Eutrophication of lakes and streams are nowadays a well known environmental problem and implies an enrichment of the nutrients phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). Phosphorus is considered to be the most important component for the growth of aquatic plants and leads in too large quantities to an intensification of growth. Phosphate (PO4) is the fraction of phosphorus that can easiest be taken up by plants and thus have the greatest impact on eutrophication. Increased plant growth in lakes and unfavorable conditions for aquatic animals are two examples of negative consequences. A significant portion of the increased nutrient supply to nearby water can be derived to phosphate leaching from agricultural areas, where private sewers and agriculture is two main sources. How much of the diffuse leakage of phosphate derived from each source is uncertain. With an improved understanding of how the source and flow distribution of phosphate relationship works in an agricultural dominated catchment could a more cost efficient planning for choice of methods against leakage of the nutrient be achieved. The source and flow distribution of phosphate was therefore studied and a high resolution set of SMHI's hydrological model HYPE where set up over the area. Sampling of phosphate from different parts of the area where used together with modeled water flow and phosphate transport where calculated. Upstream and downstream dynamics of phosphate were compared during high water flow. Also sampling of the oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate ions from sewage and agricultural land were analyzed and used to estimate the source distribution at different situations of water flow. The collected information from these studies where used to identify from which source to phosphate and during which flow the leakage of phosphate where the most in the area. In addition to this an evaluation of the importance of the time and space resolution for the HYPE-model where made. Phosphate transports in space shows that the sewage-dominated basins where the areas that leak most phosphate per area unit and during low water flows. Agricultural areas account for more significant leakage during a high water flow. This is evident in autumn and winter and less evident during spring and summer. Oxygen isotopic composition of phosphate ions from wastewater and agricultural land could with a 99 % confidence be separated. This information was used for source separation of phosphate sources where sewage was the main source of water flow up to 23 l/s. At higher water flow increases agricultural land as a primary source and increases positively linearly with increasing water discharge. Both studies indicate that sewage accounts for the greatest leakage during low water. During a snow-melting period the phosphate leaching is highest at the beginning and gradually flushed out from the soil when the water flow remains high for several days in a row. The importance of a high resolution time and space step affected modeled data marginally positive in HYPE where time step had a more important role.

This study was conducted in order to compare and evaluate a variety of ammonia (NH3) measurement techniques for determination of ambient gas phase concentration and evaluation of system fluxes. This was accomplished by measuring NH3 emitted from area sources within two dairies, one located in south-central Idaho and another in central California. The measurement techniques utilized included: an array of passive diffusion samplers, a single annular denuder system, a single or paired Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(s) (FTIR), a paired (upwind and downwind) set of differential optical absorption spectrometers (DOAS), and a portable wind tunnel in conjunction with a chemiluminescence monitor. The concentrations measured were manipulated by methods of inverse modeling using the ISCST3, AERMOD, and WindTrax models to yield estimated emission rates for individual sources, as well as an overall dairy emission rate. Furthermore, a comparison of the different techniques took place, and it was concluded that in the context of measuring agricultural area sources, the spectroscopy techniques, FTIR and DOAS, were likely the most desirable systems. This conclusion was based on the systems' ability to yield high precision, path integrated concentration measurements that do not require actual collection of sample. However, as long as a proper deployment scheme is utilized, the passive diffusion samplers also offered a viable option, especially when funding is limited.

Freshwater use is a major concern in the mass production of algae for biofuels. This project examined the use of canal water obtained from the Everglades Agricultural Area as a base medium for the mass production of algae. This water is not suitable for human consumption, and it is currently used for crop irrigation. A variety of canals were found to be suitable for water collection. Comparison of two methods for algal production showed no significant difference in biomass accumulation. It was discovered that synthetic reticulated foam can be used for algal biomass collection and harvest, and there is potential for its application in large-scale operations. Finally, it was determined that high alkaline conditions may help limit contaminants and competing organisms in growing algae cultures.

