Les problèmes environnementaux liés à l’excès d’azote d’origine agricole restent une préoccupation majeure en France malgré une réglementation contraignante. Pour concilier maintien de la production agricole et limitation de cet excès, des stratégies novatrices d’atténuation des flux d’azote ont été identifiées, puis leurs effets ont été simulés à l’échelle de paysages agricoles à l’aide de modèles agro-hydrologiques spatialisés. Pour cela, la méthodologie mise en oeuvre a consisté, à partir d’enquêtes de fermes dans deux contextes contrastés (Bretagne et Gascogne),à simuler des scénarios : i) d’optimisation des pratiques agricoles en accord avec le 5ème programme d’actions de la directive Nitrate et ii) d’aménagements paysagers du territoire et en particulier des zones environnementales (prairies fauchées non-fertilisées), en variant l’emprise et la localisation. Les résultats montrent l’intérêt de placer ces zones en position d’interception (i.e. en zone riparienne humide), plutôt qu’en tête de thalweg, notamment sur le site breton où circulations d’eau sub-superficielles dominent. Cette solution limiterait les pertes nitriques sans augmenter les autres émissions d’azote. / Environmental issues related to the excess of reactive nitrogen of agricultural origin activity, are still a major concern in France despite restrictive regulations. To reconcile sustained agricultural production and reduced nitrogen emissions, we identified innovative mitigation strategies and simulated their effects were simulated using distributed agro-hydrological models. The approach consisted in farm surveys in two contrasted situations (NW and SW of France) a basis to simulate the following scenarios :i) optimisation of agricultural practices according to the 5th action programme of the Nitrate Directive ii) conversion of agricultural land into environmental zones (unmanaged grasslands), with varying extension and in different landscape positons. Results show the interest of locating them in an interception position (i.e. in humid zones around the stream network) rather than in headwater position, especially in the NW catchment were subsurface flow is the dominant pathway. This solution would reduce nitrate losses without increasing other nitrogen emissions.

As bactérias probióticas, além de diversos possíveis efeitos benéficos à saúde do consumidor, podem apresentar um potencial para bioenriquecer alimentos através da produção de compostos de interesse nutricional e para a saúde durante a etapa de fermentação. Nesse sentido, a produção de vitaminas naturais por bactérias láticas, incluindo as probióticas, emerge como alternativa promissora ao uso de vitaminas sintéticas para a fortificação de alimentos. O uso de substratos vegetais para estimular a produção de vitaminas do grupo B por probióticos compreende uma solução sustentável para o reaproveitamento desse material oriundo, principalmente, do processamento de frutas. Os subprodutos de frutas são compostos por diversas substâncias bioativas e a incorporação desses ingredientes para o desenvolvimento de alimentos com alto valor agregado representa uma solução sustentável para o seu reaproveitamento. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência da adição de subproduto de fruta no bioenriquecimento de um produto de soja fermentado tipo frozen yogurt probiótico com riboflavina (vitamina B2). Para este fim, a capacidade de diferentes cepas de Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus spp. e Bifidobacterium spp. em produzir riboflavina foi avaliada, utilizando-se um meio de cultura desprovido desta vitamina (Riboflavin Assay médium, RAM). Paralelamente, foi avaliada a capacidade dessas cepas em fermentar os subprodutos de uva (Vitis spp.) e de caju (Anacardium occidentale L.). De acordo com os resultados de produção de riboflavina em RAM e de fermentação dos subprodutos de fruta, foram selecionadas as cepas para o desenvolvimento do produto fermentado de soja tipo frozen yogurt (FY). Dentre as cepas testadas, os Streptococcus thermophilus (ST-M6, TA-40 e TH-04) e o probiótico Lactobacillus fermentum PCC apresentaram potencial para produzir riboflavina em meio RAM. As cepas PCC e ST-M6 mostraram-se capazes de fermentar os subprodutos de caju e de uva (atingindo 8,25 e 8,40 log