Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-05-12T13:56:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruna de Oliveira Tavares - 2014.pdf: 1252047 bytes, checksum: 5ac42551628afe8edb2fb4003ca5ed29 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-05-12T13:58:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruna de Oliveira Tavares - 2014.pdf: 1252047 bytes, checksum: 5ac42551628afe8edb2fb4003ca5ed29 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-12T13:58:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruna de Oliveira Tavares - 2014.pdf: 1252047 bytes, checksum: 5ac42551628afe8edb2fb4003ca5ed29 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Cookie is a product consumed internationally for all social classes, obtained by mixing flour(s), starch(s) with other ingredients, undergo the process of kneading and cooking, fermented or not. The present study aimed to use of co-products from rice and soybeans, the cookies donut type production for celiac patients, also adding more value commodities (rice bran, grits and okara) that in most industries are discarded. First, we performed experiments with mixtures (Simplex) and evaluated physical and chemical analysis of the experimental and commercial biscuit, biscuit being chosen for the sensory analysis that came closest commercial biscuit. Upon sensory evaluation, only one formulation was evaluated for 10 months during the storage test. The results showed that the biscuit developed with okara and rice bran showed no significant difference (p> 0.05), with the commercial biscuit, as to the questions of appearance, color, flavor and aroma; the moisture, ash, lipids and energy value of both biscuits, were significantly influenced by the factors type interactions of biscuit and storage time (p <0.05), whereas protein and carbohydrates suffered influence, significantly, only the time factor alone (p <0.05); in relation to protein digestibility, there was a significant difference (p <0.05) between the two product reviews (experimental Cookie - 71.64% and commercial biscuit - 73.24%), which does not mean that the cookie does not have good experimental in vitro digestibility. Therefore, the experimental cookie, using the co-products of rice and soybean was feasible from a technological and nutritional standpoint, being a product that caters to the public in patients with celiac disease. / O biscoito é um produto consumido, internacionalmente, por todas as classes sociais, obtido pela mistura de farinha(s), amido(s) e/ou fécula(s), com outros ingredientes, submetidos a processos de amassamento e cocção, fermentados ou não. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, o aproveitamento dos co-produtos do arroz e da soja, na elaboração de biscoitos tipo rosquinha para pacientes celíacos, agregando, também, maior valor as matérias primas (farelo de arroz, quirera e okara) que, na maioria das indústrias, são descartadas. Primeiramente, foi realizado delineamento de misturas (Simplex) e avaliadas análises físicas e químicas do biscoito experimental e comercial, sendo o biscoito escolhido para a análise sensorial os que mais se aproximaram do biscoito comercial. Após análise sensorial, apenas uma formulação foi avaliada, durante 10 meses, no decorrer do ensaio de armazenamento. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o biscoito desenvolvido com okara e farelo de arroz não mostraram diferença significativa (p>0,05), com o biscoito comercial, quanto aos quesitos aparência, cor, sabor e aroma; os teores de umidade, cinzas, lipídeos e valor energético, de ambos os biscoitos, foram influenciados, significativamente, pelas interações dos fatores tipo de biscoito e tempo de armazenamento (p < 0,05), enquanto que o teor de proteínas e carboidratos sofreu influência, significativa, somente do fator isolado tempo (p < 0,05); em relação a digestibilidade protéica, houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os dois produtos avaliados (biscoito experimental – 71,64% e biscoito comercial – 73,24%), o que não significa que o biscoito experimental não possua boa digestibilidade in vitro. Portanto, o biscoito experimental, utilizando os co-produtos do arroz e da soja, foi viável do ponto de vista tecnológico e nutricional, sendo um produto que atende ao público de portadores de doença celíaca.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-08-17T13:59:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Gelson Dias Florentino.pdf: 15288561 bytes, checksum: b82110667de8ac525a5aa95ffba7aa4c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-18T18:02:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Gelson Dias Florentino.pdf: 15288561 bytes, checksum: b82110667de8ac525a5aa95ffba7aa4c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-18T18:07:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Gelson Dias Florentino.pdf: 15288561 bytes, checksum: b82110667de8ac525a5aa95ffba7aa4c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-18T18:07:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Gelson Dias Florentino.pdf: 15288561 bytes, checksum: b82110667de8ac525a5aa95ffba7aa4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-10 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to analyze the current socioeconomic situation of the extraction and trade of fish in the middle Juruá, Amazonas state, based on the method of the single case study and explanatory, proposed by Yin (2010) and Martins (2008). To reach this objective, the research analyzes the main aspects related to the fishing activity in the