Claritromicina e clofazimina têm sido utilizadas no tratamento da hanseníase e tuberculose e também em infecções pelo complexo Mycobacterium avium, complicação comum em pacientes que se encontram em estágios avançados da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA). Como os dados sobre a toxicidade de esquemas terapêuticos que incluem estes fármacos são escassos, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos adversos destas terapias, por meio da avaliação dos parâmetros hematológicos, hemostáticos e bioquímicos e a correlação destes parâmetros com as doses testadas e destas com a concentração plasmática dos medicamentos administrados, intraperitonealmente, em ratos machos Wistar, em monoterapia, em regime de doses única (50, 100 e 200mg/kg de peso) e múltipla (100mg/kg). Clofazimina, em regime de dose única, provocou aumento no número de eritrócitos e redução dos índices eritrocitométricos VCM e CHCM. Em regime de dose múltipla, claritromicina provocou aumento de leucócitos e de células mono e polimorfonucleares. Ambos os fármacos, em dose única, parecem inverter a proporção entre células mono e polimorfonucleares. Foi observado aumento do número de células polimorfonucleares e células em degeneração, ocasionados tanto por clofazimina como pela claritromicina. Em regime de dose única, clofazimina e claritromicina prolongaram o TP. Claritromicina, quando administrada em dose múltipla, causou este mesmo efeito e também o prolongamento do TTPA. Os resultados da avaliação da função hepática mostraram resultados inconclusivos com relação às dosagens de AST, ALT e fosfatase alcalina, porém, foi observado aumento dos níveis plasmáticos de ?-GT provocado pela clofazimina, em regime de dose única. Claritromicina induziu aumento dos níveis de ?-GT, em regime de doses única e múltipla, e provocou elevação de bilirrubinas total e direta, em dose única. Houve aumento das concentrações plasmáticas dos fármacos à medida que as doses administradas aumentaram, apesar da claritromicina exibir um comportamento farmacocinético não-linear. Portanto, clofazimina e claritromicina provocam alterações hematológicas, hemostáticas e bioquímicas e os resultados de concentração plasmática são valiosos para avaliação de efeitos adversos em estudos comparativos de monoterapia e associação entre os medicamentos. / Clarithromycin and clofazimine have been used to treat leprosy and tuberculosis as well as infections of Mycobacterium avium complex, an ordinary complication in patients who are in advanced stage of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). As the data about the toxicity of therapeutic schemes including those drugs are scarce, this research had the aim to determine the adverse effects of those therapies, through the evaluation of hematological, hemostatic and biochemical parameters and the relationship between these parameters and doses tested and between doses and plasma concentrations of drugs administered intraperitoneally, in male Wistar rats, in monotherapy, in single (50, 100 and 200mg/kg body wt), and multiple (100mg/kg body wt) doses regime. Clofazimine, in single dose regime, increased the number of erythrocytes, and it decreased the red cells indices MCV and MCHC. In multiple dose regime, clarithromycin increased the number of leukocytes and mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells. Both the drugs, in single dose, seem to invert the proportion between mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells. It was observed an increase in the number of polymorphonuclear cells and cells under degeneration caused by clofazimine and clarithromycin. In single dose regime, clofazimine and clarithromycin prolonged PT. When clarithromycin was administered in multiple dose, it brought about this same effect and also it prolonged aPTT. The results of hepatic function evaluation showed inconclusive results about AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase levels, but it was observed an increase of U-GGT plasma levels provoked by clofazimine, in single dose regime. Clarithromycin brought about an increase of U-GGT plasma levels, in single and multiple dose regime, and caused an increase of total and direct bilirrubin, in single dose. An increase of plasma concentration of drugs was observed as administered doses were increased, though clarithromycin has nonlinear pharmacokinetics behavior. Therefore, clofazimine and clarithromycin induce hematological, hemostatic and biochemical alterations and the results of plasmatic concentration are valuable to evaluate adverse effects in comparative research of monotherapy and association between drugs.

