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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

"Saúde mental e qualidade de vida de infartados" / Mental Heath and Quality of infarcationed life

Siviero, Ivana Maria Passini Sodré 16 October 2003 (has links)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de vida (QOL) de pacientes que sofreram infarto agudo do miocárdio, nas duas semanas que o antecederam, bem como levantar os fatos de risco presentes e correlacionar seu impacto sobre a QOL. Foi utilizado instrumento para o levantamento de fatores de risco e a escala de QOL abreviada, desenvolvida pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, que consta de 26 questões e 4 domínios: domínio físico, psicológico, das relações sociais e do ambiente. Foram entrevistados 33 sujeitos entre 72 e 120 horas de internação por infarto agudo do miocárdio, em três instituições hospitalares do interior paulista. A análise dos dados foi feita através da utilização do programa Epi-Info e constituiu em : análise de perfil demográfico, da história pregressa e dos fatores de risco, e análise de variáveis. Foi feita análise, comparando-se os domínios de escala do QOL e duas variáveis: 1. domínio físico e presença/ausência de hipertensão e diabetes, 2. domínio físico e fumantes/não fumantes, 3.domínio psicológico e presença/ausência de estresse, 4.domínio psicológico e presença/ausência de eventos marcantes ruins, nos doze meses que antecederam o infarto, 5. domínio das relações sociais e presença/ausência de estresse e 6.domínio geral e presença/ausência de depressão. Em relação a caracterização demográfica, a maioria dos sujeitos pertencia ao sexo masculino (64%), com faixa etária entre 22 e 59 anos, casados (67%), com nível fundamental de escolaridade (55%). Quanto à história pregressa, a maioria apresentava o primeiro episódio de infarto (85%) e, com relação aos fatores de risco, constatou-se 33% de hipertensos, 28% diabéticos, 46% de fumantes, 47% e 19% com sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente, 61% de sedentários, 61% com história familiar de doença arterial coronariana e 30% com resposta afirmativa para depressão. As variáveis não demonstraram diferenças significativas, após teste de Mann-Whitney, levando à inferência de que o número pequeno de sujeitos, os aspectos comuns de personalidade de coronariano e ambientes de vida semelhantes podem ter levado a este resultado. A análise dos domínios da escala de QOL mostrou respostas predominantemente nos níveis intermediários e respostas satisfatórias quanto à qualidade de vida. A presença de estresse, depressão e eventos marcantes ruins demonstram a necessidade de maior acurácia no levantamento de dados de indivíduos infartados, ainda na fase de hospitalização, para possibilitar intervenção e avaliação voltadas para estes aspectos, durante a fase de reabilitação. / Abstract The present work with individuals who suffered infarcation aimed to evaluate their QOL during the two weeks before entering the hospital with such a diagnosis, as well as the risks like smoking and high blood pressure, for instance, relating their impact on their QOL. One of the tools used to raise data was the QOL scale, developed by the World Health Organization, Which constains 26 questions and 4 domains: the physical and psychological ones, social relationships and environment, 33 subjects were interviewed during their 72 and 120 hours is three hospitals in Sao Paulo state, due to infarction. The data analysis was perfomed using the Epi-Info program, consisting of: demographic profile, patient´s healthy background and the categorizations involved. The analysis was done comparing the domains of QOL scale and two variables: physical and presence/absence of high blood presure and diabetes; physical domain and smoking; the presence or absence of marked dis-tressing events during the twelve months preceding infarctation; domain of social relations and presence/absence of stress; gereral domain and presence/absence of distress. Concernig demographic characteristics most of the subjects were men (64%) aged 22 to 59, married (67%), having attended secondary school (55%). Concerning health background, most of them had their first infarction (85%). Concerning the risks present, 33% had blood pressure not controlled, 28% had diabetes, 46% where smokers and 47% and 19% were overweighed and obese, respectively, 61% with familiar coronary diseases and 30% with affirmative response for distress. The categories did not show significant differences after the Mann Whitney test, leading to infer that the small number of subjects. Common personality aspects and similar environments may had lead to such results. The presence of distress, stress and events markedly distressing show the necessity of more accuracy in the data raising approach with infracted, while in hospitals, for better assistance and avaluation, focusing hose aspects until rehabilitation.
2