UFC/mL, respectivamente, para PCC e ST-M6 com subproduto de uva e 4,82 e 8,38 log UFC/mL, respectivamente, para PCC e ST-M6 com subproduto de caju em 24h). Por outro lado, as cepas TH-4 e TA-40 fermentaram apenas o subproduto de uva (atingindo 6,87 e 7,24 log UFC/mL, respectivamente, em 24h). Sendo assim, foram selecionadas as cepas de St. Thermophilus ST-M6, TH-4 e TA-40 e a de Lactobacillus fermentum PCC para a aplicação nos produtos visando o seu bioenriquecimento. O FY suplementado com 1% de subproduto de uva foi preparado, utilizando-se as cepas em co-cultura totalizando 3 combinações, ou seja, entre Lb. Fermentum PCC e as 3 cepas de St. Thermophilus. As formulações de FY foram capazes de atingir uma concentração de riboflavina de 8,40 e de 5,18 µg/mL (combinando TA-40 e PCC) em 60 dias, respectivamente, sem e com o subproduto de uva. Já a associação de STM6 e PCC, sem o subproduto, resultou na menor concentração obtida (2,30 µg/mL), atingindo 5,62 µg/mL na presença do subproduto. Dessa maneira aplicação do subproduto de uva para estimular a produção de riboflavina só foi efetiva para a formulação que combinou St. Thermophilus ST-M6 e Lb. Fermentum PCC. / Probiotic bacteria, in addition to several possible beneficial effects on the consumers health, may present a potential to bioenrich food through the production of compounds of nutritional and health interest during fermentation. In this sense, the production of natural vitamins by lactic acid bacteria, including probiotics, emerges as a promising alternative to the use of synthetic vitamins for food fortification. The use of vegetable substrates to stimulate the production of B-group vitamins by probiotics comprises a sustainable solution for the reuse of this material coming mainly from fruit processing. Fruit by-products are composed of various bioactive substances and the incorporation of these ingredients into the development of high value-added foods represents a sustainable solution for their reuse. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the influence of the addition of fruit by-product on the bio-enrichment of a probiotic frozen yogurt-like fermented soy product with riboflavin (vitamin B2). For this purpose, the ability of different strains of Streptococcus thermophiles, Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in producing riboflavin was evaluated using a culture medium devoid of this vitamin (Riboflavin Assay Medium, RAM). In addition, we evaluated the ability of these strains to ferment the grape (Vitis spp.) and cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) by-products. According to the results of riboflavin production in RAM and fermentation of fruit by-products, strains were selected for the development of a fermented frozen yogurt-like (FY) soybean product. Among the strains tested, Streptococcus thermophiles (ST-M6, TA-40, and TH-04) and the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum PCC had the potential to produce riboflavin in RAM medium. The strains PCC and ST-M6 were able to ferment the cashew and the grape byproducts (reaching 8.25 and 8.40 log CFU/mL, respectively, for PCC and ST-M6 with the grape by-product, and 4.82 and 8. 38 log CFU/mL, respectively, for PCC and STM6 with cashew by-product in 24h). On the other hand, TH-4 and TA-40 fermented only the grape by-product (reaching 6.87 and 7.24 log CFU/mL, respectively, in 24h). Therefore, the strains St. thermophiles ST-M6, TH-4, and TA-40 and the strain Lactobacillus fermentum PCC were selected for application in the products for bioenrichment. The FY supplemented with 1% of grape by-product was prepared using the co-culture strains comprising three combinations between Lb. fermentum PCC and the three strains of St. thermophiles. The FY formulations were capable of producing 8.40 and 5.18 µg/mL (combination of TA-40 and PCC) in 60 days, respectively, without and with the grape by-product. However, the association of ST-M6 and CCP, without the by-product, resulted in the lowest concentration obtained (2.30 µg/mL), achieving 5.62 µg/mL in the presence of the by-product. Thus, the application of the grape byproduct in order to stimulate the production of riboflavin was only effective for the formulation that combined St. thermophiles ST-M6 and Lb. fermentum PCC.