region, the socioeconomic profile of fishermen and traders in the industry, the organization of fish trade in the locality and partnerships inherent in the phenomenon. During the development work, mingled qualitative and quantitative aspects, with allowance interviews and questionnaires directly to the fishermen and the local business sector, in order to facilitate the planning of field work and avoid irrelevant information to the study. The study was restricted to the municipality of Carauari region of the middle Juruá and methodological parameter was a combination of theoretical explanatory associated with the case study. The study had the participation of 88 fishermen living in the city of Carauari and are constantly involved with the extraction and trade of fish in the locality. As a final result of the study, we observed that fishing in the region is done with great intensity, in small and mediumsized vessels, allowing an over-exploitation of some species of high commercialvalue. It was noted also that a good part of the fishermen still use inappropriate methods and prohibited to catch fish, especially the trawl, contributing greatly to a possible scarcity of certain species of fish in the region. The study confirms, also, to a more regionally specific, involving the particular fish trade in the region of the Middle Jurua, and offers several contributions to the strengthening of the fishing activities of the State of Amazonas. / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a atual situação socioeconômica do extrativismo e comércio de pescado no médio rio Juruá, Estado do Amazonas, com base no método do estudo de caso único e explanatório, proposto por YIN (2010) e MARTINS (2008). Para o alcance deste objetivo, a pesquisa analisou os principais aspectos relacionados à atividade pesqueira na região, o perfil socioeconômico dos pescadores e comerciantes do setor, a organização do comércio de pescado na localidade e as parcerias inerentes ao fenômeno estudado. Durante o desenvolvimento do trabalho, mesclaram-se aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos, com subsídio de entrevistas e questionários aplicados diretamente aos pescadores e aos empresários do setor local, com intuito de facilitar o planejamento do trabalho de campo e evitar informações irrelevantes ao estudo. O estudo ficou restrito ao município de Carauari, região do médio rio Juruá e teve como parâmetro metodológico uma combinação explanatória de fundamentação teórica associada ao caso em estudo. O estudo contou com a participação de 88 pescadores residentes na cidade de Carauari e que estão permanentemente envolvidos com o extrativismo e comércio de pescado na localidade. Como resultado final do estudo, observou-se que a pesca na região é feita com grande intensidade, em pequenas e médias embarcações, possibilitando uma sobre-exploração de algumas espécies de alto valor comercial. Percebeu-se, também, que uma boa parte dos pescadores ainda utiliza métodos inadequados e proibidos para a captura do pescado, especialmente a rede de arrasto, contribuindo, sobremaneira, para uma possível escassez de determinadas espécies de peixes na região. O estudo corrobora, também, para uma visão mais específica e regionalizada das particularidades envolvendo o comércio de pescado na região do médio rio Juruá, e oferece diversas contribuições para o fortalecimento das atividades pesqueiras do Estado do Amazonas.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-08-17T15:47:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Alan Douglas Azevedo de Farias.pdf: 663089 bytes, checksum: 5a5f68c7a46bb12a56e94b259793dbd6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-18T19:32:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Alan Douglas Azevedo de Farias.pdf: 663089 bytes, checksum: 5a5f68c7a46bb12a56e94b259793dbd6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-18T19:36:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Alan Douglas Azevedo de Farias.pdf: 663089 bytes, checksum: 5a5f68c7a46bb12a56e94b259793dbd6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-18T19:36:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Alan Douglas Azevedo de Farias.pdf: 663089 bytes, checksum: 5a5f68c7a46bb12a56e94b259793dbd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-29 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Sur l’ influence de la concurrence croissante entre les entreprises, motivées par l'ouverture croissante de l'économie brésilienne dans les années 1990, de nombreux secteurs de l'économie ont dû être restructurées. Dans le contexte des changements dans la structure du marché de l’agro-industrie du lait, cette étude a pour but générale d’analyser l'état de l'agro-industrie de produits laitiers dans l'Etat d'Amazonas. Ainsi, visant surtout: a) à étudier les caractéristiques principales de la structure de l'industrie agroalimentaire, et son degré de concentration, b) d’identifier les stratégies dominantes pour la croissance des entreprises et c) d'étudier la performance économique à travers le comportement de la production, de revenus ou de profits. Le modèle a été basé sur le concept de l'agro-industrie et de la chaîne de production. La méthode d'analyse s’est appuyé sur le modèle Structure-Comportement-Performance, qui préconise que la structure du marché détermine le comportement (stratégie) des fournisseurs, ce qui, à son tour détermine la performance économique. Donc, nous avons utilisé des données primaires recueillies auprès des 11 établissements d’un échantillon de 47 établissements prévus, situés