The introduction of genetically modified crops raised controversial reactions that divide not only the professional community into two camps. Considering that rapeseed, soya beans and corn belong to the most important crops of the world, significant attention is given to the development of their GM varieties. Based on available information, a comparative study was compiled involving the effects of genetically modified varieties of these crops on the environment, human and animal health and socio-economic area. The cultivation of genetically modified crops is profitable especially for companies developing these varieties and for the growers. However it was found that the reduction of the amount of applied herbicides was not achieved as expected. Additionally a negative affect of the active herbicide substances on the environment and human and animal health has been shown. There is a positive impact of the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions due to less frequent entries into the stands. Feeding with GM products also manifested in negative way. There is a very risky possibility of crossing and emergence of resistant weeds, in particular rape and related species as well. The reduction of biodiversity, which is often discussed, was not confirmed in all cases. The changes in the microbial community in the soil have been demonstrated. The coexistence of GM crops with conventional agriculture, and even more ecological agriculture has been shown as problematic. In accordance with the findings, it is recommended to follow the precautionary principles, to follow the varied crop rotation and to target the production to sustainable agriculture, verified by time and experience.

O crescente aumento no consumo mundial de alimentos tem exigido do setor agrícola um maior grau de sinergia, e cada vez mais o segmento agroindustrial necessita aperfeiçoar seus sistemas produtivos e de gestão para atender à demanda crescente. Para isso, a agroindustrialização diretamente no campo em pequenas propriedades vem sendo apontada como uma das soluções para esse complexo sistema agroalimentar. Porém, o despreparo do homem do campo, aliado ao aumento do êxodo rural, contribui para a baixa sustentabilidade destas empresas rurais. O presente trabalho visa atender o segmento agroindustrial familiar de pequeno porte através da proposta de uma sistemática para apoiar a gestão econômico-financeira de suas propriedades. A proposta compreende organizar as informações presentes, realizar o custeio da produção, a estruturação do fluxo de caixa, analisar a viabilidade econômico-financeira, bem como estabelecer indicadores de desempenho relacionados a essa atividade. Para isso, utilizaram-se planilhas estruturadas com apoio do software Excel, onde o agricultor registra e analisa toda sua movimentação financeira. O trabalho contou com uma pesquisa de campo junto ao segmento agroindustrial de pequeno porte, bem como a profissionais de assistência técnica visando à estruturação preliminar da sistemática proposta. Na sequência, houve a pré-validação da sistemática proposta com profissionais da área de Gestão Econômica diretamente ligados à agricultura familiar. Por fim, realizou-se a validação parcial da sistemática proposta junto a um dos empreendimentos agroindustriais que participaram da pesquisa de campo. Os principais resultados foram uma melhor organização do empreendimento e movimentação financeira, bem como o custeio da produção que permitiu o levantamento de indicadores de desempenho. Verificou-se também, que as chances de sucesso do empreendimento tendem a aumentar devido ao mapa de fluxo de caixa que a sistemática oferece, visto que a assistência técnica poderá auxiliar o empreendimento no tocante a endividamentos por conta de investimentos sem a previsão de retorno. Após a validação parcial, estruturou-se a sistemática final para apoiar a gestão econômica de agroindústrias familiares de pequeno porte. / The worldwide increase in food consumption has required synergy from the agricultural sector and ever more the agro industrial segment needs to improve its productive and managements systems to meet the demand. For this, the agro industrialization directly in the field, on small farms has been pointed as a solution to this complex agrifood system. However, the unpreparedness of rural men along with the increased rural exodus, contributes to the low sustentability these rural enterprises. This work aims to serve the small familiar agro industrial segment through a systematic to support the economic management. The proposal includes to organize the present information, to realize the cost of production, the structuring the cash flow , to analyze the economic and financial feasibility, and to establish performance indicators related to this activity. For this, used structured spreadsheets with Excel software support where the farmer registers and analyzes all his financial. The work included a field survey along the small agro industrial segment as well as technical assistant professionals aimed the preliminary structuring of the systematic proposal. Further, there was the pre-validation of the systematic proposal with economic management professionals directly related to the family farming. Finally, there was the partial validation of the proposed systematic along one of the agro industrial enterprises that participated of the field survey. The main results were a better organization of the business and financial transitions, as well as, the cost of production, that allowed the collection of performance indicators. It was also found that the success chances of the enterprise tend to increase because of the cash flow map, that the systematic provides, once that the technical assistance may help the enterprise in respect of indebtedness because of investment without the expected return. After the partial validation, it was structured the final systematic to support the economic management of small familiar agro industries.

