<p>Ett evenemang är en isolerad händelse i tid och rum där en eller flera speciella aktiviteter äger rum. Besökarna på ett evenemang blir utsatta för en mängd olika upplevelser, både positiva och negativa. Syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka vilka upplevelser som påverkade besökarna starkast på Skidskytte-VM i Östersund 2008 samt att jämföra resultatet med en tidigare forskningsrapport från Alpina VM i Åre 2007. Deltagande observationer gjorda av studenter på Mittuniversitetet i Östersund utgjorde grunden för studien. Där listades de bästa och sämsta upplevelserna av varje respondent under två dagars besök på evenemangen. Därefter sammanställdes de vanligast förekommande faktorerna för positiva respektive negativa upplevelser. Dessa studerades sen gentemot fyra olika teorier; kedjeteorin, kaosteorin, Maslows behovshierarki och Pine och Gilmores teori om besökarengagemang. Resultatet av studien visar ett antal gemensamma upplevelsefaktorer mellan de båda evenemangen. Efter att de grundläggande behoven var tillfredsställda utmärkte sig stämningen och aktivitetsutbudet som de viktigaste upplevelsefaktorerna. Framträdande kaosfaktorer identifierades under båda mästerskapen; kylan som överskuggade många andra upplevelser under VM i Östersund och de sportsliga framgångarna för Sverige under VM i Åre som skapande positiva upplevelser trots kyla och dåligt väder.</p><p>Nyckelord: Alpina VM, besökarbehov, evenemang, evenemangsturism, Skidskytte-VM, upplevelsefaktorer.</p> / ETOUR

Ett evenemang är en isolerad händelse i tid och rum där en eller flera speciella aktiviteter äger rum. Besökarna på ett evenemang blir utsatta för en mängd olika upplevelser, både positiva och negativa. Syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka vilka upplevelser som påverkade besökarna starkast på Skidskytte-VM i Östersund 2008 samt att jämföra resultatet med en tidigare forskningsrapport från Alpina VM i Åre 2007. Deltagande observationer gjorda av studenter på Mittuniversitetet i Östersund utgjorde grunden för studien. Där listades de bästa och sämsta upplevelserna av varje respondent under två dagars besök på evenemangen. Därefter sammanställdes de vanligast förekommande faktorerna för positiva respektive negativa upplevelser. Dessa studerades sen gentemot fyra olika teorier; kedjeteorin, kaosteorin, Maslows behovshierarki och Pine och Gilmores teori om besökarengagemang. Resultatet av studien visar ett antal gemensamma upplevelsefaktorer mellan de båda evenemangen. Efter att de grundläggande behoven var tillfredsställda utmärkte sig stämningen och aktivitetsutbudet som de viktigaste upplevelsefaktorerna. Framträdande kaosfaktorer identifierades under båda mästerskapen; kylan som överskuggade många andra upplevelser under VM i Östersund och de sportsliga framgångarna för Sverige under VM i Åre som skapande positiva upplevelser trots kyla och dåligt väder. Nyckelord: Alpina VM, besökarbehov, evenemang, evenemangsturism, Skidskytte-VM, upplevelsefaktorer. / ETOUR

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Forestal / Se estudió el estado actual, el crecimiento y el rendimiento de ensayos de plantación establecidos hace tres décadas en Frutillar, Provincia de Llanquihue, X Región de Los Lagos, Chile. Los estudios se realizaron sobre dos ensayos de plantación de roble (Nothofagus obliqua), uno de 31 años y el otro de 38 años, y sobre un ensayo de plantación de raulí (Nothofagus alpina) de 39 años. Los ensayos habían sido intervenidos anteriormente en forma irregular; la última intervención importante se habría realizado unos 15 años antes de este estudio.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Forestal / Algunos tratamientos silviculturales intentan imitar procesos de sucesión influidos por la acción de disturbios. Uno de los mayores cambios que se provoca, después de la remoción de dosel arbóreo, es el incremento de la luz en el piso del bosque. Nothofagus obliqua, N. alpina y N dombeyi son especies de comportamiento colonizador, aun así, las plantas de regeneración pueden responder de diferente forma a las nuevas condiciones creadas. Durante los años 2014 – 2015 se realizaron cortas de regeneración en faja en un bosque de N. obliqua, N. alpina y N dombeyi en la región del Biobió. Con el objetivo de