"Saúde mental e qualidade de vida de infartados" / Mental Heath and Quality of infarcationed life

Ivana Maria Passini Sodré Siviero 16 October 2003 (has links)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de vida (QOL) de pacientes que sofreram infarto agudo do miocárdio, nas duas semanas que o antecederam, bem como levantar os fatos de risco presentes e correlacionar seu impacto sobre a QOL. Foi utilizado instrumento para o levantamento de fatores de risco e a escala de QOL abreviada, desenvolvida pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, que consta de 26 questões e 4 domínios: domínio físico, psicológico, das relações sociais e do ambiente. Foram entrevistados 33 sujeitos entre 72 e 120 horas de internação por infarto agudo do miocárdio, em três instituições hospitalares do interior paulista. A análise dos dados foi feita através da utilização do programa Epi-Info e constituiu em : análise de perfil demográfico, da história pregressa e dos fatores de risco, e análise de variáveis. Foi feita análise, comparando-se os domínios de escala do QOL e duas variáveis: 1. domínio físico e presença/ausência de hipertensão e diabetes, 2. domínio físico e fumantes/não fumantes, 3.domínio psicológico e presença/ausência de estresse, 4.domínio psicológico e presença/ausência de eventos marcantes ruins, nos doze meses que antecederam o infarto, 5. domínio das relações sociais e presença/ausência de estresse e 6.domínio geral e presença/ausência de depressão. Em relação a caracterização demográfica, a maioria dos sujeitos pertencia ao sexo masculino (64%), com faixa etária entre 22 e 59 anos, casados (67%), com nível fundamental de escolaridade (55%). Quanto à história pregressa, a maioria apresentava o primeiro episódio de infarto (85%) e, com relação aos fatores de risco, constatou-se 33% de hipertensos, 28% diabéticos, 46% de fumantes, 47% e 19% com sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente, 61% de sedentários, 61% com história familiar de doença arterial coronariana e 30% com resposta afirmativa para depressão. As variáveis não demonstraram diferenças significativas, após teste de Mann-Whitney, levando à inferência de que o número pequeno de sujeitos, os aspectos comuns de personalidade de coronariano e ambientes de vida semelhantes podem ter levado a este resultado. A análise dos domínios da escala de QOL mostrou respostas predominantemente nos níveis intermediários e respostas satisfatórias quanto à qualidade de vida. A presença de estresse, depressão e eventos marcantes ruins demonstram a necessidade de maior acurácia no levantamento de dados de indivíduos infartados, ainda na fase de hospitalização, para possibilitar intervenção e avaliação voltadas para estes aspectos, durante a fase de reabilitação. / Abstract The present work with individuals who suffered infarcation aimed to evaluate their QOL during the two weeks before entering the hospital with such a diagnosis, as well as the risks like smoking and high blood pressure, for instance, relating their impact on their QOL. One of the tools used to raise data was the QOL scale, developed by the World Health Organization, Which constains 26 questions and 4 domains: the physical and psychological ones, social relationships and environment, 33 subjects were interviewed during their 72 and 120 hours is three hospitals in Sao Paulo state, due to infarction. The data analysis was perfomed using the Epi-Info program, consisting of: demographic profile, patient´s healthy background and the categorizations involved. The analysis was done comparing the domains of QOL scale and two variables: physical and presence/absence of high blood presure and diabetes; physical domain and smoking; the presence or absence of marked dis-tressing events during the twelve months preceding infarctation; domain of social relations and presence/absence of stress; gereral domain and presence/absence of distress. Concernig demographic characteristics most of the subjects were men (64%) aged 22 to 59, married (67%), having attended secondary school (55%). Concerning health background, most of them had their first infarction (85%). Concerning the risks present, 33% had blood pressure not controlled, 28% had diabetes, 46% where smokers and 47% and 19% were overweighed and obese, respectively, 61% with familiar coronary diseases and 30% with affirmative response for distress. The categories did not show significant differences after the Mann Whitney test, leading to infer that the small number of subjects. Common personality aspects and similar environments may had lead to such results. The presence of distress, stress and events markedly distressing show the necessity of more accuracy in the data raising approach with infracted, while in hospitals, for better assistance and avaluation, focusing hose aspects until rehabilitation.
3