A intensificação concorrencial decorrente do processo de globalização e da internacionalização dos mercados tem provocado profundas mudanças no agronegócio brasileiro, e as agroindústrias rurais (AR) estão sendo vistas como uma possibilidade estratégica para os pequenos e médios produtores rurais. Diversos são, entretanto, os fatores críticos ao sucesso desses empreendimentos como, também, diversos são os formatos organizacionais deles. O presente estudo, tendo por objetivo conhecer a realidade dessas ARs na ótica econômica, institucional e social durante o processo de comercialização de seus produtos, busca quantificar a influência destes fatores em promover a inserção delas no mercado, bem como verificar se essa influência ocorre de forma diferenciada para os tipos de ARs existentes na realidade. Como base teórica, utilizou-se da Teoria Econômica Neoclássica e da Teoria da Organização Industrial para abstrair os fatores da dimensão econômica. A fim de identificar os fatores da dimensão institucional, recorreu-se à Nova Economia Institucional, e a Sociologia Econômica serviu de suporte para a obtenção dos fatores sociais que influenciam na inserção das ARs no mercado. A Teoria das Convenções foi utilizada para auxiliar na interpretação dos resultados. O universo da pesquisa abrange as agroindústrias rurais de pequeno e médio portes, e a amostra foi composta por 40 agroindústrias de duas microrregiões geográficas do estado de Santa Catarina. Para a coleta de dados foi realizada uma entrevista estruturada com os dirigentes dessas agroindústrias. Na análise dos resultados, através de um modelo de regressão, buscou-se quantificar a influência de cada dimensão, e os achados mostraram que as dimensões econômica e institucional têm influências semelhantes para a inserção das ARs no mercado, e são, aproximadamente, duas vezes mais influentes que a dimensão social, quando se consideram todas as ARs da amostra. Quando se estratifica a amostra por tipos de ARs, percebe-se que há diferentes influências das dimensões do estudo para os diferentes tipos de ARs. / The intensification of competition resulting from the process of globalization and internationalization of markets has brought profound changes in Brazilian agribusiness and the rural agro-industries (RA) are being seen as a strategic option for small and medium farmers. Several, however, are the critical factors to the success of these undertakings as are also their organizational formats. The present study, aiming to know the reality of RAs in the economic, institutional and social perspective during the process of commercialization of its products, seeks to quantify the influence of these factors in promoting their inclusion in the market as well as verifying whether this influence occurs differently to each the type of RAs that exist in reality. As a theoretical basis, we used the Neoclassical Economic Theory and the Theory of Industrial Organization to abstract the economic dimension factors. In order to identify the factors of the institutional dimension we resorted to the New Institutional Economics and the Economic Sociology was used as a support for the attainment of social factors that influence the insertion of RAs in the market. The Theory of the Conventions was used to assist in interpreting the results. The research covers the small and medium size rural agro-industries, and the sample was comprised of 40 agro-industries from two geographical microregions in the state of Santa Catarina. To collect the data a structured interview was conducted with the leaders of these agro-industries. While analyzing the results through a regression model, we attempted to quantify the influence of each dimension and the findings showed that the economic and institutional dimensions have similar influences to the insertion of RAs in the market and are approximately twice more influential than the social dimension, when you consider all the RAs of the sample. When the sample is stratified by types of RAs, one realizes that there are different influences of the dimensions of the study for different types of RAs.