A large part of the environmental restoration required by the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan calls for more water-storage on lands south of Lake Okeechobee in order to restore the natural water flows of the Everglades watershed. The Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) can be used for increased water storage in order to relieve coastal estuaries of excess water in the rainy season. This water storage can deliver additional ecosystem services of soil retention and reduced CO2 emissions that could compensate farmers for the cost of water storage by increasing long term farm profitability. The goals of this study were 1) to quantify the environmental and economic trade-offs of different water storage scenarios using water-tolerant sugarcane cultivars, and 2) to quantify the amount of water storage possible in the EAA under different water storage scenarios. A mathematical model was developed to calculate soil depth, soil subsidence, depth to the water table, sugarcane production, farm return, water storage and carbon loss for three different sugarcane cultivars with different water-tolerances. A GIS tool is also developed to estimate the amount of water storage possible in the EAA. The study found that even though water-tolerant sugarcane cultivars experience higher yields and net returns than non-water-tolerant cultivars the water storage costs with these water tolerant cultivars was greater. Raising water tables on farm lands did have the environmental benefits of reduced soil subsidence, extended farm life and increased years of water storage. However total CO2 emissions rise from 14 to 136%. Results of the GIS analysis revealed that water storage capacity for a DWT of 61 cm is 1,404,562 ac-ft, 1,417,400 ac-ft for DWT 45 cm and 1,474,692 ac-ft for DWT 20 cm. The GIS analysis was also able to identify flow ways that could possibly carry water south from Lake Okeechobee and ultimately to the WCAs south of the EAA. These results show that raising water tables in the EAA to deliver the ecosystem service of expanded water storage is overall more costly, but yearly costs are very low. Therefore water storage on farmlands is an affordable interim method of water storage.

The goal of the thesis was to display landscape changes and some selected socioeconomic factors in the cadastral area of the Kvilda village. The changes were expertised on the basis of the stabil cadastral map from 1837 until the present - on the basis of the air photos which were taken in 1949, 1973 and 2008. The development of the changes was observed on agricultural areas, forest areas, freeways and in build-up areas. Socioeconomic factors were selected on the basis of the possibility to make a line of the continuity. The development of the number of population and the number of houses was chosen. Information was brought out from municipal chronicles and literary resources. Reasons of changes and outputs processed in graphs are presented in the practical part of the thesis. The function of the Šumava Mountains has been changed during last 100 years. After 1950, original mountain agriculture with mainly pastoral character and extensive stock raising completed by the work in the forest industry were changed into a partly closed area with the minor tourist industry.

The goal of the thesis was to discuss landscape changes in the cadastral area of interest: Nalžovské Hory village. The landscape has been assessed according to the changes that occurred during the second military mapping (1844-1845) as well as the third military mapping (1877-1880). Changes in the landscape were also assessed using the period after collectivization in the second half of the Twentieth Century and the present day (2011). Further changes have also been proposed for the village, which could be realized by 2020. The development of changes has been observed in agricultural areas, which includes permanent grassland and arable land, as well as the forest and water areas, and finally the urban area. Proposals for changes in the village have been designed to help develop the areas of housing, recreation and business. The practical section provides reasons for the changes and the results are processed in the charts. The work is complemented by a series of historically valuable photos related to the area under study.