dans la ville de Manaus et dans les villages d’Autazes, Careiro da Várzea, Iranduba et Apuí. Les résultats ont montré que la structure du marché de l'agro-industrie en question, lors de l’enquête était oligopolisé et présentait une concentration «extrêmement élevé» ou «élevé», selon la référence adoptée dans ce travail. En ce qui concerne les stratégies de croissance, nous avons observé la diversification de la production pratiquée par les établissements "A", "C", "H" et "M", qui se trouvaient dans plus d'un secteur du marché du lait, et la différenciation des produits, pratiquée par 10 des établissements sondés, parmi lesquels nous avons identifiés: l'utilisation et la publicité de marque propre, la variété de l'emballage en ce qui concerne la taille, la couleur et la forme, contrôle de la qualité et de la fabrication de produits de la gastronomie régionale très diversifiés et modifiés, en particulier, pour la production de yaourt. Par rapport à la performance économique définie par le revenu annuel brut, l'étude a montré une augmentation de R$ 19,1 millions de Reais à R$ 23,8 millions pour la période 2005/2007, c’est à dire une croissance de 24,5%, ce qui pourrait avoir été plus importante si le gain des établissements "B" et "C", entre 2006 et 2007, n'avait pas diminué de 6% et 55%, respectivement. Finalement, même si l'agro-industrie laitière présentait une forte concentration dans sa structure de marché, cela ne serait pas suffisant pour garantir une bonne performance économique des établissements qui appartenaient à ce secteur de la chaîne de production de lait d’Amazonas. / Com o aumento da competição entre as empresas, ocasionado pela maior abertura da economia brasileira no início da década de 1990, muitos setores da economia foram reestruturados. No contexto das mudanças na estrutura de mercado do agronegócio do leite, este estudo teve como objetivo geral diagnosticar a situação da agroindústria processadora de leite e derivados no Estado do Amazonas. Portanto, especificamente buscou-se: a) estudar as características predominantes da estrutura desta agroindústria, além do grau de concentração; b) identificar as estratégias dominantes de crescimento dos estabelecimentos e; c) estudar o desempenho econômico por meio do comportamento da produção, do faturamento ou do lucro. O marco referencial assentou-se no conceito de agronegócio e cadeia produtiva. O método de análise pautou-se no Modelo de Estrutura-Conduta-Desempenho, o qual enfatiza que a estrutura de mercado determina a conduta (estratégia) dos agentes ofertantes, e esta determina o desempenho econômico. Para tanto, utilizou-se os dados primários coletados junto a 11 estabelecimentos pertencentes a uma amostra planejada de 47 estabelecimentos, os quais estão sediados na cidade de Manaus e nos municípios de Autazes, Careiro da Várzea, Iranduba e Apuí. Os resultados mostraram que a estrutura de mercado da agroindústria em questão, no momento da pesquisa, era oligopolizada apresentando concentração do tipo “extremamente alta” ou “alta”, segundo referência adotada neste trabalho. Quanto às estratégias de crescimento, constatou-se a adoção da diversificação da produção, praticada pelos estabelecimentos “A”, “C”, “H” e “M”, que atuavam em mais de um mercado do setor de laticínios; e a adoção da diferenciação do produto, praticada por 10 dos estabelecimentos entrevistados, dentre os quais se identificou: o uso e divulgação da marca própria; a diversificação das embalagens no tocante ao tamanho, cores e formato; o controle da qualidade; e a fabricação de produtos com sabores regionalizados, diversificados e modificados, principalmente no que se refere à produção de iogurtes. Em relação ao desempenho econômico medido pelo faturamento bruto anual, o estudo revelou aumento de R$ 19,1 milhões para R$ 23,8 milhões no período 2005/2007; ou seja, houve um crescimento de 24,5%, que poderia ter sido maior se o faturamento dos estabelecimentos “B” e “C”, entre 2006 e 2007, não tivesse diminuído 6% e 55%, respectivamente. Enfim, conclui-se que embora a agroindústria de laticínios em estudo apresentasse alta concentração em sua estrutura de mercado, isso não foi suficiente para garantir bom desempenho econômico aos estabelecimentos pertencentes a tal segmento da cadeia produtiva do leite no Amazonas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:56:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rosibel Rodrigues e Silva.pdf: 1959745 bytes, checksum: cd82124d0dd597bda5db9cdb85161962 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-04 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Through the river side communities traditional knowledge, it s possible to analyze the management, conservation, and maintenance of the ecosystem by those populations. This way, this work objects to characterize the non-timber etno-extraction in Santa Luzia do Buiuçuzinho, community located in the region of Coari, middle Solimões in the State of Amazonas, considering the relations of this activity with the environmental and economical aspects of the place. To achieve the goals of this research it was opted for the case study method, with application of forms, interviews and direct observation. The results allowed verifying that the work activities are made by the social agents known as agro-extractivist people whose term is in relation to the activity in the production system. The work organization in the extractive activity occurs in majority with the family labor, occurring in primary and secondary (capoeira) forests. The extraction is done by collecting, in