Introduction: Conceptually, it is important to understand the underlying physiological mechanisms of any training program model. This understanding aids the coach/sport scientist in making better choices in manipulating variables in formulating the training model. These underlying mechanisms can be associated with training variable manipulation, fatigue management aspects and the overall health of the athlete. Hormone and cytokine concentrations can be linked to alterations resulting from the manipulation of training variables and to subsequent alterations in performance. For example, alterations in the testosterone: cortisol ratio (T:C) has been associated with alterations in training volume as well as physiological aspects such as lean body mass, fat content and strength/power performance. Although cytokine production is part of the adaptive process, markedly increased/excessive cytokine production has been related poor fatigue management and over training. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the alterations and relationships among training variables, and physiological variables. Subjects: Nine (9) D-1 collegiate throwers and 4 control subjects participated in the study. Methods: The throwers participated in an 11- week periodized resistance training and throws program. Volume load was recorded throughout the study. Hormone (testosterone and cortisol (C), and adipokine (adiponectin, leptin, and resistin) measurements were taken at weeks 1, 7, and 11 for the throwers. Results: Hormone values did not exhibit statistically significant changes across time; however, there were trends across time for C, the T:C ratio and adiponectin. Conclusions: Based on the hormonal and adipokine data, it appears that the training program produced some positive effects. These effects indicate a reasonable degree of fatigue management in that C decreased and the T:C ratio was increased as volume load decreased. Literature supports the idea that increases in adiponectin may be a positive outcome of a sound training protocol (Smith et al., 2000). The present observation indicates that adiponectin increased in concert with decreases in C and increases in the T:C. ratio. Considering the effects of these hormones and cytokines, these alterations over time indicate a lesser degree of obesity related inflammation and a higher degree of “fitness” and preparedness

No description available.

Food intake is regulated by both appetite and orosensory reward systems. Appetite systems stimulate or reduce hunger, while orosensory reward motivates consumption of high fat sweet foods, resulting in food enjoyment. The majority of advanced cancer patients suffer from malnutrition and wasting, which may be caused by a loss of appetite due to physiological changes or a hindered orosensory reward system due to taste and smell (chemosensory) changes or both. Orosensory reward systems were hypothesized to be impaired in advanced cancer. To understand the influence of chemosensory alterations on food intake and enjoyment, the nature (intensity) of chemosensory alterations in cancer patients and their relationship with ingestive behaviour and quality of life (QOL) were investigated (study 1). Advanced cancer patients (n=192) more frequently self-reported tastes and odours to be heightened rather than diminished (p=0.035). Patients with perceived chemosensory alterations had poorer QOL (p=0.0176) and lower caloric intake (p=0.0018) compared to patients with no alterations. Cannabinoids (e.g. -9-tetrahydrocannabinol, -9-THC) increase food intake by stimulating both appetite and orosensory reward systems as well as potentially enhancing chemosensory function. To palliate chemosensory alterations and poor appetite, advanced cancer patients (n=21, study 2) with these symptoms were randomized to receive either -9-THC (2.5mg) or placebo oral capsules twice daily for 18 days. Compared to patients receiving placebo, -9-THC-treated patients reported that food tasted better (p=0.04), they had improved chemosensory perception (p=0.026), increased preference and intake of high protein foods (p=0.008), and improved appetite (p=0.05), quality of sleep (p= 0.025), and relaxation (p= 0.045). Like cancer patients, tumour-bearing rats appeared to experience a loss of orosensory reward, showing tumour-associated anorexia when fed a rewarding diet to the same degree as on a usual diet (study 3). -9-THC significantly increased caloric intake compared to vehicle for both tumour-bearing (p=0.0146) and healthy rats (p=0.0004), suggesting endocannabinoid-mediated appetite systems are functioning in this tumour model. The findings of this thesis suggest orosensory reward systems to be impaired in advanced cancer, decreasing the liking and motivation to eat. -9-THC treatment may help to palliate perceived chemosensory alterations and loss of appetite and food enjoyment in advanced cancer. / Food Science and Technology

Claritromicina e clofazimina têm sido utilizadas no tratamento da hanseníase e tuberculose e também em infecções pelo complexo Mycobacterium avium, complicação comum em pacientes que se encontram em estágios avançados da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA). Como os dados sobre a toxicidade de esquemas terapêuticos que incluem estes fármacos são escassos, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos adversos destas terapias, por meio da avaliação dos parâmetros hematológicos, hemostáticos e bioquímicos e a correlação destes parâmetros com as doses testadas e destas com a concentração plasmática dos medicamentos administrados, intraperitonealmente, em ratos machos Wistar, em monoterapia, em regime de doses única (50, 100 e 200mg/kg de peso) e múltipla (100mg/kg). Clofazimina, em regime de dose única, provocou aumento no número de eritrócitos e redução dos índices eritrocitométricos VCM e CHCM. Em regime de dose múltipla, claritromicina provocou aumento de leucócitos e de células mono e polimorfonucleares. Ambos os fármacos, em dose única, parecem inverter a proporção entre células mono e polimorfonucleares. Foi observado aumento do número de células polimorfonucleares e células em degeneração, ocasionados tanto por clofazimina como pela claritromicina. Em regime de dose única, clofazimina e claritromicina prolongaram o TP. Claritromicina, quando administrada em dose múltipla, causou este mesmo efeito e também o prolongamento do TTPA. Os resultados da avaliação da função hepática mostraram resultados inconclusivos com relação às dosagens de AST, ALT e fosfatase alcalina, porém, foi observado aumento dos níveis plasmáticos de ?