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Brazilian agrarian space, from the second half of the twentieth century, has undergone numerous transformations through agricultural modernization process and the "Green Revolution . The new goals set for the Brazilian countryside interfered directly in the social relations of the farmer, as concurrently to the modernization process, an increase in the dependence of producers in relation to external factors, and other significant economic, social, cultural and environmental impacts. From this context means be extremely important to establish a new education project in schools located in rural areas, as this has a big role in these spaces. The design built between students, children of farmers, on the agrarian space more specifically family farming can be a determining factor in keeping these subjects in the field valuing their culture, thus enabling the social reproduction of these actors, This work has the theme guiding the perspective of rural students about their place to live and produce, highlighting and understanding the importance of field school in these aspects. The object where the study was the School EPS Dirceu Moreira, located on the 6th Pelotas district known as Santa Silvana. Thus, we understand during the interviews how students perceive the appropriation of nature from their relations with the place to live and produce. We can identify several problems in school, including the school's precariousness and the lack of new development perspectives to the location. / O espaço agrário brasileiro, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, sofreu inúmeras transformações através do processo de modernização da agricultura e da Revolução Verde . Os novos objetivos traçados para o espaço rural brasileiro interferiram diretamente nas relações sociais do agricultor, pois concomitantemente ao processo de modernização, ocorreu um aumento na dependência dos produtores em relação a fatores externos, entre outros significativos impactos econômicos, sociais, culturais e ambientais. A partir desse contexto, entende-se ser de extrema relevância que se estabeleça um novo projeto de educação nas escolas localizadas no espaço rural, pois esta possui um grande papel nesses espaços. A concepção construída entre os estudantes, filhos de agricultores, sobre o espaço agrário mais especificadamente a agricultura familiar pode ser um fator determinante para manter estes sujeitos no campo valorizando sua cultura, possibilitando assim a reprodução social desses atores. Este trabalho tem como tema norteador a perspectiva dos estudantes rurais sobre o seu lugar de viver e produzir, destacando e compreendendo a importância da escola do campo nestes aspectos. O objeto onde o estudo foi a Escola E. E. F. Dirceu Moreira, localizada no 6º distrito de Pelotas conhecido como Santa Silvana. Dessa forma buscamos compreender ao longo das entrevistas como os estudantes percebem a apropriação da natureza a partir das suas relações com o lugar de viver e produzir. Podemos identificar diversos problemas existentes na escola, dentre eles a precarização da escola e a falta de novas perspectivas de desenvolvimento para a localidade.

This study aims to analyze the territorialization of Coffee Culture in the plateau of conquista, Bahia, considering the opposition agribusiness X peasantry. The research included the six major coffee producing districts of the Plateau : Vitória da Conquista, Barra do Choça, Ribeirão do largo, Encruzilhada, Planalto e Poções. Besides the theoretical study, we evaluated the changes and contradictions that have been promoted in agrarian space, the public policies for the agricultural sector, particularly those related to coffee production, the question of labor and manpower employed in the coffee, well as the main consequences of coffee in the territorial context. The study allowed the analysis of the contrary, that they understood the territorial capital from the coffee activity. The categories of analysis that supported the work were the "space" and "territory". The main elements of the empirical question of this study were justified and supported by field research. In all districts a land structure was identified with extensive concentration of small units that produce coffee, led of course by farmers / peasants, who live with the large and medium enterprises in agribusiness, now developing its activities in the small farming, now selling its manpower in the larger coffee farms. The journey of wheels‟ workers ranging from 10 to 12 hours a day, with a range of approximately one hour for lunch. This range is formal because in most cases is not used for rest, the worker sacrifices to collect a larger amount of coffee, trying to increase production. It was found that 64.1% of these workers coming from other municipalities, that is, they do a seasonal migration between municipalities throughout the sampling period, as will the search for properties that offer better conditions of wage, in other words, a greater production of coffee. Workers interviewed, found that 81% own their own homes, but most do not have adequate infrastructure, a factor that directly reflects the poor quality of life for workers. As for schooling, 70% have incomplete primary, 18% are illiterate and only 2% have the second degree. Thus, most are unaware of their rights and do not claim for improvements and labor rights. So dodge the situation, highlighting these facets, given the need to survive the dynamism of the capitalist mode of production, which contributed decisively to determine the relationship of subordination of the rural working class. It was noted also that the quickly population‟s growth has resulted in swelling and the consequent