other words, without the necessity to eliminate the plant, so, the quantity in the space determinates the exportation of new areas or the continuity of the activity in the same area of management. The extraction is done with domesticated plants, it is because the familiar production is based in a ecologic economy, according to the family basic necessities. These days there is the practicing of species planting in areas as farming yard, indigenous farming and secondary forests, avoiding slash and burn in extensions next to the exploitation areas. The products sail occurs in the community, and the production is sold in majority to marreteiros, and in minority to local people, neighbors and visitants. The sail of this products is done with payment in cash in the moment of the product delivery. The exploiting species are utilized in several uses as feed, handcraft, ornamental, wood to burn, and medicinal plant. The Brazil nut exploitation is the one wich represents more economic value, for its exploitation brings garantted return to local people who works in this activity. The transmission of etnoknowledge about the extration of non-timber forest products in the community is transmission orally through the generations (from father to son). / Através do conhecimento tradicional das comunidades ribeirinhas, é possível fazer uma análise voltada para o manejo, conservação e manutenção do ecossistema por essas populações. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar o etnoextrativismo nãomadeireiro em Santa Luzia do Buiuçuzinho, comunidade localizada no município de Coari, médio Solimões no Estado do Amazonas, considerando as relações desta atividade com os aspectos sócio-econômicos e ambientais do local. Para alcançar os objetivos da pesquisa optou-se pelo método estudo de caso, com aplicação de formulários, entrevistas, observações diretas. Os resultados permitiram verificar que as atividades de trabalho são realizadas pelos sujeitos sociais conhecidos como agroextrativistas cujo termo está relacionado à atividade no sistema de produção. A organização do trabalho na atividade extrativista ocorre em sua maioria com mão-de-obra familiar, ocorrendo em áreas de floresta primária e secundária (capoeira). A extração é realizada por coleta, ou seja, sem necessidade de eliminar a planta, assim, a quantidade de espécies no local determina a exploração de novas áreas ou a continuidade da atividade no mesmo local de manejo. A exploração é realizada com as plantas domesticadas na comunidade, isto porque, a produção familiar é baseada em uma economia ecológica, de acordo com as necessidades básicas da família. Atualmente existe a prática do plantio de espécies nas áreas de quintal, roças e capoeiras, evitando queimadas e derrubadas nas extensões próximas das áreas de extração. O comércio dos produtos ocorre na comunidade, sendo a produção vendida em grande parte aos marreteiros, e em pequena parte para os moradores, vizinhos e visitantes. A venda destes produtos é realizada com pagamento em dinheiro no momento da entrega do produto. As espécies exploradas são utilizadas para diversos usos como alimentação, artesanal, ornamental, lenha e planta medicinal. A extração da castanha é a que representa maior valor econômico, pois sua exploração traz retorno garantido para os residentes locais que trabalham nesta exploração. A transmissão do etnoconhecimento sobre a extração dos produtos florestais não-madeireiros na comunidade é repassado oralmente através das gerações (de pai para filho).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-13T12:17:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 agatha.pdf: 2569302 bytes, checksum: 4c5e044fb07ad5cf968c796fcb054eba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The valuation of vegetal residues proceeding from productive processes reveals an alternative of profits for generating companies of these materials. However, analysis how much to the income and efficiency it promotes a systemic vision of the performance for the agro-industrial residues. Stipe discarded in abates it of the adult palms is proceeding from productive processes of the agricultural activity, becoming the environmental liabilities. The 15 divided years and in three sections had been selected 15 individuals with average ages of 10 (apex, way and base), being removed of each section 50 cm and had suffered two longitudinal cuts with the aid from chainsaw, for withdrawal of the spongy material, with drying of in 103 greenhouse ± 2oC.I unfold it occurred at two moments (transformation in refilos and removes of the rind and vestige of the medullary portion), executed in the buzz saw, band saw and sander. They had been determined the income for the relation of the rude volume and unfolded volume and the efficiency for the relation enters the volume of samples sawed for one determined period or turn and the number of involved laborers. When dealing with the income of the experiment. The section of the way presented greater percentile income with 41,78%, and the samples of the base and the extras had presented percentages of 23,86% and 29,07% with 94,07% total. And 16,71 obtained efficiency was of 3,43 and m3/worker/bout. However, the viability of the use of the peripheral part of stipe the referring data to the income and efficiency of the experiment lead to the exploitation for development of new products and devices. / A valoração de resíduos vegetais provenientes de processos produtivos mostra-se uma alternativa de ganhos para empresas geradoras destes materiais. No entanto, análise quanto