Smallholder pig farming is an important livestock activity in Mpumalanga. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether variation in agro-ecological climatic conditions differently impacts on the small-scale pig production systems in Mpumalanga province and to identify factors that influence production positively or negatively in the various agro-ecological zones. The study was conducted in Mpumalanga province of South Africa in three agro-ecological zones namely the highveld, the lowveld and the midveld. The study followed mixed methods approach, using qualitative and quantitative data. In total, 220 randomly selected smallholder pig farmers were interviewed face to face using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Data was entered into Microsoft Excel2007® spreadsheet, filtered and analysed using Stata v9 (Statacorp., Texas, USA) and Microsoft Excel2007® for frequency, herd-related variables; in addition, some hypothesis were tested using appropriate analytical methods (descriptive and correlation analyses). Associations between agricultural training, government assistance (material or financial) and thirteen herd and farmer-related variables were analysed using multivariable logistic regression model. A pairwise correlation was used where necessary and outputs were generated to associate certain variables and preferred methods including markets, market determinants, treatment methods for sick pigs, feed preference, body conditions of the sows and age at weaning. To integrate economic analyses, a partial budgeting combined with other turn on investment (ROI) model has developed in Microsoft Excel 2007® spreadsheet. The outcomes from the field data obtained including details from published materials were utilized to develop and validate the model. Economic feasibility and viability of a 10-sow unit were tested for a three-year farm operation. The results indicated that smallholder pig farming was predominated by males (64%), age group 51 years and above (54%), black Africans (98.6%) and approximately three-quarters of the smallholder farmers were classified as being poor to just below average. The majority (80%) of respondents had no prior pig husbandry training while few had (33%) received assistance from Department of Agriculture. In terms of stock, mixed breeds (89%) from exotic pigs were mostly kept and the majority (87%) of the farmers kept between 1 – 10 ws in their herds. Many farmers (75%) engaged in bio-security risky behaviour of buying auctioned-sourced boars, free-range boars and untested boars from neighbours and relatives. Few (17%) farmers practiced vaccination and only (10%) kept records of the pigs. The majority of the responses on pre-weaning mortality (50%) and post-weaning mortality (90%) were within acceptable range of 1-10% and 1-5% mortality rates respectively. The lead causes of mortality were weak piglets and crushing (46%), diarrhea (27%), poor management knowledge (19%) and malnutrition (16%). Fifty-eight percent farrowed ≤10 piglets/born/sow/litter, 44.2% practiced no weaning method, many fed leftovers alone (41.6%), 47% was using self-medication and 41% of the sows were in poor body conditions. It was also discovered that only 27% sold the porkers in less than 6 months of age and local slaughter/sold live (64.4%) was the most preferred market source. A pair-wise correlation showed links that between the feeding of commercial feeds and pigs in relatively good to very good body conditions. Poor body conditioned pigs were positively correlated with the feeding of swill alone. The economic models for a 10-sow unit proved that pig farming at that scale is unprofitable by feeding commercial feed. However, only through a combination of cooperative systems, benefits of economic of scale, reduction of pre-weaning mortalities, and structured government inputs can improve pig production profitable at this scale of production. In addition, agricultural training and government incentives will facilitate improved productivity in smallholder pig farms within the province / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Cette thèse fait partie du projet " Bioclay ", s'inscrivant dans une démarche de développement durable visant à obtenir un matériau aux performances énergétiques les plus optimales tout en employant un procédé de fabrication le plus respectueux de l'environnement. L'idée principale de ce projet est d'alléger la brique grâce à des porogènes (matière végétale) de telle sorte que nous obtenions un optimum entre ses propriétés thermiques et mécaniques. De plus, le produit doit répondre aux spécifications de la norme NF EN 771 concernant les éléments en maçonnerie. A l'échelle du bâtiment et suivant la réglementation thermique RT2012, le produit devra contribuer à la baisse de la demande en énergie fixée actuellement à 50 kWhEP/m²/an. Le but de ce travail est, in fine de prévoir le comportement de briques biosourcées tant en termes hygrothermique que mécanique afin d'optimiser les formulations de compositions. Pour cela il est nécessaire de mettre en œuvre des modèles de comportements hygrothermiques et mécaniques. La démarche adoptée a été de réaliser dans un premier temps des éprouvettes type " laboratoire " à base de matière première identique aux briques industrielles du marché. Tous les paramètres nécessaires aux diverses modélisations ont été déterminé sur les matériaux