increase of urban socioeconomic problems, due to lack of infrastructure and investments in required public policies. This is because the public policies implemented in the Plateau are geared primarily to support the productive chain of coffee (PRONAF investments, the creation of Class Councils, Banks, Offices and agencies linked to all levels of government), lacking, therefore, greater attention to the diversification of agricultural production and other local investment policies in the agricultural sector in general. / Este estudo tem a finalidade de analisar a Territorialização da Cafeicultura no Planalto da Conquista/Bahia, considerando a oposição agronegócio X campesinato. A pesquisa contemplou os seis principais municípios produtores de café do Planalto: Vitória da Conquista, Barra do Choça, Ribeirão do largo, Encruzilhada, Planalto e Poções. Além das abordagens teóricas, foram analisadas as transformações e contradições promovidas no espaço agrário; as políticas públicas implementadas para o setor agrícola, em especial as que estão relacionadas à cafeicultura; a questão do trabalho e a mão-de-obra empregada na cafeicultura; bem como as principais conseqüências da territorialização da cafeicultura nesse contexto. A pesquisa permitiu a análise dos contrários, para que se compreendesse a territorialização do capital a partir da atividade cafeeira. As categorias de análise que deram suporte ao trabalho foram o espaço e o território . Os principais elementos da questão empírica deste trabalho foram fundamentados e respaldados com a pesquisa de campo. Em todos os municípios foi identificada uma estrutura fundiária com acentuada presença de pequenas unidades produtoras de café, conduzidas, evidentemente, por lavradores/camponeses, que convivem com os grandes e médios empreendimentos do agronegócio, ora desenvolvendo as atividades na sua pequena lavoura, ora vendendo sua força de trabalho nas grandes propriedades de café. A jornada dos trabalhadores volantes varia de 10 a 12 horas por dia, com um intervalo de aproximadamente uma hora para o almoço. Esse intervalo é formal porque na maioria das vezes não é utilizado para descansar, pois o trabalhador sacrifica-o para colher uma quantidade maior de café, tentando aumentar a produção. Também foi constatado que 64,1% desses trabalhadores procedem de outros municípios, isto é, eles realizam uma migração sazonal entre os municípios durante todo o período da colheita, pois vão em busca das propriedades que oferecem condições de melhoria salarial, ou seja, uma produção maior de café. Dos trabalhadores entrevistados, constatou-se que 81% possuem casa própria, porém, a maioria não possui infra-estrutura adequada, fator que reflete diretamente na má qualidade de vida desses trabalhadores. Quanto à escolarização, 70% têm o primário incompleto, 18% são analfabetos e apenas 2% têm o 2º grau. Assim, a maioria não tem conhecimento dos seus direitos e não reivindicam por melhorias trabalhistas. Constatou-se, também, que o acelerado crescimento demográfico teve como resultado o inchamento urbano e o conseqüente aumento dos problemas socioeconômicos, devido à falta de infra-estrutura e investimentos em políticas públicas necessárias. Isto, porque as políticas públicas implantadas no Planalto estão voltadas basicamente para sustentar a cadeia produtiva do café, (como os investimentos do PRONAF, a criação de Conselhos de classes, Bancos, Secretarias e órgãos ligados a todas as esferas governamentais), carecendo, portanto, de maior atenção para a diversificação da produção agrícola local e outras políticas de investimento no setor agrário como um todo.

In the novice hill Beskydy foothills and the plane Ostrava landscape huddle village Rychaltice. This residence is a part of Hukvaldy. It´s here the important connnection with the "landscape of Leoš Janáček." Poetry and Mysticism by this Czech composer was able to catch in his symphonies, are already very slightly visible. The surviving fragments of the original buildings, cottages, farmsteads and barns talking about agricultural tradition of the area. Despite the high activity of collective agriculture and the building tendencies of the past and today, can be found a small piece of land for traditional cultivation. Remains of the old building – a barn that was in II. World War II bomb blast halved in two peaces. Four stone pillars of the original structure were built in cottage. Extant fragment barn belongs, is today on the neighbor's property.The project look into cider house, family house and other. , following the survivors of the barn. The task of the work is to achieve a compact, self-sufficiency and friendliness agricultural area to the surrounding landscape. Homestead should be not only the farmer dwelling, but also a place for hiking, cycling, horse riding. Location in Podbeskydí, near the castle Hukvaldy and good transport links to the main roads, it is the perfect place. The project has however also bring something more - support traditional livelihood and sensitive landscape management.