analizar el efecto de la intervención sobre los patrones de regeneración de las especies N. obliqua, N. alpina y N dombeyi, después de dos años de realizada la intervención se seleccionaron cuatro fajas y cuatro zonas de interfaja, con un ancho de 20 m y 40 m respectivamente. En cada faja se establecieron tres transectos con cinco parcelas de 4 m2, al mismo tiempo en las interfajas se estableció un transecto de cinco parcelas de 4 m2. En total se instalaron 60 parcelas en fajas y 20 parcelas en interfajas. Sobre cada una de las parcelas se tomaron fotografías hemisféricas para estimar la transmisión de radiación solar. Se contaron todas las plantas de regeneración arbórea encontradas en las parcelas y se les midió el diámetro de la altura del cuello, la altura y el crecimiento del último periodo vegetativo. Además, se describió del sustrato en que se encontraban creciendo (hojarasca o suelo mineral). Para analizar la respuesta de las plantas de regeneración al incremento de la radiación solar se correlacionó esta variable con la densidad, con el crecimiento relativo en altura de la planta más alta por parcela y con el crecimiento relativo en altura promedio por parcela.

This work focuses on food preferences of freshwater triclad Crenobia alpina and its position in spring food web. It explores the ability of C. alpina to capture living prey, considers ability of C. alpina and to survive feeding on several types of food. Furthermore it gives view on its occurence and ecological preferences in context of other spring species. One chapter is concerned with taxonomy, anatomy and ecology of Tricladida and C. alpina itself. Short term food-preference experiments show the ability of C. alpina to capture living Lumriculidae and larvae of Ephemeroptera. We don't confirm feeding of C. alpina on living Gammarus, although their occurence in our springs and ecological preferences are similar. C. alpina feeds significantly more on damaged prey without substantial afinity to any species. A year-long experiment on C. alpina in lab conditions finds that this flatworm is able to survive and even breed with nothing but filtred water. This fact connected with the observation of huge densities of flatworms in spring source, opens up a question whether C. alpina can be considered a real predator. Key words: Crenobia alpina, triclad flatworms, food preferences, spring

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23253号 / 農博第2460号 / 新制||農||1085(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R3||N5343(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 小川 順, 教授 阪井 康能, 教授 栗原 達夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Yes / Plant mating systems have profound effects on levels and structuring of genetic variation and can affect the impact of natural selection. Although theory predicts that intermediate outcrossing rates may allow plants to prevent accumulation of deleterious alleles, few studies have empirically tested this prediction using genomic data. Here, we study the effect of mating system on purifying selection by conducting population-genomic analyses on whole-genome resequencing data from 38 European individuals of the arctic-alpine crucifer Arabis alpina. We find that outcrossing and mixed-mating populations maintain genetic diversity at similar levels, whereas highly self-fertilizing Scandinavian A. alpina show a strong reduction in genetic diversity, most likely as a result of a postglacial colonization bottleneck. We further find evidence for accumulation of genetic load in highly self-fertilizing populations, whereas the genome-wide impact of purifying selection does not differ greatly between mixed-mating and outcrossing populations. Our results demonstrate that intermediate levels of outcrossing may allow efficient selection against harmful alleles, whereas demographic effects can be important for relaxed purifying selection in highly selfing populations. Thus, mating system and demography shape the impact of purifying selection on genomic variation in A. alpina. These results are important for an improved understanding of the evolutionary consequences of mating system variation and the maintenance of mixed-mating strategies. / This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1707492115/-/DCSupplemental.