Porovnání etických a právních pravidel upravujících reklamu / A Comparison of the Ethical Regulation and the Legislation Governing Commercials

Hübnerová, Daniela January 2011 (has links)
This diploma thesis deals with commercials aimed at children, and compares the ethical regulation and the legislation by which the commercial is regulated. First of all, the regulation dealing with commercials is briefly described, then the focus of the thesis shifts towards the effects that commercials have on children and also towards the specific legislation that pertains to the child-oriented commercials. Furthermore, the thesis discusses the importance of legal rules and the Code of Conduct that deal with commercials, and compares the content of both types of regulation (again with relevance towards the child-oriented commercials). This text contains examples of decisions of appropriate authorities in connection to the harmfulness of particular commercials, and also an analysis of selected child-oriented commercials that are currently aired. An integral part of this thesis includes a research aimed at the effects of commercials on children, and also at the public awareness of the regulation that go with the child-oriented commercials.
4

Nationell likvärdighet eller kommunal självstyrelse? : Staten, kommunerna och de kommunala tjänstemännens dubbla lojalitet / National Equality or Local Self-Government? : The State, the Municipalities and the Double Loyalty of MunicipalOfficials

Leinsköld, David January 2021 (has links)
The relationship between the state and municipalities has for the recent decades become increasingly complex, strained and infected. The education policy has for several decades been surrounded by different governing logics and conflicts where the conflict between the state’s pursuit of national equality and the local self-determination is prominent. This study examines how this conflict affects the municipal official’s approaches to the state’s control of the municipal compulsory school through aimed government grants. The study consists of aqualitative interview study of six municipalities with 23 respondents. In each municipality, I have conducted interviews with municipal officials, principals and municipal politicians. The findings show that the aimed government grants should be seen in the field of tension between state and municipality and between politics and professions. Conflicts arise between the municipalities’ different conditions as well as their local needs and the state’s pursuit of national equality between schools. The municipal officials are assigned significant power regarding how the state and municipal governance is to be put into practice and are therefore given a coordinating central position where they must balance between state requirements, local requirements and school’s requirements. The findings indicate that they seem to prioritize the state’s target of national equality in favor of the local target of self-determination. The relationship between the state and the municipalities gets exposed through the role conflicts of the municipal officials, which both compete and cooperate. The conclusion is that the municipal officials should be regarded as the state’s extended arm, or as “state municipal officials”. They possess a double loyalty to the state and local government and must, with this double loyalty, be the guardians of the local and national democracy at the same time. There is a risk that the municipal officials' double democracy loyalty demonstrates that the local democracy is weakening as the municipal officials must balance between their two guardian roles since role conflicts can arise in their daily work.This, in combination with the fact that they have gained increased power at the expense of local politicians and should thereby be regarded as political actors, sets high standards on the municipal officials, especially in an education department where the state governance is highly present.
5

Ensino de português para objetivo universitário: desenvolvimento da expressão oral para estudantes franceses em intercâmbio na Poli - USP / Teaching Portuguese for academic purposes: development of oral expression for French exchange students at Poli-USP