台灣休閒農業近年來蓬勃發展，農業早已由傳統的生產、加工轉型為提供遊客休閒遊憩之服務性產業。它與一般觀光遊憩資源具有相生相勀之關係。相生關係是兩者皆為服務性產業，相剋關係則是兩者之客源與資源具有重疊性。本文研究目的是如何將地方性休閒農業之遊憩資源與觀光遊憩資源整合，使兩者轉換為具有相輔相成之效果，使基隆市休閒農業能永續經營與發展。 　　本研究主要是探討遊客對基隆市瑪陵友蚋休閒農業園區遊憩資源之知覺與態度，根據文獻與資源基礎及資源依賴理論，將其地方性之遊憩系統的資源分為內部資源與外部資源兩種。內部資源主要是以遊客對園區的生產性、生活性及景觀生態性資源之獨特性、吸引力及重要性知覺為其調查之指標；外部資源方面則是在探討其遊憩資源與內部資源間之連結性與生態關係，最後再分析其內、外部資源對休閒農業遊憩發展之影響，找出地方性特色之遊憩資源整合，作為未來基隆市休閒農業發展之方向。 　　本研究調查結果發現內部資源中之綠竹筍與山藥是個案園區最具獨特性、吸引力與重要性之生產性資源。而生活性資源方面，則以農村生活、各項DIY或採摘體驗活動、風味餐與經營者態度等為最具有獨特性、吸引力與重要性之生活性資源。空氣或氣氛、風景或景觀及容易搭配鄰近旅遊景點等則是景觀生態性資源中最具獨特性、吸引力及重要性之資源。外部資源包括公、私部門組織資源的投入、鄰近旅遊景點之連結性與生態關係及週邊產業資源的共同參與等。休閒農業經由這些在地性特色資源之串聯，產生互利共生之生態關係，可促成整個基隆市休閒產業之長遠發展。 　　綜上，可知農政單位積極輔導園區農民設置合法休閒農業區、推動同、異業產業間之結盟、還有地方特色養生風味餐飲的創意與研發、合法民宿的申請及安排深度人文與生態套裝旅遊行程等，都是該園區轉型經營休閒農業必備的生存要素。 / Leisure Farming in Taiwan was flourishing in recent years. Agriculture has been changed from the traditional producing and processing industry to the service oriented one which providing leisure for the consumers. But the relationships between Leisure Farming and tourism resources are not only co-promoted but also co-restrained. The co-promoted parts are that they are both service industries however the co-restrained parts are the overlapped of their similar tourist source and local resources. The purpose of this thesis is to integrate all the resources of Leisure Farming and tourism, and make them become complementary. To keep the Leisure Faring in Keelung could be run and developed continually. This study is to explore feelings and attitudes of the tourists who had ever visited the leisure agricultural park of Maling and Youruei. According to the related literatures, Resource Dependence Theory and Resource-Based Theory, we divided the local agricultural system into internal and external resources. And then take a quantized value of uniqueness, attraction and importance as the evaluated pointer to evaluate the internal resources. As to the external parts, it makes a discussion on the connections between recreation resources and ecological environment. Find out the integration of local recreation resources with rich characteristics through analyzing the effects of internal and external resources as the directions to Keelung’s leisure farming development in the future. This result of this study shows that the green bamboo shoots and yams are the most unique, attractive, important resources in all of the internal resource. The most impressing living resources are the activities of DIY and picking fruits and fresh foods and the attitudes of the owners. Fresh air and atmosphere, beautiful sights are easy to collocate nearby tourist attractions. External resources include public and private organization resources, the relationship of nearby attractions, ecological relationship and common participation of surrounding industrial resources. Through a series of these local characteristics, we can generate a mutually beneficial ecological relationship for long-term development of Keelung’s leisure farming. Summarizing this study, agriculture-related departments are actively counseling farmers to set up the legitimate recreational agricultural area, promoting inter-industry alliance, researching and creating the local characteristics of the health food, legitimate applications of pension, arranging deep humanities and ecological package tours. The above are all survival elements for operating leisure farming.