Chez les patients mucoviscidosiques (CF), l'épithélium des voies aériennes est souvent lésé et remodelé. Que le remodelage soit lié à l'infection et/ou l'inflammation inhérentes à la pathologie ou à un processus de régénération dérégulée reste à déterminer. Le premier objectif de cette thèse a été de déterminer le rôle de l'inflammation dans le remodelage et la régénération de l'épithélium bronchique CF. Grâce à un modèle in vitro de culture en interface air-liquide, nous avons montré qu'en absence d'infection et d'inflammation exogènes, la régénération épithéliale CF est anormale et retardée, et que l'épithélium régénéré est remodelé, en comparaison d'un épithélium régénéré non-CF. En outre, en générant une inflammation chronique dans les cultures CF et non-CF, nous avons pu attribuer un rôle pour l'inflammation endogène (mémoire inflammatoire) des cellules CF dans l'augmentation de la hauteur épithéliale et dans le développement de l'hyperplasie des cellules basales, un rôle essentiel de l'inflammation exogène dans le développement de l'hyperplasie des cellules mucipares, et l'absence d'influence de l'inflammation dans le retard de différenciation des cellules ciliées épithéliales CF. Le second objectif de cette thèse a été d’identifier une molécule susceptible d’être anti-remodelage et/ou pro-régénératrice. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’une molécule issue des agro-ressources régionales régule l'augmentation de la hauteur épithéliale et l'hyperplasie des cellules basales et sécrétoires, favorise la différenciation des cellules ciliées, et réduit l'inflammation et de synthèse de la mucine MUC-5AC, tant dans les cultures CF quand dans les cultures non-CF soumises à une inflammation chronique. Enfin, la molécule restaure la sécrétion des ions chlorure CFTR-dépendante dans les cultures CF. Cette molécule semble donc être un candidat médicament prometteur pour le traitement de la CF. / The airway epithelium of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is frequently injured and remodeled. Whether these alterations are related to infection and/or inflammation or to a dysregulated regeneration process remains to be elucidated. The first objective of this study was to determine the involvement of inflammation in remodeling and regeneration of the CF airway epithelium. Using an in vitro model of airway epithelial cell culture at the air-liquid interface, we demonstrated that, in absence of exogenous infection and inflammation, the CF airway epithelium regeneration was abnormal, delayed, and led to the reconstitution of a remodeled epithelium, in comparison to a non-CF regenerated airway epithelium. Moreover, by inducing a chronic inflammation in non-CF and CF cultures, we were able to attribute a role of the endogenous inflammation of CF cells (inflammatory memory) in the airway epithelium height increase as well as in the basal cell hyperplasia development, an essential involvement of exogenous inflammation in the development of goblet cell hyperplasia, and the absence of implication of inflammation in the ciliated cell differentiation delay. The second objective of this study was to identify an anti-remodeling and/or pro-regenerative molecule. The results we obtained showed that a molecule derived agro-resources regulated the increase in the airway epithelium height as well as the basal and goblet cell hyperplasia development, favored the ciliated cell differentiation, decreased the inflammation and the production of the MUC5-AC mucin, in the CF cultures an in the chronically inflamed non-CF cultures. Finally, this molecule restored chloride secretion through CFTR in CF cultures. In conclusion, the chosen molecule seems to be a promising therapeutics for cystic fibrosis.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du programme PentoRaf, dans la thématique « Transformation par voie chimique d'agromolécules en produits bioactifs ». Le travail de ce projet porte sur la synthèse de nouveaux azépanes tétrahydroxylés comportant un bras anomérique fonctionnel et sur l'évaluation des propriétés inhibitrices sur des glycosidases. La séquence réactionnelle a la particularité de valoriser les co produits issus du son et de la paille de blé.Dans une première partie, l'accès à un synthon polyfonctionnel, développé à partir des travaux précédents, a été réalisé avec des groupements protecteurs pivaloylés et méthoxyméthylés sur les hydroxyles communs aux sucres de départ (D-xylose et L-arabinose).La deuxième partie de ce travail consiste d'abord à introduire les différents groupements électroattracteurs : CO2Et, CN, PO(OEt)2, (CO2Et)PO(OEt)2 via une réaction de Wittig-Horner-Emmons. Les problèmes rencontrés lors de l'addition de l'allylamine ont clôturé les travaux sur la préparation d'azépanes avec un substituant phosphonate. Seuls les azépanes insaturés, comportant les fonctions : ester et nitrile, sont isolés.Une stratégie visant à obtenir les différentes distributions des hydroxyles (cis et trans) sur l'insaturation des azépanes obtenus est établie, dans une troisième partie, sur les composés fonctionnalisés avec un ester. Une réaction de déprotection finale donne ainsi accès à une famille de diastéréoisomères d'azépanes comportant un bras anomérique avec une fonction acide carboxylique, dont un composé a montré une activité biologique intéressante. Cette