Madruga, Carolina Fernandes 07 October 2014 (has links)
Esta dissertação tem por objetivo discutir como estudantes franceses em intercâmbio na Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (Poli-USP) desenvolvem a expressão oral em língua portuguesa em situações de comunicação no meio universitário no qual estão inseridos. Partindo dos pressupostos metodológicos descritos para o ensino de línguas para objetivo específico de acordo com Mangiante e Parpette (2004, 2011), Carras et al. (2007) e Mourlhon-Dallies (2008) realizamos a identificação e análise das necessidades de comunicação dos estudantes em mobilidade na Poli para definir os objetivos de aprendizagem que orientaram a seleção de conteúdos e documentos e a elaboração das atividades do curso de Português para Objetivo Universitário (PU). Escolhemos trabalhar com o desenvolvimento da expressão oral em língua portuguesa como aspecto central do curso PU na Poli, pois esta era a demanda mais urgente colocada pelos estudantes no seu contexto de inserção universitária. Além disso, constatamos uma ausência de trabalhos na área relacionados à concepção de cursos de português voltados a um público específico de língua francesa e de uma determinada área, a engenharia. Com base nos princípios do ensino para a ação (CUQ, GRUCA, 2002; TAGLIANTE, 2006; PUREN, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013), nos estudos de Moutinho e Almeida Filho (2011) sobre o ensino e aprendizagem de português língua estrangeira (PLE) na universidade, e nas obras de Nóbrega (2004) e Gomes-Santos (2012) no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento da expressão oral, os módulos elaborados e aplicados nos permitiram discutir aspectos relacionados à formação em três eixos, o linguístico-lexical, o acadêmico e o sociocultural, relacionados ao meio universitário dos estudantes. O corpus desta pesquisa consiste na análise de atividades que levaram os estudantes à produção final de uma apresentação oral em língua portuguesa sobre um tema relacionado às áreas da engenharia no contexto universitário da Poli. Os resultados de nossa análise indicam que o léxico relacionado aos temas abordados restabelece o lugar da língua de especialidade dentro de formações para contextos universitários, como ferramenta de comunicação e de construção do discurso acadêmico. Um segundo aspecto está ligado aos aspectos socioculturais presentes de uma cultura para outra no que concerne aos saberes acadêmicos, metodológicos, relacionados às modalidades de trabalhos desenvolvidas no meio universitário. Um terceiro dado dos resultados se refere ao trabalho do professor para a elaboração de cursos dessa natureza, implicando-o na realização das etapas que envolvem a coleta de dados tornando explícitas as dimensões institucionais, didático-metodológicas e socioculturais características desses cursos (MANGIANTE; PARPETTE, 2004, 2011). Experiência pioneira de ensino de português para objetivos específicos no contexto da Poli, nosso trabalho contribuiu para a compreensão dos aspectos a serem considerados em futuras formações de professores e estudantes em PU. / This study aims to discuss how French exchange students at the Polytechnic School at the University of São Paulo (Poli) develop oral expression in Portuguese in communicative situations from within this academic environment. By using methodological proceedings described for language teaching for specific purposes according to Mangiante and Parpette (2004, 2011), Carras et al. (2007) and Mourlhon-Dallies (2008), it was possible to identify and investigate the students communicative needs and define the learning objectives which built the contents, documents and activities for the Portuguese for academic purposes (PU) course. We worked with the development of oral expression in Portuguese as a central aspect of the course PU at Poli because it was the most urgent demand spotted by students in the academic context. Furthermore, we found a lack of works related to the Portuguese course design for a specific French public and from a particular field, engineering. Based on the principles of communication for action (CUQ, GRUCA, 2002; TAGLIANTE, 2006; PUREN, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013), in Moutinho and Almeida Filhos (2011) studies about teaching and learning Portuguese as a foreign language (PLE) at the university and the works of Nóbrega (2004) and Gomes-Santos (2012) regarding to the development of oral expression, the segments created and applied in our research allowed us to discuss aspects related to students formation in three axes the linguistic-lexical, academic and socio-cultural, all related to the university context. The corpus of this research consists in the analysis of activities that eventually led the students to a final production, an oral presentation in Portuguese about a subject related to engineering field in the university context of Poli. The results show that lexical technicalities related to approached themes regain their expert language role within academic contexts when used as a tool of communication and construction of the academic speech. A second aspect involves the presence of sociocultural traits from one culture to another regarding to academic and methodological knowledge related to methods of work developed in the university context. A third aspect of the results refers to the teachers work in the development of courses of this nature, carrying out the steps which include data collection and revealing institutional dimensions, didactic-methodological and sociocultural characteristics of these courses (MANGIANTE; PARPETTE 2004, 2011). Regarded as a pioneering experience in teaching Portuguese for specific purposes at the Poli context, our course has contributed to the comprehension of the aspects to be considered in future for teachers and students training in PU.
6

Discrimination and its effects in the electricity industry / P.D. Molefe.