-GT provocado pela clofazimina, em regime de dose única. Claritromicina induziu aumento dos níveis de ?-GT, em regime de doses única e múltipla, e provocou elevação de bilirrubinas total e direta, em dose única. Houve aumento das concentrações plasmáticas dos fármacos à medida que as doses administradas aumentaram, apesar da claritromicina exibir um comportamento farmacocinético não-linear. Portanto, clofazimina e claritromicina provocam alterações hematológicas, hemostáticas e bioquímicas e os resultados de concentração plasmática são valiosos para avaliação de efeitos adversos em estudos comparativos de monoterapia e associação entre os medicamentos. / Clarithromycin and clofazimine have been used to treat leprosy and tuberculosis as well as infections of Mycobacterium avium complex, an ordinary complication in patients who are in advanced stage of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). As the data about the toxicity of therapeutic schemes including those drugs are scarce, this research had the aim to determine the adverse effects of those therapies, through the evaluation of hematological, hemostatic and biochemical parameters and the relationship between these parameters and doses tested and between doses and plasma concentrations of drugs administered intraperitoneally, in male Wistar rats, in monotherapy, in single (50, 100 and 200mg/kg body wt), and multiple (100mg/kg body wt) doses regime. Clofazimine, in single dose regime, increased the number of erythrocytes, and it decreased the red cells indices MCV and MCHC. In multiple dose regime, clarithromycin increased the number of leukocytes and mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells. Both the drugs, in single dose, seem to invert the proportion between mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells. It was observed an increase in the number of polymorphonuclear cells and cells under degeneration caused by clofazimine and clarithromycin. In single dose regime, clofazimine and clarithromycin prolonged PT. When clarithromycin was administered in multiple dose, it brought about this same effect and also it prolonged aPTT. The results of hepatic function evaluation showed inconclusive results about AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase levels, but it was observed an increase of U-GGT plasma levels provoked by clofazimine, in single dose regime. Clarithromycin brought about an increase of U-GGT plasma levels, in single and multiple dose regime, and caused an increase of total and direct bilirrubin, in single dose. An increase of plasma concentration of drugs was observed as administered doses were increased, though clarithromycin has nonlinear pharmacokinetics behavior. Therefore, clofazimine and clarithromycin induce hematological, hemostatic and biochemical alterations and the results of plasmatic concentration are valuable to evaluate adverse effects in comparative research of monotherapy and association between drugs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-10-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 simon_alh_me_rcla.pdf: 2365211 bytes, checksum: f8c88ef2215faff7d7f7e2cc8a337d64 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A evolução das atividades antrópicas, a partir do aperfeiçoamento das técnicas utilizadas na exploração dos recursos naturais, ocasionou a gradual alteração dos elementos do sistema ambiental mediante a imposição de mecanismos de controle que determinaram transformações na estrutura e nos fluxos de matéria e energia. Por meio desta perspectiva o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar e analisar as alterações e as condições de controle que a dinâmica do uso da terra impôs ao sistema ambiental da bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Santa Bárbara ao longo de 53 anos (1953-2006), procurando enfatizar as transformações nas formas do relevo, na rede hidrográfica e na cobertura vegetal original. A área situa-se na porção sudoeste do município de Pelotas, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, inserindo-se no conjunto de bacias do sistema lacustre Patos-Mirim. Com base na Teoria Geral dos Sistemas aplicada à Geografia, que possibilitou a compreensão das relações existentes entre os sistemas ambiental e socioeconômico na estruturação das organizações espaciais, foram realizados mapeamentos da área em estudo, destacando o uso da terra e as feições geomorfológicas de forma multitemporal. A análise dos resultados obtidos constatou que a dinâmica do sistema socioeconômico impôs mecanismos de controle diretos e indiretos sobre o sistema ambiental, desencadeando alterações na hidrografia, a partir de intervenções na dinâmica fluvial; no relevo, diante das transformações impostas às feições geomorfológicas pela ação antropogênica e do conseqüente desequilíbrio dos processos erosivos; e na cobertura vegetal original, por meio de mudanças nos padrões de uso da terra que desencadearam a redução de zonas de terras úmidas cobertas por vegetação rasteira. / The evolution of the human activities made possible the optimization of techniques used