de référence. Le modèle hygrothermique a été validé par comparaison du comportement numérique et expérimental de la brique de référence, il en a été de même pour la validation du modèle mécanique. La caractérisation physique et mécanique de toutes les formulations a été mise en œuvre en termes de nature des produits utilisés pour l'incorporation dans la matrice argileuse (biosourçage), mais aussi de ses proportions, de la quantité de sable et de la quantité d'eau pour la mise en forme. Ces éléments ont permis de prévoir aussi bien les résistances thermiques que mécaniques de la brique commerciale choisie dans ce travail. Finalement, des itérations autour de la conductivité thermique du tesson (phase solide) et de la géométrie de la brique ont pu donner un aperçu de l'impact des formulations du projet Bioclay sur la résistance thermique et le poids des briques. L'industriel disposera ainsi de champs de variations des différents paramètres qui présentent une pertinence performantielle. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence les domaines dans lesquels il est possible d'optimiser les performances thermiques et mécaniques qui ne varient pas dans le même sens lors du biosourçage. La validation des prévisions numériques a été concluante suite à la comparaison des résultats issus de la modélisation avec un produit biosourcé obtenu sur la chaîne pilote de l'industriel. / This thesis is part of a collaborative project named " Bioclay ". The aim of this work is to develop new materials and products that are high performance while being fabricated by the most ecofriendly manufacturing process. The scope of " Bioclay " is to develop a high-performance fired clay brick through the incorporation of agricultural by-products. The development of innovative building materials has to comply with the legislations and requirements in "RT2012" concerning environmental impacts by reducing the energy consumption to 50 kWhEP/m²/year through the building component. The goal of this project is to predict the hygrothermal and mechanical behavior of bio-based fired clay bricks by means of numerical simulations involving models corresponding to our materials. First of all, fired clay specimens are made at the laboratory scale, through the same process used for industrial bricks, and tested at various parameters in order to develop hygrothermal and mechanical numerical models based on the results. Furthermore, a battery of tests and experimental iterations (e.g., nature and grain size of agricultural by-products, water and sand quantity...) were carried out on bio-based samples to predict thermal and mechanical resistances of the new commercial bricks. Additionally, numerous simulations were conducted with varying thermal conductivity of solid phase and bricks geometries to provide large application ranges while highlighting the effects of " Bioclay " formulations. Moreover, this work has provided several physical and geometrical configurations for the end product, allowing the manufacturer to choose the most appropriate response for their design requirements.

La construction est l'un des secteurs de l'industrie les plus polluants. C'est la raison pour laquelle développer l'usage de matériaux de construction durables est un intérêt majeur. La terre crue est de plus en plus étudiée en tant que matériau de construction pour son faible impact environnemental, son abondance ou ses capacités à réguler l'humidité intérieure, améliorant ainsi le confort de l'occupant. Pour optimiser certaines de ses performances, des fibres ou granulats végétaux sont incorporés à la terre depuis des millénaires. Toutefois, les études scientifiques n'ont débuté qu'il y a une trentaine d'années, laissant une marge importante de compréhension du matériau. Actuellement, l'ajout de matière végétale peut s'effectuer par le biais de la valorisation d'agroressources, qui permet par ailleurs de piéger du dioxyde de carbone au sein des briques. Cette thèse, qui s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet Bioterra financé par l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), a pour objectif de contribuer au développement d'un matériau à base de terre crue et de granulats végétaux, pour une utilisation sous forme de briques. Après une caractérisation approfondie de différentes ressources végétales (paille d'orge, chènevotte et rafle de maïs), une approche comparative des propriétés d'usage et de la durabilité des matériaux composites est réalisée. Une étude sur la disponibilité des bio-ressources en France a montré que les coproduits de l'agriculture utilisés dans ce travail de recherche sont disponibles en quantités importantes, bien que leur utilisation pour l'alimentation humaine ou animale soit prioritaire. Les résultats des essais expérimentaux ont montré que les résistances mécaniques sont diminuées avec l'ajout de végétaux, mais que la ductilité est améliorée. La paille, grâce à sa forme allongée, donne toutefois de meilleurs résultats que les autres agroressources. En ce qui concerne les propriétés hygrothermiques, la conductivité thermique est améliorée et la capacité de sorption de vapeur est légèrement augmentée. Toutefois, la terre seule étant très perméable à l'eau, l'ajout de particules végétales n'a pas d'effet bénéfique sur la perméabilité apparente des composites à la vapeur d'eau. Finalement, les granulats végétaux améliorent certains