieve these objectives. Even though the livestock project was formed with these objectives in mind, the farmers themselves reared livestock either for personal consumption, selling, ritual purposes, store of wealth or all these combined. Regarding technical skills, livestock farmers were found to rely mostly on indigenous knowledge sources to attain farming knowledge. Only animal healthcare knowledge was popular to more than half the respondents. This was said to be due to the focus group meetings held on the farm every other Wednesday to share information with local extension officers. In spite of these information sharing events, livestock farmers identified training on how to feed; market; handle; and treat their livestock as key intervention knowledge areas. Attendance to these focus group meetings was limited to livestock farmers only. Various socio-economic factors were also found to have some form of influence on the acquisition of livestock knowledge. Education was the most dominant factor, with a significant association with the farmers‟ feeding (p=0.033); animal healthcare (P=0.038); marketing (p=0.009); veld management (p=0.036); and cattle slaughtering (p=0.027) knowledge. Other variables most influential include the gender and age of the household head. The former was significant at 95% confidence level for farmers‟ feeding knowledge (p=0.021); animal healthcare (p=0.039); marketing (p=0.043); livestock housing and handling (p=0.023); veld management (p=0.018); and cattle slaughtering (p=0.043). The dominance of males in acquiring these skills could be explained by the fact that the majority of the livestock project members were males. The majority of the few female members became members by default after the passing on of their husbands but their participation in the project was done through other project members who looked after their animals on their behalf. The number of farming years also had some positive and significant influence on other knowledge areas such as feeding (p=0.021) and livestock housing and handling (p=0.013). The logic supporting this association is that farmers tend to accumulate new and more skills the longer they stay in the same enterprise. In addition, most of the interviewed farmers were farm labourers prior to relocating to Marselle hence they acquired the necessary knowledge long before the project started. Concerning the chicory project, its members also relied heavily on indigenous knowledge sources for farming knowledge. Soil preparation (24.1%); planting (20.7%); land care (24.1%); and mechanical weed control (48.3%) were the knowledge areas lacked by more than half the respondents. The farmers identified land preparation (75%); communication skills (25%); marketing (100%); financial management (62%); and harvesting (88%) as the key crucial intervention areas they needed prioritized. As a study meant to inform the capacity building phase of the Land Bank project, this study identified the existing skills gaps in the two projects implemented in Forest Hill. When implementing the Capacity Building (CB) phase, various socio-economic factors will have to be considered. For example, the proposed intervention should not discriminate against anyone on the grounds of gender or physical abilities. The skills introduced should also be simple enough to be accepted and acquired even by the illiterate, especially when one considers the high illiteracy levels amongst the respondents. Efforts should also be made to create partnerships with the right organizations or groups of people so that they provide the required expertise and resources for the benefit of the farmers as and when required.

From preface: This dissertation is concerned with the impact of the implementation of a particular kind of agricultural development project, viz. Betterment Planning, upon a rural Black village in the Keiskammahoek Magisterial District of the Ciskei, in South Africa. The project was implemented in the mid-1960s, and involved the re-organisation of the village environment into demarcated arable, grazing and residential areas, which necessitated the villagers moving from their old, scattered residential clusters to several new, concentrated residential areas. This dissertation seeks to trace the consequences of this development project, and particularly the socio-economic consequences of the residential relocation that it involved.

Inequalities among different power groups are getting obvious in Kiru Valley, Tanzania mainly due to water scarcity. This paper aims to examine, by a case study, the increasing competition over irrigation water among Kiru Valley farmers in relation to socio-economic stratification. It is possible to divide the examined parts of Kiru Valley farmers into three dif-ferent power groups corresponding to their access to irrigation water. First, large-scale sugar cane farmers owned by Tanzanians with Indian origin located on strategic positions near the main rivers. Second, upstream small-scale rice cultivators receiving water from the IFAD (International Found for Agricultural Development) irrigation system and, third, downstream small-scale farmers cultivating rice in the Mapea wetland. To achieve the objectives in this study, Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques have been used and especially wealth rank-ings to measure the socio-economic stratification. The wealth rankings demonstrate differences among Kiru Valley farmers. Those farmers connected to the IFAD irrigation system and the large-scale farmers have in higher amount a steady access to irrigation water than farmers cultivating the Mapea wetland. Consequently Mapea farmers are forced to rely on left over water from upstream IFAD farmers and sur-rounding large-scale farmers, leading to unfair distribution patterns and tensions among Kiru Valley farmers.  Finally, it has further been found that access to irrigation water is reflected in household economy. Mapea farmers have less capital goods and households properties com-pared to both IFAD-irrigators and large-scale farmers.

Faced with problems related to the sustainability and advisability of contemporary irrigation development in Africa, anthropologists have increasingly looked to economic and political explanations for the success or failure of those development schemes. Instead of seeking explanations in these isolated areas, this thesis has argued that irrigation development needs to be understood through relationships within and between politics, economics, social structure and culture. In order to uncover those interactions with regard to the Tyefu Irrigation Scheme in the southern African homeland of Ciskei, reference has been made, firstly, to the mechanisms underlying contemporary state expansion and secondly, to the interaction between external forces, structures and surface forms through time. Anthropological fieldwork techniques have been used to provide detailed descriptions of everyday communications within and between groups associated with the development. Ethnography allows implementation to be conceptualized in terms of the interaction between local level structures and structures associated with the planning and construction of irrigation development itself. When the effect of external forces on the interaction between structures and forms is then taken into account principles emerge that reflect local and historical transformations. These in turn suggest the form of contemporary state expansion in southern Africa, as well as its bearing on daily life on the rural periphery.