stratégie a été reproduite sur les azépanes comportant un nitrile jusqu'aux tétrahydroxyazépanes cis protégés. / This thesis is part of the PentoRaf program, in the theme “Chemical Transformation of agromolecules into bioactive products”. The aim of this project is the synthesis of new tetrahydroxylated azepanes containing a functional anomeric arm and the evaluation of their inhibitive properties on glycosidases. The reactive sequence advantageously values the co-products obtained from wheat bran and wheat straw.In the first part, the access to a polyfunctional synthon, developed from previous research, is carried out by protecting the common hydroxyl groups of the starting sugars (D-xylose and L-arabinose) with pivaloyl and methoxymethyl groups.The second part of this work is to introduce the various electroattracting groups: CO2Et, CN, PO(OEt)2, (CO2Et)PO(OEt)2 via a Wittig-Horner-Emmons reaction. The problems encountered during the addition of the allylamine ended our approach to prepare azepanes with a phosphonate substituent. Only the unsaturated azepanes containing ester and nitrile functions are isolated.A strategy is developed in the third part in order to achieve a specific distribution (cis and trans) of the hydroxyl groups on the unsaturation of the resulting azepanes by functionalizing these compounds with an ester. A final deprotection reaction leads to a family of azepane diastereoisomers containing an anomeric arm with a carboxylic acid function, among which one compound showed an interesting biological activity. This strategy was applied to azepanes containing a nitrile and lead to cis-protected tetrahydroxyazepanes.

La thèse étudie théoriquement et empiriquement la gestion des services écosystémiques par les agriculteurs sous le prisme économique. La thèse se divise en deux parties. Dans la première partie, je m'intéresse à l'offre et à la demande de services écosystémiques productifs en analysant le comportement des agriculteurs. J'introduis des indicateurs de biodiversité dépendants des assolements dans des modèles existants issus de l'économie de production. Ma principale contribution à la littérature est de prouver, à partir de l'analyse des comportements observés des agriculteurs, que les agriculteurs gèrent consciemment les services écosystémiques productifs. J'apporte d'autres éléments à la littérature, comme e.g. des nouveaux éléments sur la technologie agricole ou en montrant que la gestion collective des services écosystémiques productifs ne peut que rarement émergée spontanément dans des paysages réels.Dans la deuxième partie, j’étudie la demande de services écosystémiques non-productifs fournis par les agriculteurs. J’applique plusieurs cadres d’analyse développés en économie de l’environnement aux spécificités de l’agriculture, i.e. le service environnemental influe le plus souvent sur la fourniture de multiple biens publics, biens publics présentant des distributions spatiales de la demande différentes. Je contribue à la littérature en montrant que, bien que la plupart de la demande pour les services environnementaux fournis par les agriculteurs soit capturée localement (à l’échelle de la municipalité) ; une partie de la demande s’exprime à des échelles plus importantes / The thesis studies both theoretically and empirically the management of ecosystem services by farmers in two parts. In the first part, I study the supply and demand for productive ecosystem services by analyzing farmers’ behavior. I introduce biodiversity indicators that depend on acreage into existing models from production economics. My main contribution to the literature is to prove, from the analysis of farmers' observed behavior that farmers consciously manage productive ecosystem services. I bring other elements to the literature, such as new elements on the agricultural technology or showing that the collective management of ecosystem services rarely arises spontaneously in real landscapes.In the second part, I study the demand for non- productive ecosystem services. I apply several analytical frameworks developed in environmental economics to the specificities of agriculture, i.e. the environmental service influences the supply of multiple public goods with different spatial distribution of the demand. I contribute to the literature by showing that while most of the demand for environmental services provided by farmers is captured locally (at the municipal level), a part of the demand is expressed at larger scales. This has implications for agri-environmental policies, which I explore through two examples: the pesticide savings and the maintenance of agricultural wetlands