critères de durabilité comme la résistance à l'impact ou l'érosion à l'eau, mais limitent la résistance à l'abrasion. Vis-à-vis de la résistance au feu, les bio-composites, bien que contenant une quantité importante de matière ligno-cellulosique, sont toujours incombustibles. Ils sont toutefois transformés avec la cuisson de la terre et la consumation des végétaux. Enfin, l'étude de la prolifération de micro-organismes a abouti à la mise en place d'une méthodologie expérimentale. L'incorporation de paille semble faciliter l'apparition de moisissures par rapport à la terre seule. Néanmoins, la prolifération apparaît uniquement dans des conditions optimales de 30°C et 93% d'humidité relative après inoculation de souche d'Aspergillus brasiliensis. L'addition de différentes ressources végétales dans une matrice de terre améliorera donc certaines propriétés d'usage mais en dégradera d'autres. La formulation du matériau composite (nature et dosage en granulats végétaux notamment) sera donc conditionnée par sa destination dans le bâtiment. Un compromis devra être trouvé entre les différentes propriétés. / Construction is one of the most polluting sectors of industry, and this is why developing sustainable building materials is of world-wide interest. Earth is being increasingly studied as a building material because of its low environmental impact and its abilities to regulate indoor moisture and to improve the building occupants' comfort. Plant aggregates and fibers have been incorporated into the earth matrix for thousands of years to enhance its performance, but scientific studies began quite recently. Nowadays, the addition of renewable resources can be achieved with agricultural by-products, thus allowing carbon dioxide to be captured. As part of the Bioterra project funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR), this thesis has the objective of contributing to the development of earth-based materials containing plant aggregates that can be used in bricks. After an extensive characterization of the different plant resources, namely barley straw, hemp shiv and corn cob, a comparative study of the use and durability properties of the composite materials is made. A survey of the production and use of bio-resources in France showed good availability of the resources studied in the present research, although they are primarily used as human food and animal litter. In the experimental tests, a decrease of the mechanical strength was observed with the addition of plant aggregates. However, the ductility of the bio-composites increased. Thanks to its elongated shape, straw is the plant aggregate that gives the best results. Concerning hygrothermal properties, thermal conductivity is reduced and the vapor sorption capacity is slightly increased. Nevertheless, earth alone is very permeable. The addition of plant aggregates thus brings no benefit concerning the apparent water vapor permeability. Finally, plant aggregates improve some durability criteria, such as impact or erosion resistance, but limit abrasion resistance. With regard to fire, bio-composites are still not combustible, even if they contain a significant quantity of lignocellulosic matter. They are, however, transformed with firing, when the earth is fired and the plant material smolder. Lastly, the study on microbial growth contributed to the development of an experimental methodology. The incorporation of straw seems to facilitate mold growth in comparison with earth alone. However, proliferation appears only in the worst conditions: for material subjected to a temperature of 30°C and a relative humidity of 93%, after inoculation with Aspergillus brasiliensis strain. To summarize, the addition of different plant aggregates in an earth matrix improves some properties but deteriorates others. The formulation of a composite material (particularly the nature and the content of the plant aggregate) will thus depend on its intended use in the building. Therefore, a compromise has to be found among the different properties.

Diversos foram os motivos que historicamente conduziram os agricultores, independente de seu perfil socioeconômico, a desenvolver estratégias coletivas de defesa de seus interesses. No âmbito do sistema agroindustrial leiteiro do RS, as federações de sindicatos rurais e de trabalhadores rurais, apesar de dividirem esse papel com outras formas de organização dos agricultores com caráter mais específico, têm se mantido como interlocutoras e representantes privilegiadas dos interesses das categorias representadas em distintos fóruns públicos e privados. Nesse contexto, estabeleceu-se como objetivo geral deste trabalho identificar e analisar as ações, proposições e reivindicações desencadeadas e formuladas pela Federação dos Trabalhadores na Agricultura no Rio Grande do Sul e Federação da Agricultura do Rio Grande do Sul, a partir das mudanças no sistema agroindustrial leiteiro, no período 1995-2010. A pesquisa que fundamentou tal propósito envolveu as técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, pesquisa eletrônica, observação e entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através da técnica de análise de conteúdo. A bibliografia consultada diz respeito a cinco grandes temas que se inter-relacionam e complementam: representação sindical no rural, sistema agroindustrial leiteiro, sistema agroalimentar, políticas públicas e