Abstract In conservation biology, informed and sound management decisions depend on target specific information about the life history and demography of the endangered populations. I used long-term, individual-based life history data (breeding and capture-recapture data) to examine life-history and demography in order to assess population viability and management. My study systems consist of metapopulations of two endangered, long-distance migratory wader species breeding on Baltic coastal meadows, the Temminck’s stint (Calidris temminckii) and the Southern Dunlin (Calidris alpina schinzii), whose breeding habitats are mainly managed by livestock grazing. Demographic models indicated that both study populations were sinks, which persist through immigration due to low local recruitment insufficient to compensate for adult mortality or emigration. Philopatric Temminck’s stints had higher nest and apparent adult survival compared to immigrants. Consideration of dispersal status in population models resulted in the most realistic estimates of population growth and revealed a low demographic impact of immigrants. Immigrants had low return rates after reproductive failure, suggesting that the difference in apparent survival was partly caused by different breeding dispersal strategies. Thus, management actions improving reproduction, and thus site fidelity, should also influence viability. An artificial nest experiment indicated high trampling rates under recommended stocking rates on managed meadows. This was attributed to similar space use of nesting Dunlin and cattle. Cattle presence did not affect nest predation. Young Dunlin preferred intensively grazed low sward habitat over high sward habitat. Reproductive success was also higher in low sward habitat. However, nests in the preferred habitat had the highest risk of being trampled if not artificially protected. Thus, low sward habitat was found to work as an ecological trap if grazing was started too early in the breeding season. Due to the sink nature of the Dunlin population even small reductions in reproductive success caused by trampling were detrimental to long term viability. The results encourage continuation of the use of cattle grazing as a management tool, but also highlight the need for more detailed consideration of local grazing practices, especially when sketching management plans for endangered species. / Tiivistelmä Uhanalaisten lajien suojelussa tehokkaiden suojelutoimien suunnittelu edellyttää tietoa hoitokohteen elinkierron eri vaiheista ja niiden demografisesta merkityksestä. Käytän tutkimuksessani pitkäaikaisaineistoja (pesintä ja merkintä-takaisinpyynti) kuvatakseni tutkimuslajien demografiaa ja arvioidessani populaatioiden elinkykyä sekä hoitotoimia. Tutkimuskohteinani ovat lapinsirrin ja etelänsuosirrin, kahden uhanalaisen kahlaajan, Perämeren rantaniityillä pesivät metapopulaatiot. Näiden lajien elinympäristöjä hoidetaan pääosin laiduntamalla. Demografinen mallinnus osoitti molempien populaatioiden olevan nielupopulaatioita, joiden säilyminen on tulomuuton varassa sillä poikastuotto ei kompensoi aikuisten kuolleisuutta ja poismuuttoa. Tutkimusalueella syntyneiden ja sinne rekrytoituneiden lapinsirrien pesä- ja aikuissäilyvyydet olivat paremmat kuin tulomuuttajilla. Tämän huomioiminen populaatiomalleissa tuotti realistisimman kasvukertoimen arvion ja osoitti paikallisten rekryyttien olevan tulomuuttajia merkittävämpiä populaation kasvun kannalta. Pesinnässään onnistuneet tulomuuttajat palasivat seuraavina pesimäkausina epäonnistuneita todennäköisemmin. Paikallisilla rekryyteillä vastaavaa eroa ei havaittu. Ilmiö heijastellee tulomuuttajien muuttoalttiutta myöhemminkin ja voi kertoa erilaisista pesimädispersaalistrategioista. Lisääntymismenestyksen parantaminen voisi parantaa elinkykyä myös pienentämällä poismuuttoa. Tekopesäkokeen perusteella pesien tallausriski oli laidunnetuissa ympäristöissä korkea vaikka laidunnuspaine noudatteli hoitosuosituksia. Tämä johtunee ainakin osin laskennallista korkeammasta todellisesta laidunpaineesta, mikä puolestaan johtui lintujen ja karjan yhtäläisestä tilankäytöstä. Rekrytoituvat suosirrit suosivat voimakkaasti laidunnettuja matalakasvuisia niittyjä, joissa poikastuotto oli parempi kuin, laiduntamattomilla niityillä. Toisaalta, tallausriski on voimakkaasti laidunnetuilla niityillä suuri ja jo pienetkin pesätappiot uhkaavat suosirripopulaation elinkykyä. Täten laitumet voivat toimia ns. ekologisina loukkuina, jos laidunnus aloitetaan liian aikaisin suhteessa pesintään. Laidunnus on kuitenkin suositeltava hoitomuoto, sillä se näyttää tuottavan parhaita pesimäympäristöjä etelänsuosirrille. Tulosten mukaan laidunnuksen ajoitusta, laajuutta ja laidunnuspainetta on muokattava kohdekohtaisesti, jotta saavutetaan paras tulos uhanalaisten lajien suojelun kannalta.