ao rendimento e eficiência promove uma visão sistêmica do desempenho para os resíduos agroindustriais. O estipe descartado no abate das palmáceas adultas é proveniente de processos produtivos da atividade agrícola, tornando os passiveis ambientais. Foram selecionados 15 indivíduos com idades médias de 10 a 15 anos e divididos em três secções (ápice, meio e base), sendo retirada de cada secção 50 cm e sofreram dois cortes longitudinais com o auxílio do motosserra, para retirada do material esponjoso, com secagem de em estufa 103 ± 2oC. O desdobro ocorreu em dois momentos (transformação em refilos e retira da casca e resquício da parte medular), executados na serra de fita, serra circular e lixadeira. Foram determinados o rendimento pela relação do volume bruto e volume desdobrado e a eficiência pela relação entre o volume de amostras serradas por um determinado período ou turno e o número de operários envolvidos. Ao tratarmos do rendimento do experimento. A secção do meio apresentou maior rendimento percentual com 41,78 %,e as amostras da base e as extras apresentaram percentuais de 23,86 % e 29,07% com total de 94,07%. E eficiência técnica conseguida foi de 3,43 e 16,71 m3/operário/turno. Contudo, a viabilidade do uso da parte periférica do estipe os dados referentes ao rendimento e eficiência do experimento conduzem ao aproveitamento para desenvolvimento de novos produtos e artefatos.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-03-22T15:28:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Aline Assis Cardoso - 2017.pdf: 1940482 bytes, checksum: 3695768a84ca8979835aa2b33886eeb1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T11:28:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Aline Assis Cardoso - 2017.pdf: 1940482 bytes, checksum: 3695768a84ca8979835aa2b33886eeb1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T11:28:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Aline Assis Cardoso - 2017.pdf: 1940482 bytes, checksum: 3695768a84ca8979835aa2b33886eeb1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The formation of seedlings destined to the implantation of forest stands for the production of wood and mixed stands for the purpose of environmental preservation and/or recovery of degraded areas is related to the level of efficiency of the substrates. Organomineral fertilizer is feasible for both small and medium-sized producers as well as for large producers and rural entrepreneurs. In addition to the financial benefit from reduced costs, and the physical and biological benefit of soil, with the highest input of nutrients and organic matter, organomineral fertilization also has an environmental advantage. This fertilizer is produced from organic waste as crop residues and by-products from the industry. The general objective is to produce granular organomineral fertilizers with the use of an accelerator biocatalyst in order to be used in the production of seedlings of forest species, being evaluated their physical, chemical and biological attributes, measuring the phytotechnical aspects and nutrient concentration in the plants of forest species. The conduction was carried out in conventional system (polyethylene tubes) in comparison to the biodegradable tubes. The experiment was carried out in Goianira, GO. The research was carried out in three stages, the first one being the preparation of the agroindustrial residues to compose the mixtures and to generate the organomineral fertilizer. For the composition of the organic compounds, four types of agroindustrial residues were used: sugar cane bagasse, sugar cane filter cake, ashes, vinasse and decomposing microorganisms (use of biocatalyst). The second stage was the production of granulated organomineral fertilizer. The organic compounds (types I and II) produced in the first stage were naturally dried with the use of solar radiation to reduce humidity by 10% and subsequently received mechanical treatment through grinding/milling to produce a granulometric fraction in Powder form. The third step was the production of Acacia mangium, Khaia ivorensis and Eucalyptus grandis seedlings in greenhouse, and the experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 7 x 2, the means were compared statistically using statistical software SISVAR. The organic compound type I presents statistically superiority in the parameters organic matter, organic carbon and Carbon/Nitrogen ratio. Organic matter (OM) is formed of organism, plant and animal waste, decomposing. The organomineral A and organomineral B fertilizers stand out positively among the others, in relation to the organic matter and organic carbon contents. Height and stem diameter shows better results in the conventional system, than the Biodegradable system. The conventional tube provides greater accumulation of macronutrients in the acacia, mahogany and eucalyptus seedlings when compared to the biodegradable ones. The biodegradable tube provides greater accumulation of iron in some treatments in the acacia, mahogany and eucalyptus seedlings, and for the other micronutrients the greater accumulation was in the conventional tube. / A formação de mudas destinadas à implantação de povoamentos florestais para a produção de madeira e de povoamentos mistos para fins de preservação ambiental e/ou, recuperação de áreas degradadas, está relacionada com o nível de eficiência dos substratos. O adubo organomineral é viável tanto para os pequenos e médios quanto para os grandes produtores e empresários rurais. Além do benefício financeiro com a redução de gastos, e o benefício