in the exploration of natural resources, causing the gradual alteration of the environmental system elements through the imposition of control mechanisms that had determined transformations in the structure and the flows of substance and energy. In this context, the present study had as objective to identify and to analyze the alterations and the control conditions that the land use dynamics imposed to the environmental system of the Santa Bárbara Stream watershed during 53 years (1953-2006), trying to emphasize the transformations in landforms, hydrographic net and in the original covering. The area lies in the southwestern part of Pelotas Municipal District, State of Rio Grande do Sul, composing the set basins of Patos-Mirim lacustrine system. According to the General Systems Theory applied to Geography, witch provided the understanding of relationships between the environmental and socioeconomics systems in the spatial organizations structuring, mappings of the study area had been accomplished, detaching the land's use and the geomorphological features of multitemporal form. The gotten results analysis evidenced that the dynamics of the socioeconomics system imposed direct and indirect control mechanisms on the environmental system, unchaining alterations on hydrography, through interventions on the fluvial dynamics; on landforms, with the transformations imposed to the geomorphological features by the anthropogenic action and the consequent erosive processes disequilibrium; and the original vegetal covering, through changes in the standards of land use that had unchained the reduction of humid land zones covered by creeping vegetation.

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-01T17:55:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação JOSEPH DANIEL ALVES ALEIXO pdf.pdf: 2006598 bytes, checksum: 012dc1b1e71ec22af595af908e910f56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-01T17:55:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação JOSEPH DANIEL ALVES ALEIXO pdf.pdf: 2006598 bytes, checksum: 012dc1b1e71ec22af595af908e910f56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 / A ergonomia é o estudo do relacionamento entre o homem e o seu trabalho, estudando as interações das pessoas com a tecnologia, organização e ambiente. Em diferentes situações, é importante verificar se a execução de determinada tarefa está sendo realizada pelo indivíduo, respeitando sua capacidade física e mental. Alterações na postura são ocasionadas pelo carregamento de cargas por longos percursos e esta questão tem despertado a atenção de vários estudiosos na área. Em crianças, variações posturais são comumente encontradas no período do crescimento e desenvolvimento. A partir do exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a relação entre o carregamento de mochilas escolares e a presença de alterações posturais em adolescentes. Este trabalho trata-se de um estudo transversal. Foi realizado na cidade de Vitória de Santo Antão, com adolescentes estudantes de uma escola pública na faixa etária de 10 a 14 anos de ambos os sexos. Os adolescentes foram selecionados aleatoriamente, com o consentimento de seus responsáveis. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um formulário de pesquisa contendo dados pessoais, peso, altura, dados sobre a mochila escolar, um instrumento de avaliação postural e o inventário da dor de Becker. Os dados foram tabulados e passaram por análises estatísticas. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre o uso de alças ajustáveis com a faixa etária uso de costas almofadadas e sexo; uso de duas alças apoiadas nos ombros e sexo; tempo de trajeto de deslocamento com a presença de alterações posturais; e uso de alças ajustáveis com a presença de alterações posturais. Este panorama reflete na necessidade de intervenções baseadas em processos educativos, tanto para os adolescentes, pais e professores para que esse quadro se reverta, diminuindo, assim, os agravos à saúde. Apesar das limitações apresentadas pelo estudo, novas pesquisas ainda devem ser realizadas. / Ergonomics is the study of the relationship between man and his work, studying the interactions of people with technology, organization and environment. In different situations, it is important to check whether the execution of certain task is being performed by the individual, respecting their physical and mental capacity. Alterations in posture are caused by loading cargoes for long distances and this issue has attracted the attention of several scholars in the area. In children, postural changes are commonly found in the growth and development period. From the foregoing, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the backpacks carrying and the presence of postural alterations in adolescents. This work it is a cross-sectional study. It was held in the city of Vitória de Santo Antão, with teenage students in a public school in the age group of 10-14 years old of both sexes. The adolescents were randomly selected, with the consent of their parents. The instruments used were a survey form containing personal data, weight, height, data on school backpack, postural assessment tool and the Becker inventory of pain. Data were tabulated and underwent statistical analysis. There was a statistically significant association between the use of adjustable straps to age; use of padded back and sex; use of two handles resting on shoulders and sex; displacement path of time with the presence of postural alterations; and the use of adjustable straps with the presence of postural alterations. This outlook reflects the need for interventions based on educational processes, both for teens, parents and teachers, so that this situation be reversed, thus, reducing the health problems. Despite the limitations presented by the study, more research must still be performed.