Molefe, Pinkie Dikeletso January 2009 (has links)
Aim This study contends and explains why discrimination in the workforce is a growing problem that has affected thousands of organisations, large and small, operating in today's global marketplace. The research is aimed at describing the perceived experiences of discrimination as well as its effects on employees within the organisation. Method Using a qualitative research design, interviews were used to facilitate the informal sharing of experiences amongst employees. The purpose of this was to understand the different experiences employees had and the impact discrimination had on the individual performance within the organisation. Results Results reveal that employees experience three broad categories of activities that led to experiences of discrimination, namely activities that relates to management and supervision, daily interaction between various groups from diverse backgrounds and unfair general human resource functions. Conclusion The results of the empirical study were discussed according to the themes of Supervision/ Management, Human Resources/ Employee relations and Interactions. It was found that employees were exposed to different types of discrimination, which are explored in the literature review. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.
7

Ensino de português para objetivo universitário: desenvolvimento da expressão oral para estudantes franceses em intercâmbio na Poli - USP / Teaching Portuguese for academic purposes: development of oral expression for French exchange students at Poli-USP

Carolina Fernandes Madruga 07 October 2014 (has links)
Esta dissertação tem por objetivo discutir como estudantes franceses em intercâmbio na Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (Poli-USP) desenvolvem a expressão oral em língua portuguesa em situações de comunicação no meio universitário no qual estão inseridos. Partindo dos pressupostos metodológicos descritos para o ensino de línguas para objetivo específico de acordo com Mangiante e Parpette (2004, 2011), Carras et al. (2007) e Mourlhon-Dallies (2008) realizamos a identificação e análise das necessidades de comunicação dos estudantes em mobilidade na Poli para definir os objetivos de aprendizagem que orientaram a seleção de conteúdos e documentos e a elaboração das atividades do curso de Português para Objetivo Universitário (PU). Escolhemos trabalhar com o desenvolvimento da expressão oral em língua portuguesa como aspecto central do curso PU na Poli, pois esta era a demanda mais urgente colocada pelos estudantes no seu contexto de inserção universitária. Além disso, constatamos uma ausência de trabalhos na área relacionados à concepção de cursos de português voltados a um público específico de língua francesa e de uma determinada área, a engenharia. Com base nos princípios do ensino para a ação (CUQ, GRUCA, 2002; TAGLIANTE, 2006; PUREN, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013), nos estudos de Moutinho e Almeida Filho (2011) sobre o ensino e aprendizagem de português língua estrangeira (PLE) na universidade, e nas obras de Nóbrega (2004) e Gomes-Santos (2012) no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento da expressão oral, os módulos elaborados e aplicados nos permitiram discutir aspectos relacionados à formação em três eixos, o linguístico-lexical, o acadêmico e o sociocultural, relacionados ao meio universitário dos estudantes. O corpus desta pesquisa consiste na análise de atividades que levaram os estudantes à produção final de uma apresentação oral em língua portuguesa sobre um tema relacionado às áreas da engenharia no contexto universitário da Poli. Os resultados de nossa análise indicam que o léxico relacionado aos temas abordados restabelece o lugar da língua de especialidade dentro de formações para contextos universitários, como ferramenta de comunicação e de construção do discurso acadêmico. Um segundo aspecto está ligado aos aspectos socioculturais presentes de uma cultura para outra no que concerne aos saberes acadêmicos, metodológicos, relacionados às modalidades de trabalhos desenvolvidas no meio universitário. Um terceiro dado dos resultados se refere ao trabalho do professor para a elaboração de cursos dessa natureza, implicando-o na realização das etapas que envolvem a coleta de dados tornando explícitas as dimensões institucionais, didático-metodológicas e socioculturais características desses cursos (MANGIANTE; PARPETTE, 2004, 2011). Experiência pioneira de ensino de português para objetivos específicos no contexto da Poli, nosso trabalho contribuiu para a compreensão dos aspectos a serem considerados em futuras formações de professores e estudantes em PU. / This study aims to discuss how French exchange students at the Polytechnic School at the University of São Paulo (Poli) develop oral expression in Portuguese in communicative situations from within this academic environment. By using methodological proceedings described for language teaching for specific purposes according to Mangiante and Parpette (2004, 2011), Carras et al. (2007) and Mourlhon-Dallies (2008), it was possible to identify and investigate the students communicative needs and define the learning objectives which built the contents, documents and activities for the Portuguese for academic purposes (PU) course. We worked with the development of oral expression in Portuguese as a central aspect of the course PU at Poli because it was the most urgent demand spotted by students in the academic context. Furthermore, we found a lack of works related to the Portuguese course design for a specific French public and from a particular field, engineering. Based on the principles of communication for action (CUQ, GRUCA, 2002; TAGLIANTE, 2006; PUREN, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013), in Moutinho and Almeida Filhos (2011) studies about teaching and learning Portuguese as a foreign language (PLE) at the university and the works of Nóbrega (2004) and Gomes-Santos (2012) regarding to the development of oral expression, the segments created and applied in our research allowed us to discuss aspects related to students formation in three axes the linguistic-lexical, academic and socio-cultural, all related to the university context. The corpus of this research consists in the analysis of activities that eventually led the students to a final production, an oral presentation in Portuguese about a subject related to engineering field in the university context of Poli. The results show that lexical technicalities related to approached themes regain their expert language role within academic contexts when used as a tool of communication and construction of the academic speech. A second aspect involves the presence of sociocultural traits from one culture to another regarding to academic and methodological knowledge related to methods of work developed in the university context. A third aspect of the results refers to the teachers work in the development of courses of this nature, carrying out the steps which include data collection and revealing institutional dimensions, didactic-methodological and sociocultural characteristics of these courses (MANGIANTE; PARPETTE 2004, 2011). Regarded as a pioneering experience in teaching Portuguese for specific purposes at the Poli context, our course has contributed to the comprehension of the aspects to be considered in future for teachers and students training in PU.
8