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Franco Cardoso.pdf: 4540835 bytes, checksum: 3ba29f33f894b24913e32b59edf81a88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In August 1974, there was the inauguration of the Crematorium Jayme Augusto Lopes, popularly known as Crematorium Alpine Village. Thus, the city of São Paulo began offering two destinations for the dead body: burial and cremation. To track the origin of cremation in our city was required in addition to consulting the press, read the Minutes of the City Council, bills and a text of the Public Civil Action on missing politicians found in the ditch in Cemetery Perus. This study focused on the period between the years 1967 and 1974, revealed the position of Brazilian ecclesiastical and political authorities on the practice crematory, measures the contribution of the military to the installation of the first crematorium in the capital, the role of the press in disclosure of government plans, negotiations between the Church, doctors and politicians to define adequate conditions for the population of the city, and promote reflection on the constant transformation of the city of São Paulo in search of modernity / Em agosto de 1974, ocorreu a inauguração do Crematório Jayme Augusto Lopes, popularmente conhecido como Crematório de Vila Alpina. Dessa maneira, a cidade de São Paulo começou a oferecer dois destinos para o corpo morto: o sepultamento e a cremação. Para acompanhar a origem da cremação em nosso município foi necessário além de consultar a imprensa, ler Atas da Câmara Municipal, projetos de lei e um texto da Ação Civil Pública sobre desaparecidos políticos encontrados na vala do Cemitério de Perus. Esse estudo focado no período compreendido entre os anos de 1967 e 1974, revelou a posição de eclesiásticos brasileiros e de autoridades políticas sobre a prática crematória, a contribuição de medidas do governo militar para a instalação dos primeiros fornos na capital, o papel da imprensa na divulgação de planos governamentais, as negociações entre Igreja, médicos e políticos para definição de condições adequadas à população paulistana, além de promover reflexão sobre a constante transformação da cidade de São Paulo em busca de modernidade

This study provides insight into the structure/function relationship between desaturases and acetylenases, and indicates amino acid residues within acetylenases which influence reaction outcome. <i>Oleate desaturases</i> belong to a family of enzymes capable of introducing cis double bonds between C12 - C13 in oleate esters. Acetylenases are a subset of oleate desaturase enzymes which introduce a triple bond in the C12 - C13 position of linoleate. To better understand which amino acids could be responsible for differentiating the activity of acetylenases from typical desaturases, a total of 50 protein sequences were used to compare the two classes of enzymes resulting in the identification of 11 amino acid residues which are conserved within either separate family but differ between the two groups of enzymes. These identified amino acid residues were then singularly altered by site-directed mutagenesis to test their role in fatty acid modification. Specifically, the wild type acetylenase, Crep1 from <i>Crepis alpina</i>, and a number of point mutants have been expressed in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, followed by fatty acid analysis of the resulting cultures. Results indicate the importance of 4 amino acid residues within Crep1 (Y150, F259, H266, and V304) with regards to desaturase and acetylenase chemoselectivity, stereoselectivity, and/or substrate recognition. The F259L mutation affected the acetylenase by converting it to an atypical FAD2 capable of producing both cis and trans isomers. The V304I mutation resulted in the conversion of Crep1 into a stereoselective FAD2, where only the cis isomers of 16:2 and 18:2 were produced. The Y150F mutation led to a loss of acetylenase activity without affecting the inherent desaturase activity of Crep1. The H266Q mutation appears to affect substrate selection causing an inability to bind substrate (16:1-9c and/or 18:1-9c) in a cisoid conformation, resulting in an increased accumulation of trans product. The changes in enzyme activity detected in cultures expressing Crep1 mutants demonstrate the profound effect that exchanging as little as one amino acid can have on an enzyme properties. Enzymes retain some conservation of amino acids necessary for activity, such as those involved in metal ion binding, whereas subtle changes can affect overall enzyme function and catalysis.