Tomando como base o instrumental analítico desenvolvido na Geografia, particularmente na Geografia Humana, esta dissertação apresenta uma análise de algumas feiras agroecológicas organizadas por camponeses de assentamentos e comunidades rurais localizadas na Paraíba. A investigação de aspectos relativos ao processo de formação das feiras agroecológicas analisadas, bem como de elementos específicos da organização, produção e comercialização, levou-nos a considerá-las enquanto uma estratégia configurada pelos camponeses e assessores técnicos com o propósito de viabilizar a superação de adversidades no processo produtivo e de circulação da produção agrícola. Desta maneira, como decorrência da própria investigação empreendida, as feiras agroecológicas foram equacionadas como produto de um esforço dos camponeses paraibanos dirigido à superação de mecanismos de subordinação ao capital comercial e industrial no campo. Ao constituírem-se como formas de insubordinação camponesa, as feiras agroecológicas estudadas contribuíram, em grande medida, para viabilizar um maior controle dessa parcela do campesinato sobre o trabalho familiar e seus frutos, materializando assim frações territoriais dotadas de importantes especificidades. / Taking as base the analytical instrumental developed in the Geography, particularly in the Human Geography, this work presents an analysis of some agro-ecological fairs organized by peasants of settlements and rural communities located in Paraiba. The investigation of relative aspects to the process of formation of the agro-ecological fairs analysed, as well as of specific elements of the organization, production and marketing, made us consider them as a strategy shaped by the peasants and technical advisers with the purpose of making feasible the overcoming of adversities in the productive process and, also, of circulation of the agricultural production. In this way, as a consequence of the undertaken investigation, the agro-ecological fairs were equated as a result of an effort of the peasants from Paraíba guided to the overcoming of mechanisms of subordination to the commercial and industrial capital in the countryside. Constituted as ways of peasants insubordination, the agro-ecological fairs studied contributed, in great measure, to make feasible a major control of this portion of the peasantry on the familiar work and its products, materializing, in this manner, territorial fractions composed by important specificities.

O agronegócio, a cada dia recebe incremento de novas tecnologias, o que lhe confere lugar de destaque no Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) do Brasil. Tal como qualquer outra atividade humana, os setores agrícola e pecuário são geradores de resíduos e, potencialmente, produtores de impactos ambientais. Prever, avaliar e remediar os impactos ambientais são necessidades imperiosas para sustentabilidade de uma atividade e proteção dos ecossistemas. A Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) produziu um instrumento de avaliação de impacto ambiental da inovação tecnológica agropecuária, denominado Ambitec-Agro. Entre um vasto campo de inovações tecnológicas, este trabalho foca a Integração Lavoura-Pecuária, que visa recuperar áreas de lavouras degradadas, usar eficientemente a terra, recuperar e renovar pastagens degradadas, ou seja, promover sustentabilidade agropecuária. O presente trabalho aplicou o Ambitec-Agro na unidade experimental: Fazenda Capivara, que abriga a Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, no estado de Goiás. A metodologia propõe realizar entrevista para obtenção de dados; para este trabalho foram entrevistados pesquisadores da Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Cerrados e Sede. Este trabalho acadêmico propôs, por meio de estudo de caso, avaliar os impactos promovidos pela inovação tecnológica do binômio integrado lavoura-pecuária em área de sequeiro e irrigada, com o uso do Ambitec-Agro. Os coeficientes de impacto ambiental da Integração lavoura-pecuária tanto em área de sequeiro quanto em área irrigada indicam que a inovação tecnológica contribui positivamente para a sustentabilidade da atividade produtiva no âmbito do estabelecimento estudado. / The agribusiness has been taking advantage of new technologies becoming prominent in the Brazilian Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Like any other human activity, the practice of agriculture and cattle raising produces waste, and as a result it can create environmental impact. Therefore, it is necessary to assess, predict, and lessen the environmental impact for the sustainability of this activity and for the ecosystems protection. The Brazilian Agricultural Research Agency (Embrapa) has proposed a system, the environmental impact assessment of agricultural technology innovations(Ambitec-Agro), focusing on the agriculture-cattle raising integration which aims at improving the production of farming products in areas already deteriorated; intensifying the use of land; and recuperating and renovating agricultural areas and pastures already deteriorated to guarantee agricultural sustainability. Thus, this study adopts the Ambitec-Agro system in the experimental unit Capivara Farm, which comprises the National Rice and Beans Research Center (Embrapa Arroz e Feijão) in the state of Goiás. This methodology proposes carrying out interviews in order to obtain data. Researchers at National Rice and Beans Research Center (Embrapa Arroz e Feijão), Embrapa Cerrados (Cerrados), and Embrapa Headquarters (Sede), were interviewed. Based on a case study, this work aimed at the assessment of the environmental impact created by technology innovation of the agriculture-cattle raising integration in unirrigated and irrigated areas by applying the Ambitec-Agro system. The environmental impact of agriculture-cattle raising integration coefficients, in both unirrigated and irrigated areas, demonstrate that technology innovation contributes effectively to the sustainability of this productive activity in the area studied.