The objective of this study was to establish and define the theological alterations made to the Masoretic Text of the biblical book of Esther (MTE) by the translators of the Septuagint (LXX) and the Josephus (J) texts, focusing on the explicit references made to God in these texts. This objective was reached by means of three working objectives: a. Comparing key passages from the MTE with the LXX and J texts; b. Indicating differences and similarities between the various accounts; and<p c. Making some inferences about the theological implications of these insertions. The comparison of the texts was introduced by an excursion into the reconstruction of the Esther text. The texts that were compared were divided into two groups, namely canonical insertions (2.20; 4.8, 14; 6.1, 13; and 7.10), and non-canonical additions (add. A, C, D and E). From this comparison, differences and similarities became apparent, and especially those that were theologically explicit were investigated. The conclusion was reached that the LXX and J texts’ theological alterations limit the theological creativeness and open-endedness of the MTE. The depth and strength of the MTE’s theological silence about the activity of God have been removed in these translations to make space for a more ‘traditional’ theology. The investigation serves to caution modern translators of the book of Esther to refrain from translating the book in a way that is theologically more explicit than the source document, since this would damage the communicative potential of the book. / Dissertation (MA (Ancient Languages and Culture))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Ancient Languages / MA / unrestricted

Copper mining is the main driver of Zambia’s economic growth and development and plays a significant role in the global supply of materials for electrical, plumbing, heating and transport equipment among other benefits. However, primary production and beneficiation of copper pose serious risks to the mining districts such as environmental pollution, landscape alterations, land degradation and social economic challenges to the host communities. This research looks at the landscape alterations in the mining district of Luanshya, and how these alterations are related to mining and other land uses. Using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the landscape alterations were mapped and analysed to identify the processes causing these alterations and their impacts on land use. Secondly, stakeholder interviews were conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the mapped landscape alterations, what the approach has been to land use planning and the stakeholder roles in this planning. Analysis of the findings identifies that landscape alterations in the district have been caused by different inter-related mechanisms stemming from a number of causes. These causes include high dependency on copper mining; inadequate enforcement of environmental legislation; lack of state involvement in land use planning of mining districts; and also global factors such as commodity market conditions. As a result, boom and bust commodity cycles have had significant impacts on the wellbeing of both mining communities and the environment. These impacts are not limited to the mine sites alone but extend to entire districts. This research also identifies that while mining plays a vital role in the economic development of Zambia, adequate enforcement of environmental legislation and adoption of inclusive land use planning may stimulate sustainable development of mining districts and foster sustainable land use patterns. Furthermore, this study recommends that future land use planning must be dynamic in terms of adopting postmining restoration of landscapes and infrastructure while also taking the direct and indirect impacts of mining into account.

The master's thesis deals with determining the influence of investment intro construction alterations on the valuation of a standard family house. Quantifying the cost of investment into the construction budget adjustments and valuation of a standard family house a home's value difference before and after completion of building alterations. Calculated data on the amount of investment and valuation of a standard family house to compare and evaluate in what time period, age structure and in what kind of investment in construction to occur by similar adjustments to the assessment.