Les libéralités à caractère collectif / Liberalities of a collective nature

Boisson, Julien 07 December 2015 (has links)
La libéralité à caractère collectif est destinée à la collectivité ou à un groupe de personnes. Elle est au service d’une oeuvre, d’une cause. Profitant à des personnes physiques indéterminées et non individualisées, elle ne peut être réalisée directement. Pour atteindre son but, elle fait intervenir une personne juridique, le plus souvent une personne morale de droit public ou de droit privé à but non lucratif. Par le truchement de la personne morale, la libéralité profite aux bénéficiaires de l’oeuvre du groupement : du cercle de ses membres à un groupe de personnes, voire à la collectivité tout entière.Les mécanismes permettant de réaliser une libéralité à caractère collectif sont divers et pour certains la qualification libérale leur est refusée. Ils peuvent être regroupés en deux catégories selon le rôle joué par le bienfaiteur : une fondation, si l’oeuvre est initiée par lui ; une libéralité-participation, si le bienfaiteur vient soutenir une oeuvre déjà existante. À l’image des mécanismes, les techniques employées sont variées que l’acte repose sur une simple libéralité avec charge ou de façon plus originale sur une fiducie aux fins de libéralité ou un engagement unilatéral de volonté. Malgré cette diversité, des caractères communs transcendent la catégorie des libéralités à caractère collectif : elles sont affectées et intéressées. La notion de libéralité à caractère collectif délimitée, il est alors possible de mettre un peu d’ordre dans les règles qui s’y appliquent. À l’heure actuelle, celles-ci sont tout à la fois éparpillées, lacunaires et inopportunes. Le régime des libéralités à caractère collectif doit donc être repensé en tenant compte de leurs spécificités. / A liberality of a collective nature is aimed at the community, or at a group of people. It is to benefit a cause. Because it benefits undetermined and not individualized natural persons, this kind of liberality cannot be carried out directly. In order to reach its goal, it includes a juridical person, most often a notforprofit legal person of public law or private law.Through the legal person, the liberality benefits the beneficiaries of the grouping’s cause: these beneficiaries may be the members of grouping, to another group of people, or even to the wholecommunity. The ways to carry out a liberality of a collective nature are numerous and some of themare denied the designation of “liberality”. Two sorts of ways may be distinguished, according to the role played by the benefactor: either a Foundation, if the cause it initiated by the benefactor; or a liberality-participation, if the benefactor contributes to an existing cause. The techniques are varied:the operation may be based on a liberality with a charge, or more originally on a fiducia aimed at a liberality, or on a commitment by unilateral will. In spite of this diversity, liberalities of a collective nature have common features: they are earmarked and for-profit. Once the notion of liberality is mapped out, it becomes possible to sort out the rules that apply to it. Currently, these rules are scattered, insufficient and improper. The rules governing the liberalities of a collective nature must be redesigned by taking into consideration their specific nature.
9

Missbruk av skatteavtal : Kan de föreslagna reglerna i BEPS åtgärdspunkt 6 motverka förfaranden som missbrukar skatteavtal. Om inte, kan Sverige motverka sådana förfaranden genom att tillämpa generalklausulen mot skatteflykt? / Treaty abuse : Can the proposed rules in BEPS Action 6 counteract ac-tions that may lead to treaty abuse. If not, is it possible for Sweden to apply the Swedish general anti-avoidance rule, that is applicable against tax evasion?