físico e biológico do solo, com o maior aporte de nutrientes e matéria orgânica, a adubação organomineral também tem uma vantagem ambiental. Este adubo é produzido a partir de resíduos orgânicos como restos de culturas e subprodutos da indústria. O objetivo geral foi produzir fertilizantes organominerais granulados com uso de biocatalisador acelerador a fim de ser usado na produção de mudas de espécies florestais sendo avaliados seus atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos, mensurando os aspectos fitotécnicos e concentração de nutrientes nas plantas de espécies florestais. A condução foi realizada em sistema convencional (tubetes de polipropileno) em comparação aos tubetes biodegradáveis. O ensaio experimental foi conduzido no município de Goianira, GO. A pesquisa foi realizada em três etapas, sendo a primeira delas a preparação dos resíduos agroindustriais para compor as misturas e gerar o fertilizante organomineral. Para a composição dos compostos orgânicos foram utilizados quatro tipos de resíduos agroindustriais: bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, torta de filtro, cinzas, vinhaça e microrganismos decompositores (uso de biocatalisador). A segunda etapa foi a produção do fertilizante organomineral granulado. Os compostos orgânicos (tipos I e II) produzidos na primeira etapa foram secados naturalmente com o uso da radiação solar para redução da umidade a 10% e, posteriormente, os mesmos receberam um tratamento mecânico através de trituração/moagem para produzir uma fração granulométrica em forma de pó. A terceira etapa foi a produção de mudas de Acacia mangium, Khaia ivorensis e Eucaliptus grandis em estufa, e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 7 x 2, as médias foram comparadas estatisticamente utilizando software estatístico SISVAR. O composto orgânico tipo I apresenta, estatisticamente, superioridade nos parâmetros matéria orgânica, carbono orgânico e relação Carbono/Nitrogênio. A matéria orgânica (MO) é formada de organismos, resíduos vegetais e animais, em decomposição. Os fertilizantes organomineral A e organomineral B se destacam positivamente entre os demais, com relação aos teores de matéria orgânica e carbono orgânico. Altura e diâmetro do colo das plantas apresentam melhores resultados no sistema com tubete convencional, do que no sistema com tubete biodegradáveis. O tubete convencional proporciona maior acúmulo de macronutrientes nas plântulas de Acácia, Mogno e Eucalipto quando comparado ao biodegradável. O tubete biodegradável proporciona maior acúmulo de ferro em alguns tratamentos nas plântulas de Acácia, Mogno e Eucalipto, e para os outros micronutrientes o maior acúmulo foi no tubete convencional.

The primary objective of this research was to study the effects of agro-ecological regions (as represented by the veld types in four different areas), sex, season of birth, the interaction between sex and season of birth as well as the interaction between veld type and season of birth on selected anthropometrical measurements (body dimension measurements). The correlations between these selected anthropometrical measurements were also investigated in this study. Data from four herds of Nguni cattle comprising of 416 animals (Loskop South, Fort Hare, Kroonstad and Warmbaths with 115, 106, 97, and 98 animals respectively) was analysed. Measurements were taken in different seasons at each area or location. Statistical analyses of the data were done using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2002). The results of this study indicate that veld type, sex and the interaction between sex and veld type did not significantly (P < 0.05) affect the growth (selected anthropometrical measurements) of Nguni cattle. In all the four agro-ecological regions (veld type in the different regions), season of birth, the interaction between sex and season of birth (Sex*BS) and the interaction between season of birth and veld type (V*BS) showed a significant effect (P< 0.05) on selected body dimensions. Animals that were born during the winter and spring seasons were heavier (P<0.05, 333.37 kg and 336.95 kg respectively) than those born in summer (270.35 kg) and autumn (286.29 kg). The same can be said of other body dimensions (M, L, HW, HG, SH and HH), whereby the animals that were born during winter and spring seasons had higher values (P<0.05) than their counterparts born in summer and autumn. This tendency was also observed for SC although the difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the study suggested that season of birth, the interaction between sex and season of birth (Sex*BS) and the interaction between veldtype (agro-ecological region) and season of birth (V*BS) are important sources of variation in growth of beef cattle, with special reference to Nguni cattle. It is therefore recommended that season of birth and its interaction with both veld type and sex should be given considerable attention in any extensive beef production system (with special reference to the Nguni breed) employed in South Africa. Knowledge of the influence of agro-ecological factors on the growth of beef cattle is of great importance for measuring production capacity, designing and implementing strategies to alter the extensive beef production system and thus to increase the output to ensure a more sustainable economic advantage. / Dissertation (Magister Institutionis Agrariae (Animal Production))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Depuis les années 1990, des Organisations Non-Gouvernementales (ONG) se sont impliquées de manière