Le plan Ecophyto imposant de réduire de 50% les pesticides, d’ici 2025, génère un changement de paradigme dans la protection des cultures. Produire autrement en conciliant des performances technico-économiques, environnementales et sociales est un enjeu. L’enseignement agricole joue un rôle-clé en formant de futurs agriculteurs. Enseigner-apprendre à construire des raisonnements agro-écologiques et socioéconomiques favorisant les alternatives aux pesticides, inscrites dans le développement durable, mobilisant la discipline agronomie contribue à préparer les futurs agriculteurs à concevoir des agroécosystèmes économes en pesticides. C’est une question socialement vive agronomique qui suppose de se fonder sur des savoirs émergents, distribués, pluriels et controversés, de considérer les risques/incertitudes dont les solutions sont porteuses et les valeurs des acteurs impliqués. Notre recherche croisant la didactique des questions socialement vives et de l’agronomie propose un modèle de situation-problème favorisant l’émergence de raisonnements adaptés et une grille d’analyse de leur niveau de complexité, testés auprès d’élèves/étudiants de deux filières professionnelles de l’enseignement agricole. Les analyses quali-quantitatives montrent que les élèves/étudiants construisent des raisonnements agro-socio et économiques, que les étudiants sont mieux armés pour concevoir des alternatives. En révélant des appuis/freins à l’enseigner-apprendre à produire autrement, le dispositif est un outil didactique pour structurer les apprentissages des élèves/étudiants sur la complexité des questions, tout en élargissant le cadre de références des savoirs. / The Ecophyto Plan imposes a 50% reduction of pesticides by 2025, generating a paradigm shift in crop protection. To ‘Produce differently’ reconciling techno-economic, environmental and social performances is an issue. Agricultural education plays a key role in training future farmers. Teaching-learning the construction of agro-ecological and socioeconomic reasoning favoring alternatives to pesticides, linked in sustainable development, contributes to prepare future farmers to develop agroecosystems using fewer pesticides. It is an agronomic socially acute question that involves emerging, distributed, plural and controversial knowledge, which supposes to consider the risk/uncertainties of the solutions and values of the actors. Our research crossing the didactic of socially acute questions and of agronomy provides a model for problem situation favoring the emergence of adequate reasoning and an analytical grid of the levels of complexity of the reasoning. These model and grid have been tested with pupils/students in two levels of vocational agricultural training (baccalaureat and post baccalaureat). The quali-quantitative analyzes show that pupils/students build Agro-socio and economic reasoning, that students are better equipped to design alternative than pupils at the “baccalauréat” level. By revealing supports and obstacles in teaching-learning to ‘produce differently’, the device is an educational tool for structuring the learning of pupils/students on the complexity of the issues, while expanding the scope of reference in knowledge.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-08-23T13:05:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Clovis Donizeth Garcia Riesco.pdf: 3294066 bytes, checksum: 31f152064ebb30dbce4f1ea63743a02b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T13:05:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clovis Donizeth Garcia Riesco.pdf: 3294066 bytes, checksum: 31f152064ebb30dbce4f1ea63743a02b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-05 / The Combined Agro-urban of Arraias-Goiás, agrarian reform project, and colonization were implanted in Arraias city, currently in Tocantins state, in the 1962-1964 period, by those days governor Mauro Borges Teixeira, that was an innovative proposal which intended to conciliate city life and country life. It was inspired in Israel rural co-operative societies: Kibutz, Moshav Shitufi and Moshav the analytical method of Goiás Economic Development Plan and by Mauro Borges Teixeira autobiography works and related works to the project that was possible to find out the causes that led to the unsuccessfulness: the distance from consumer markets, the economic barriers for implementation of the Combined Agro-urban of Arraias-Goiás Project, the social problems in the Combined Agro-urban of Arraias-Goiás, the capitalist expansion in the countryside, the landowner´s power and the technological breakthroughs in agriculture. This study demonstrates that on that period the capitalist expansion in the countryside was inherent to new technologies applied in agriculture