Persson, Anna, Tedenhag, Jessica January 2015 (has links)
BEPS-projektet startades år 2012 för att förhindra att skattesubjekt använder kryphål i skatteavtalen och staternas nationella lagstiftningar för att erhålla skatteförmåner. År 2013 utgav OECD en handlingsplan som identifierar 15 åtgärder som ämnas vidtas. Åtgärdspunkt 6 reglerar problematiken kring hur skatteavtal missbrukas genom att skattesubjekt ”shoppar” efter jurisdiktionen med det skatteavtal som leder till den förmånligaste beskattningen. Åtgärdspunkt 6 föreslår att en specifik LOB-regel eller en generalklausul, PPT-regeln, införs i OECDs modellavtal för att motverka det aktuella förfarandet. LOB-regeln reglerar i vilka specifika situationer en skatteförmån är tillämplig och kan beviljas medan PPT-regeln är av allmän karaktär och innehåller allmänt hållna formuleringar för att täcka in förhållanden som är svåra att förutse på förhand. Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda huruvida de föreslagna reglerna kan uppfylla ändamålet med åtgärdspunkten, att motverka missbruk av skatteavtal. Om detta inte är möjligt undersöks om Sverige kan motverka sådana förfaranden genom att tillämpa generalklausulen mot skatteflykt som återfinns i skatteflyktslagen. Författarna bedömmer att LOB-regeln är allt för komplex i sin nuvarande lydelse vilket försvårar en tillämpning av regeln. Eftersom PPT-regeln är vag ger den utrymme för godtyckliga bedömningar, vilket inte ger ett förutsebart utfall när det inte finns klar vägledning. Författarna är med hänsyn till detta av uppfattningen att reglerna i dess nuvarande lydelse och form inte kan leva upp till syftet med åtgärdspunkt 6.  Enligt Peru-målet är skatteflyktslagen rent principiellt tillämplig på förfaranden som omfattas av skatteavtal. Generalklausulen ska då prövas mot förfarandet. Det fjärde rekvisitet, i strid med lagstiftnings syfte, är dock svårtillämpat och domstolens bedömningar varierar. Författarnas anser dock att genom att införa i skatteavtalen att dess syfte inte är att tillåta missbruk av avtalet kan generalklauslen motverka det aktuella förfarandet och skydda mot erodering av den svenska skattebasen vad gäller missbruk av skatteavtal. / In 2012 the BEPS project started with the purpose of preventing tax subjects from using loopholes in the tax treaties and national tax laws in order to receive tax benefits. In 2013, the OECD published an action plan that identifies 15 actions that is meant to be taken regarding this issue. Action 6 regulates treaty abuse through treaty shopping, which means that a tax subject is searching for the tax jurisdiction with the tax treaty that leads to the most beneficial taxation. To prevent this, Action 6 suggests that a specific LOB-rule and a general anti-avoidance rule, PPT-rule, should be included in the OECD model convention. The LOB-rule regulates in which specific situations a treaty benefit can be granted. The PPT-rule is more general and contains general wordings to cover situations that is difficult to foresee. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the proposed rules can fulfill the purpose of Action 6, to prevent treaty abuse. If not possible, it will be determined if Sweden can prevent treaty abuse by applying the general anti-avoidance rule against tax evasion stated in the Swedish skatteflyktslagen. The authors of the thesis are of the opinion that the LOB-rule is too complex in its current wording which makes it difficult to apply. Since the PPT-rule is vague, there is a wide scope for arbitrary assessments leads to an unpredictable outcome when the guidance is unclear. Therefore, the authors find that the rules in its current wordings cannot satisfy the purpose of Action 6.  According to the Peru-judgement the skatteflyktslagen can be applicable to situations that are covered by a tax treaty. The transaction should be tested against the general antiavoidance. The fourth prerequisite, in contravention of the purpose of the legislation, is difficult of apply and the judgements of the court varies. The authors believe that if the treaty preamble includes a statement which clarifies that the intention of the treaty is not to allow treaty abuse, the Swedish general anti-avoidance rule can prevent treaty abuse and thereby protect the Swedish tax base against BEPS regarding treaty abuse.
10