croissante dans la définition et la résolution des problèmes sociaux et environnementaux liés aux activités des entreprises. En actant tout au long des chaînes de production globales, ces ONG ont transformé les marchés, où ces entreprises opèrent, en espaces de plus en plus contestés. De nos jours, la littérature disponible sur les agissements des ONG dans des contextes corporatifs catégorise les stratégies d'influence des ONG comme étant soit de confrontation, soit de coopération. Notre recherche vise à amener une vision plus nuancée à ces dichotomies théoriques, notamment nous cherchons à mieux comprendre les possibles approches mixtes entre confrontation et coopération qui peuvent avoir lieu dans une même stratégie d'influence. Empiriquement nous nous sommes focalisés sur différentes stratégies d'influence menées par trois des ONG Environnementales les plus reconnues au monde : le Fonds Mondial pour la Nature, Greenpeace et les Amis de la Terre, au sein d'un même secteur économique, l'agro-industrie du soja. L'étude examine plus particulièrement la progression individuelle de ces stratégies, ainsi que les convergences et divergences entre elles. Notre analyse montre premièrement, que les ONG définissent leurs stratégies d'action en fonction et en interaction avec celles des autres ONG agissant sur le secteur. Les ONG cherchent à intégrer des améliorations soit dans le projet soit dans le procès d'influence collectif. Deuxièmement, nous avons montré que les stratégies d'influence individuelles impliquent souvent une approche hybride entre collaboration et confrontation. Cette approche peut prendre deux formes distinctes : dynamique évolutive (de la confrontation vers la coopération) ou duale (coopération et confrontation simultanée). / Since the 1990s, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) have been increasingly involved in defining and solving social and environmental problems related to business activities. Extant literature analysing NGOs mobilization in corporate contexts, commonly characterizes NGOs' influence strategies as either confrontational or collaborative. Our research aims to bring a more nuanced view of these theoretical dichotomies, in particular we seek to better understand the possible mixed approaches, using both confrontation and collaboration, that can take place within one strategy. Empirically we focused on different strategies of influence conducted by three of the world's most recognized Environmental NGOs : World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth (FoE), in the same economic sector, the soybean agribusiness. The study looks specifically at the individual progress of these strategies, as well as the similarities and differences between them. Our analysis shows firstly that NGOs strategies develop in an interrelated and dialectic process, building on each other achievements and shortcomings. Second, we showed that the impact of individual strategies often involve a hybrid approach between collaboration and confrontation. This approach can take two distinct forms : a progressive dynamics (from confrontation to cooperation) or dual one (simultaneous cooperation and confrontation). These initial results contribute globally to the emerging NGO-Business literature, and speak to current attempts that seek to overcome static and dyadic approaches of NGO-Business relations.

L’agriculture intensive qui caractérise le bassin de la Seine depuis une cinquantaine d’années est basée sur la généralisation de l’usage des engrais de synthèse et des pesticides et la rupture de la complémentarité culture-élevage. Ce mode d’agriculture compromet aujourd’hui gravement la qualité des eaux souterraines et de surface, notamment par la contamination nitrique. La mise en œuvre d’alternatives qui permettraient de concilier production agricole et respect de la qualité de l’eau se heurte à beaucoup d’entraves, de nature techniques et sociales. Sur le plan technique, le manque de données de références et d’indicateurs rigoureux permettant d’évaluer les performances agronomiques et environnementales de systèmes agricoles alternatifs, est un frein majeur. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est donc de développer un cadre conceptuel solide pour évaluer ces performances en termes de capacité productive et de risque de lixiviation nitrique, à travers le bilan d’azote des sols. Nous avons tout d’abord établi, sur base d’une méta-analyse des données de la littérature, des relations robustes pour l’estimation de la quantité d’azote fixée par les légumineuses qui jouent un rôle essentiel dans la fertilisation des systèmes d’agriculture biologique. Nous avons alors pu étudier la relation fertilisation/rendement/surplus des systèmes agricoles, d’une part pour établir leurs trajectoires d’évolution dans 124 pays au cours des 50 dernières années à travers les données de la FAO, d’autre part pour comparer les performances agro-environnementales des principales rotations biologiques rencontrées dans le bassin de la Seine avec celles des rotations pratiquées en agriculture conventionnelle raisonnée. Nous avons enfin établi sur une base empirique la relation qui existe entre surplus, lixiviation et concentration des eaux de drainage sous terres arables et prairies permanentes. Nous montrons dans une seconde partie comment le cadre conceptuel d’analyse technique ainsi développé peut être utilement appliqué dans des territoires particuliers pour éclairer et orienter des logiques d’acteurs et crédibiliser certaines alternatives qui puissent nourrir une nécessaire transition