neocorporativismo. Evidenciou-se que as tendências de mudança do sistema agroindustrial leiteiro dizem respeito aos seus diversos elementos integrantes e múltiplas dimensões que lhe são inerentes. A natureza dos processos de mudança é igualmente diversa, abrangendo questões de ordem técnica, organizacional, social, institucional e econômica. As federações sindicais rurais elaboraram reivindicações e proposições, no período 1995-2010, que buscaram influenciar três conjuntos principais de mudanças: a) as relacionadas ao sistema de formação de preços ao produtor de leite; b) as relacionadas aos aspectos sanitários da produção; c) as políticas públicas com impactos no sistema agroindustrial leiteiro. Várias ações foram desencadeadas no intuito de viabilizar as proposições e reivindicações formuladas, direcionadas majoritariamente para as instâncias de decisão do Estado. Diversas mudanças vêm ocorrendo sem nenhum tipo de ação efetiva por parte das federações sindicais, cuja atuação tem sido marcada por convergências e divergências. / There were several reasons that historically conducted farmers, independently on their social-economic profile, to develop collective strategies for defending their interests. In the scope of the dairy agro-industrial system in RS, rural union federations and rural workers, despite of dividing this role with other forms of farmers’ organizations with a more specific feature, have remained as interlocutors and privileged representatives of interests of the categories represented in distinct public and private forums. In this context, the general goal of this research has been identifying and analyzing actions, propositions and claims triggered and formulated by the Federation of Agricultural Workers in Rio Grande do Sul and Federation of Agriculture in Rio Grande do Sul, derived from adjustments in the dairy agro-industrial system, from 1995 to 2010. In addition, the research that has based such objective involved technical bibliographic, documentary and electronic search, observation and a semi-structured interview. Data obtained were analyzed through the technique of content analysis, and the consulted bibliography regards five major themes that have been interrelated and have complemented: the rural union representation, dairy agro-industrial and agro-food system, public policies and neo-corporatism. Moreover, the changing trends in the dairy agro-industrial system were evidenced regarding their several integrant elements and multiple dimensions which are inherent to them, and the nature of adjustment processes has been equally diverse, approaching technical, organizational, social, institutional and economic issues. Furthermore, rural union federations elaborated claims and propositions, from 1995 to 2010, which aimed to influence three main groups of adjustments: a) the ones related to the pricing system towards the dairy producer; b) the ones related to the sanitary aspects of the production; c) public policies with impacts in the dairy agro-industrial system. Therefore, several actions were initiated with the means of enabling formulated propositions and claims, majorly directed to instances of State decisions, as well as several adjustments have been occurring without any type of effective action by union federations, whose action has been marked by convergences and divergences.

Xilooligossacarídeos (XOS) são produzidos a partir materiais lignocelulósicos contendo xilanos através de métodos químicos, hidrólise enzimática direta de um substrato susceptível à ação de xilanases e outras enzimas líticas, ou uma combinação de tratamentos químicos e enzimáticos. Os XOS são reconhecidos por trazerem benefício a saúde e são considerados ingredientes prebióticos. A utilização de resíduos agro-industriais produzidos no Rio Grande do Sul, tais como a casca de arroz, a casca de soja e o extrato de malte proveniente de cervejarias tornam-se substratos com grande potencial para a produção da enzima xilanase, principalmente em cultivo em estado sólido. Neste trabalho, foram analisados o potencial de diversos fungos selvagens e de um fungo recombinante na produção da enzima xilanase e outras enzimas importantes para a hidrólise de biomassa lignocelulósica, e a aplicação destes microrganismos para a produção de XOS em cultivos em estado sólido. Através de uma seleção de fungos foi possível definir o Aspergillus brasiliensis BLf1 como maior produtor de xilanase em cultivo sobre casca de arroz, obtendo atividade de 120,5 U.g-1 substrato. Nesta seleção foram analisadas também as enzimas celulase, β-glicosidase e β-xilosidase Um planejamento experimental fracionário 2(5-1) deste fungo selecionado e do fungo recombinante Aspergillus nidulans XynC A773 determinaram variáveis que influenciam a produção da enzima xilanase, chegando a uma atividade máxima de 230,7 U.g-1 para A. brasiliensis BLf1 e 187,9 U.g-1 para A. nidulans XynC A773. Posteriormente, estas preparações enzimáticas foram aplicadas à casca de arroz para hidrolisar sua estrutura hemicelulósica polimérica e obter xilolossacarídeos (37,25 mg de XOS.g-1 de substrato e 75,92 mg de XOS.g-1 de substrato, respectivamente). Por fim, foi avaliado o potencial prebiótico de XOS obtidos. Os resultados deste estudo revelaram o crescimento de L. plantarum BL011 e B. lactis BB-12 em XOS, com um aumento de massa celular seca de até 1,7 g.L-1 em 120h. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que é possível a obtenção de XOS a partir de resíduos abundantes no Estado e que os mesmos possuem potencial para serem utilizados como prebióticos, podendo, portanto, ser usados em aplicações relacionadas aos alimentos funcionais. / Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are produced from lignocellulosic materials containing xylan by chemical methods, direct enzymatic hydrolysis of susceptible substrates using xylanases and other lytic enzymes, or a combination of chemical and enzymatic treatments. XOS are recognized for bringing benefit to health of the host and are considered prebiotic ingredients. The use of lignocellulosic residues produced in Rio Grande do Sul, such as rice husk, soybean hulls, and spent malt from brewery hold potential for the production of xylanase enzyme, especially under solid-state cultivation. In this work, several wild strains of fungi and one recombinant strain were tested for their potential of producing xylanase and their application in solid-state cultivation to obtain XOS. It was possible to define the Aspergillus brasiliensis BLf1 as the best producer of xylanase on rice husk, obtaining an activity of 120.5 U.g-1. Other important lytic enzymes were also analyzed: cellulase, β-glucosidase, and β-xylosidase The statistical experiment fractional factorial design 2(5-1) of cultures of this fungus and of the recombinant strain Aspergillus nidulans XynC A773 defined the variables that influenced the production of xylanase, showing maximal activities of 230.7 U.g-1 for A. brasiliensis BLf1 and 187.9 U.g-1 for A. nidulans XynC A773. Subsequently, these enzymatic preparations were applied to rice husk to hydrolyse its polymeric hemicellulosic structure and obtain xylooligosaccharides (37.25 mg XOS.g-1 substrate and 75.92 mg XOS.g-1 substrate, respectively). Finally, the prebiotic potential of XOS was evaluated by using them to grow L. plantarum BL011 and B. lactis BB-12, showing an increase in the dry cell mass of 1.7 g.L-1 at 120 hours. The results obtained in this research suggest that it is possible to obtain XOS from agro industrial residues of local production and they have the potential to be used as prebiotics, and could be used in food related applications.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borges_re_dr_rcla.pdf: 1920092 bytes, checksum: 6762dbea3f3647fd578fd77a2363e9fb (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho é fundamentado em pesquisa que teve como objetivo central compreender o processo, as transformações e os impactos/efeitos socioespaciais derivados da instalação do complexo agroindustrial da Perdigão S/A, no município de Rio Verde (Sudoeste de Goiás). Utilizamos como procedimentos metodológicos: pesquisas bibliográfica, documental e de campo; entrevistas junto a Perdigão e empresas, indústrias, instituições financeiras e de ensino, e produtores integrados. A Perdigão, a partir da década de 1990, expandiu o seu território de atuação para fora da região Sul, instalando uma nova unidade no Sudoeste de Goiás (Rio Verde). A agroindústria foi atraída, sobretudo, pelos incentivos fiscais e financeiros oferecidos pelos governos federal, estadual e municipal, e pelas vantagens do território (produção de grãos, vantagens ambientais para uso de dejetos, etc). A implantação do complexo da Perdigão desencadeou impactos sociais (fortalecimento da cultura do trabalho industrial, surgimento de associações de produtores, etc), e transformações/efeitos no espaço urbano de Rio Verde e no espaço agrário regional (novos bairros, novas indústrias, incremento do comércio e dos serviços locais, geração de milhares de postos de trabalho, aumento do rebanho de aves e suínos, um novo sistema de integração, consolidação do CAI de carnes, etc). A instalação da Perdigão trouxe uma nova onda de agroindustrialização, através da consolidação do CAI de carnes, transformando as realidades espaciais local e regional. / This academic work is based on research with the central objective to understand the process and the sociospatial transformations/impacts derived from the implantation of the agro-industrial complex of Perdigão S/A, in Rio Verde district (South-West of Goiás-Brazil). We have used as methodological proceedures: bibliographical and documental researches, field investigation; interview of Perdigão and other companies, industries, financial and educational institutions, and integrated producers. Perdigão, since the decade of 1990, has expanded its business activity to outside South region, installing one new unity in South-West of Goiás (Rio Verde). Agro-industry was attracted by fiscal and financial incentives given by the federal, state and city governments, and by territory advantages (grain prodution, environmental advantages of the use of excrements, etc). The establishment of the Perdigão complex enabled social impacts (the solidification of the industrial work culture, the creation of producers' associations, etc) and effects in Rio Verde's urban area and in the regional countryside (new neighborhoods, new industries, local business and services improvement, opening of many job positions, increase of chicken and pig herds, one new integration system, consolidation of meat agribusiness, etc). Perdigão's installation brought a new agro-industrial fad through consolidation of the meat agribusiness, changing the local and regional spatial reality.