Avaliação externa em Goiás na perspectiva de estudantes,professores/as e gesoras: a mercantilização da educação

Pacheco, Elizabete de Paula 24 August 2017 (has links)
Nosso principal objeto de estudo foi a Avaliação Dirigida Amostral (ADA), avaliação aplicada de forma amostral em apenas algumas instituições escolhidas por meio de sorteio no estado de Goiás. Esta avaliação é aplicada em duas etapas, sendo a primeira com o objetivo de diagnosticar o início do processo, na qual os/as estudantes ainda não tiveram contato com os conteúdos, e a segunda é realizada dois meses depois, após o trabalho com os conteúdos em sala de aula. Essas avaliações são diferentes, porém contemplam os mesmos conteúdos, descritores e habilidades. Os caminhos percorridos nos levaram a refletir também sobre as relações de quase-mercado que são impostas na educação pública. A instituição participante da pesquisa faz parte do Programa Novo Futuro em Goiás, onde implantou-se escolas de ensino médio de tempo integral com base nas escolas charters, modelo de escola pública com a lógica de gestão de unidades escolares privadas, voltadas para a preparação de jovens para a carreira acadêmica, principalmente. Priorizamos analisar como a ADA e as demais avaliações externas são compreendidas pelos/as participantes desse processo avaliativo. Para isso, entrevistamos a gestora e as coordenadoras de uma unidade escolar estadual de Itumbiara-GO, além de dois grupos focais, sendo um com estudantes e outro com professores/as de uma turma de 3º ano do Ensino Médio desta mesma escola. Percebemos com este estudo que há a responsabilização unilateral, entendida em nosso estudo como uma forma de colocar todo o peso dos resultados das avaliações externas apenas nos partícipes da escola (estudantes, professores/as e gestores/as) e tirar a responsabilidade do Estado. Porém, não acontece apenas com relação à ADA, mas também em relação ao Enem (Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio). Para os/as estudantes e professores, o Enem representa uma maior importância se comparado às provas externas, sendo que isso se deve à importância que a escola e seus partícipes dão ao ingresso em universidades. A rotina avaliativa desta escola apresenta um grande número de provas, internas e externas, levando professores/as a questionarem em qual delas deve-se focar mais. Para os/as estudantes, de acordo com os relatos, percebemos que este alto número de provas tem se transformado em um “costume”, sendo que para eles/as trata-se de apenas “mais uma prova”. / Our main object of study was the Avaliação Dirigida Amostral (ADA), an evaluation applied in a sampling manner in only some institutions chosen by means of a draw in the state of Goiás. This evaluation is applied in two stages, the first with the purpose of diagnosing the beginning of the process, in which the students have not yet had contact with the contents, and the second which is carried out two months later, after the work with the contents in the classroom. These evaluations are different, but they contemplate the same contents, descriptors and abilities. The paths taken have also led us to reflect on the quasi-market relations that are imposed on public education. The research institution is part of the Novo Futuro Program in Goiás, where full-time high schools were established based on charter schools, a model of public school with the management logic of private school units, aimed at preparing young people for their academic career, mainly. Our priority is to analyze how ADA and the other external evaluations are understood by the participants of this evaluation process. For this, we interviewed the manager and the coordinators of a state school unit in Itumbiara-GO, in addition to two focus groups, one with students and the other with teachers from a 3rd grade high school class from this same school. We realized with this study that takes place the unilateral accountability, understood in our study as a way to put the full weight of the results of external evaluations only on the participants of the school (students, teachers and managers) and take responsibility off the State. However, it doesn’t happen only with the ADA, but also regarding the Enem (National High School Examination). For students and teachers, the Enem is more important than external tests, due to the importance that the school and its participants give to the entrance on universities. The evaluative routine of this school presents a large number of internal and external tests, leading teachers to question which one they should focus more. For the students, according to the reports, we realize that this high number of tests has become a "habit", and for them it is only "one more test". / Dissertação (Mestrado)

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