vers des agrosystèmes plus durables. Une analyse détaillée de la situation des captages de la Plaine du Saulce, qui alimentent la ville d’Auxerre, et celle du champ captant de Flins-Aubergenville, qui fournit en eau potable l’Ouest parisien, est ainsi présentée. Des scénarios alternatifs, allant au-delà des simples aménagements de pratiques, sont proposés, en tenant compte du contexte géographique et hydrogéologique propre à chaque cas d’étude. / The intensive agriculture characterizing the Seine watershed since half a century is based on the generalization of the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and by the rupture of the connection between crop and livestock systems. This system is nowadays compromising ground- and surface water quality, namely through nitrate contamination which mostly originates from agricultural losses. The implementation of technically proven and socially acceptable alternatives, allowing reconciling agricultural production and water quality preservation, encounters lots of obstructions of technical and social nature. From a technical point of view, sound reference data and rigorous indicators are lacking to assess the agronomical and environmental performance of alternative agro-systems. The first objective of this thesis is therefore to develop a sound conceptual framework to evaluate the productive capacity and the risk of nitrate lixiviation of agro-systems, through an improved version of the nitrogen soil surface balance. We first developed, based on a meta-analysis of the literature, robust relations to determine symbiotic nitrogen fixation by grain and forage legumes crops, which plays a central role in organic farming systems. We then could establish the relationship between total N fertilization, harvested yield and surplus of agro-systems, in order (i) to draw the trajectories of 124 countries over 50 years based on FAO data, and (ii) to compare the performance of the main organic crop rotations of the Seine basin and those of the conventional ‘reasoned’ agriculture. Finally, we established an empirical relationship linking N surplus, lixiviation and nitrate concentration in drainage water for arable land and permanent grassland. We show in a second part of this thesis how this conceptual framework of analysis can be useful in particular territories to highlight and guide stakeholder action, as well as to make more credible some alternatives which can feed the necessary transition toward more sustainable agro-systems. We analyze the situation of the drinking water abstraction areas of La Plaine du Saulce, supplying the city of Auxerre (Burgundy) as well as that of Flins-Aubergenville, supplying the western part of Paris agglomeration. We elaborate alternative scenarios for these regions, going much farther than the mere improvement of agricultural practices, and taking into account the peculiar geographical and hydro-geological context of each study case.

Les huiles végétales et leurs dérivés ont conduit à de nouveaux précurseurs agro-ressourcés utilisés pour la synthèse de polymères. Grâce au couplage thiol-ène, des polyols ont été obtenus par greffage du mercaptoéthanol directement sur les triglycérides insaturés. De la même manière, les esters méthyliques des huiles végétales ont permis la synthèse d'esters et d'amides diols pseudo-téléchéliques. Des polyols ont également été obtenus grâce à la réaction d'ouverture des cycles oxirane présents sur des huiles végétales époxydées. Différents acides carboxyliques ont permis d'introduire des fonctions hydroxyle sur les triglycérides. Ces différents synthons ont conduit à l'élaboration d'une large gamme de matériaux polyuréthanes, présentant des Tg variant de -10 °C à 100 °C. Le carbonate de glycérol, issu du glycérol agro-ressourcé, a également été utilisé pour l'élaboration de dicyclocarbonates, soit par estérification/trans-estérification à partir de diacides obtenus par greffage de l'acide thioglycolique sur plusieurs acides gras, soit par dimérisation à partir d'un dithiol commercial. Des polyuréthanes sans isocyanate ont ainsi été formulés à partir de ces nouveaux dicyclocarbonates, ouvrant la voie vers des polyhydroxyuréthanes totalement agro-ressourcés. Les précurseurs, ainsi que les matériaux qui en découlent, ont été caractérisés et certains ont fait l'objet de tests à l'échelle pré-industrielle. / Vegetable oils and their derivatives were used to synthesize new precursors suitable for polymer synthesis. Mercaptoethanol was grafted onto unsaturated triglycerides by thiol-ene coupling to yield polyols. This functionalization was also applied to vegetable oil methyl esters, yielding ester and amide containing pseudo-telechelic diols. The second synthetic strategy used ring opening of epoxydized vegetable oils. The reaction between vegetable oil oxiranes and several carboxylic acids afforded a range of polyester polyols. Thus, the synthesized intermediates allowed to formulate various polyurethanes, which exhibited glass transition temperatures ranging from -10 °C to 100 °C. Moreover, either esterification/trans-esterification with fatty acid based diacids, synthesized by thioglycolic acid addition onto different fatty acids, or thiol-ene coupling with a commercial dithiol, were performed on glycerin carbonate, leading to new dicyclocarbonates. Isocyanate free polyurethanes were then obtained from those dicyclocarbonates, opening the way for fully biobased polyhydroxyurethanes. The new precursor, and the polymers therefrom, were deeply characterized and some of them were tested at a pilot scale.