O crescente aumento no consumo mundial de alimentos tem exigido do setor agrícola um maior grau de sinergia, e cada vez mais o segmento agroindustrial necessita aperfeiçoar seus sistemas produtivos e de gestão para atender à demanda crescente. Para isso, a agroindustrialização diretamente no campo em pequenas propriedades vem sendo apontada como uma das soluções para esse complexo sistema agroalimentar. Porém, o despreparo do homem do campo, aliado ao aumento do êxodo rural, contribui para a baixa sustentabilidade destas empresas rurais. O presente trabalho visa atender o segmento agroindustrial familiar de pequeno porte através da proposta de uma sistemática para apoiar a gestão econômico-financeira de suas propriedades. A proposta compreende organizar as informações presentes, realizar o custeio da produção, a estruturação do fluxo de caixa, analisar a viabilidade econômico-financeira, bem como estabelecer indicadores de desempenho relacionados a essa atividade. Para isso, utilizaram-se planilhas estruturadas com apoio do software Excel, onde o agricultor registra e analisa toda sua movimentação financeira. O trabalho contou com uma pesquisa de campo junto ao segmento agroindustrial de pequeno porte, bem como a profissionais de assistência técnica visando à estruturação preliminar da sistemática proposta. Na sequência, houve a pré-validação da sistemática proposta com profissionais da área de Gestão Econômica diretamente ligados à agricultura familiar. Por fim, realizou-se a validação parcial da sistemática proposta junto a um dos empreendimentos agroindustriais que participaram da pesquisa de campo. Os principais resultados foram uma melhor organização do empreendimento e movimentação financeira, bem como o custeio da produção que permitiu o levantamento de indicadores de desempenho. Verificou-se também, que as chances de sucesso do empreendimento tendem a aumentar devido ao mapa de fluxo de caixa que a sistemática oferece, visto que a assistência técnica poderá auxiliar o empreendimento no tocante a endividamentos por conta de investimentos sem a previsão de retorno. Após a validação parcial, estruturou-se a sistemática final para apoiar a gestão econômica de agroindústrias familiares de pequeno porte. / The worldwide increase in food consumption has required synergy from the agricultural sector and ever more the agro industrial segment needs to improve its productive and managements systems to meet the demand. For this, the agro industrialization directly in the field, on small farms has been pointed as a solution to this complex agrifood system. However, the unpreparedness of rural men along with the increased rural exodus, contributes to the low sustentability these rural enterprises. This work aims to serve the small familiar agro industrial segment through a systematic to support the economic management. The proposal includes to organize the present information, to realize the cost of production, the structuring the cash flow , to analyze the economic and financial feasibility, and to establish performance indicators related to this activity. For this, used structured spreadsheets with Excel software support where the farmer registers and analyzes all his financial. The work included a field survey along the small agro industrial segment as well as technical assistant professionals aimed the preliminary structuring of the systematic proposal. Further, there was the pre-validation of the systematic proposal with economic management professionals directly related to the family farming. Finally, there was the partial validation of the proposed systematic along one of the agro industrial enterprises that participated of the field survey. The main results were a better organization of the business and financial transitions, as well as, the cost of production, that allowed the collection of performance indicators. It was also found that the success chances of the enterprise tend to increase because of the cash flow map, that the systematic provides, once that the technical assistance may help the enterprise in respect of indebtedness because of investment without the expected return. After the partial validation, it was structured the final systematic to support the economic management of small familiar agro industries.