and it was one of the determinant factors for the entrepreneurial failure, which was based on cooperative experiences and Israeli socialists. / O Combinado Agro-Urbano de Arraias-Goiás, projeto de reforma agrária e colonização, implantado na cidade de Arraias, atualmente município do Tocantins, no período de 1962 1964, pelo então governador Mauro Borges Teixeira, era uma proposta inovadora que procurou conciliar cidade e campo. Foi inspirado nas sociedades cooperativas rurais de Israel: Kibutz, Moshav Shitufi e Moshav Ovdim. Contudo, não foi bem-sucedido, sendo totalmente desativado em 1985. Por meio de uma análise do Plano de Desenvolvimento Econômico de Goiás e das obras autobiográficas de Mauro Borges Teixeira e de obras relacionadas ao Projeto foi possível constatar os motivos que levaram ao insucesso: a distância dos mercados consumidores, os entraves econômicos para a implementação do projeto Combinado Agro-Urbano de Arraias-Goiás, a questão social no combinado Agro-Urbano de Arraias Goiás, a expansão capitalista no campo, o poder dos latifundiários e as transformações tecnológicas na agricultura. Este estudo demonstra que naquele período a expansão do capitalismo no campo estava inerente as novas tecnologias voltadas à agricultura e foi um dos fatores determinantes para o insucesso do empreendimento, que se fundamentava em experiências cooperativistas e socialistas israelenses.

Cette thèse décrit les systèmes de production agricole en termes de flux biogéochimiques d’azote (N), de phosphore (P) et de carbone (C) dans les territoires français de 1852 à 2014 suivant une approche socio-écologique qui permet d’appréhender les logiques qui les gouvernent. Les résultats obtenus mettent en lumière à l’échelle des territoires français le lien systémique entre structures de production, bilans N et P et variations des stocks de C organique dans les sols agricoles. Les systèmes agricoles intensifs et spécialisés engendrent les pertes environnementales et les consommations de ressources par unité de surface agricole les plus considérables et accentuent l’ouverture des cycles d’N et de P. Cependant, c’est seulement après la seconde guerre mondiale que certaines régions françaises se sont spécialisées dans la grande culture ou, à partir des années 1980, dans l’élevage intensif. La période des années 1950 à 1980 est marquée par l’accélération des rendements des cultures végétales, de la densité de cheptel et de l’usage des fertilisants minéraux. Les conséquences en ont été une augmentation des bilans N et P et des apports de C aux sols agricoles, causant des pertes considérables d’N vers l’hydrosphère et l’atmosphère et l’augmentation des stocks de P et de C dans les sols. Néanmoins, l’accumulation du C n’a été rendue possible que par le recours aux fertilisants minéraux et au machinisme agricole consommant des énergies fossiles. Ainsi, le stockage du C dans les sols représente un effet secondaire du passage d’un métabolisme énergétique dépendant de l’énergie solaire à un métabolisme fondé sur la combustion d’énergie fossile. / This work investigates agricultural systems from the angle of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) fluxes in French regions from 1852 to 2014, following a socio-metabolic approach stressing out the underlying logic behind these material fluxes. Results brought out by this research highlight the systemic relation between production pattern and N and P balances, and changes in soil organic C stocks in agricultural soil. Intensive specialized agricultural systems generate high environmental losses and resource consumption per unit agricultural surface and present largely open nutrient cycles due to substantial trade flows. Conversely, integrated crop and livestock farming have more limited N and P consumption and lead to lower air and water contamination. Long-term analysis shows that only after the Second World War, under the pressure of strong interventionist policies, some French regions specialized into crop or livestock farming. Particularly, the period from the 1950’s to the 1980’s was marked by a concomitant acceleration in crops yields, livestock production and use of mineral fertilizers. This resulted in increased N and P balances over cropland and grassland and growing C inputs to cropland, causing important losses of N to the hydrosphere and atmosphere, together with the accumulation of P and C stocks in soils. However, C accumulation resulting from increased crop production was permitted by the increased recourse to mineral fertilizers and agricultural machinery which consumes fossil-fuel energy. Therefore, C storage in cropland was a side-effect of the shift from an energy metabolism based on solar energy to one based on fossil-fuel combustion.