Orientador: Angelo Berchieri Júnior / Banca: Raphael Lucio Andreatti Filho / Banca: Ivens Gomes Guimarães / Resumo: Patogenos intestinais são expostos a várias condições de estresse durante o ciclo de infecção. Anaerobiose é uma condição hostil oferecida pelo hospedeiro no intestino e lúmen intestinal, onde a sobrevivência, multiplicação e entrada nas células epiteliais é prioridade para a invasão do agente patogênico. A fumarato reductase (frdABCD), dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO)- Nóxido de trimetilamina (TMAO) reductase (dmsABC), e nitrato reductase (narGHIJ), são genes de Salmonella Typhimurium que codificam enzimas envolvidas na respiração anaeróbica de fumarato, DMSO ou TMAO, e nitrato, respectivamente. Eles são regulados em resposta à disponibilidade de nitrato, oxigênio e a taxa de crescimento celular. A vitamina B12 (cobalamina) é sintetizada por Salmonella Typhimurium em condições anaeróbicas, sendo usado como cofator em quatro reações conhecidas. A deleção dos genes cobS e cbiA inibem a produção de cobalamina. No presente estudo, foi avaliada a infecção de aves por mutantes de STM, com o sistema respiratório comprometido por alterações nos genes narG, napA, cobS, cbiA, frdA, dmsA e torC. Aves de um dia de idade, foram inoculadas com 0.1 mL de cultura de Salmonella Typhimurium contendo 108 UFC/mL, diluída a 10-2 e 10-3. Sinais clínicos e mortalidade foram avaliados durante 21 dias. Em geral, os sintomas das aves infectadas com as cepas mutantes foram semelhantes aos apresentados pelas aves do grupo controle. Com exceção de STM cbiA, os demais mutantes reduziram a capacidade de causar mortalidade em comparação com a cepa original. A mortalidade do grupo de aves infectadas com STM ΔnarG, STM ΔfrdA, STM ΔdmsA e STM ΔcobSΔcbiA, apresentaram diminuição significativa da mortalidade em comparação ao grupo controle (p<0.05) / Abstract: Intestinal pathogens are exposed to various stress conditions during their infectious cycle. Anaerobiosis, one of such hostile condition, is offered by the host within gut and intestinal lumen, where survival, multiplication and entry into intestinal epithelial cells are priority for the invasion of the pathogen. The fumarate reductase (frdABCD), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)- trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) reductase (dmsABC), and nitrate reductase (narGHIJ) operons in Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) encode enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration to the electron acceptors fumarate, DMSO, TMAO, and nitrate, respectively. They are regulated in response to nitrate and oxygen availability and changes in cell growth rate. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is synthesized by Salmonella Typhimurium only under anaerobic growth conditions used as a cofactor in four known reactions. The deletion of cobS and cbiA genes prevent any form of cobalamin production. In the present study we evaluate the infection of birds by mutants of STM, with the anaerobic respiratory system committed by mutations in the genes: narG, napA, cobS, cbiA, frdA, dmsA, and torC. Virulence was assessed by oral inoculation of groups of one-day-old broilers with 0.1 mL of culture contained 108 CFU/mL or diluted at 10-3 and 10-2 of strains mutants of Salmonella Typhimurium. Clinical signs and mortality were recorded over a period of 21 days. In general, the symptoms of chickens infected with the mutant strains were similar to those presenting by control birds. Except for STM ΔcbiA, all showed reduced capacity to cause mortality in comparison with the original strain. The mortality of group of chickens infected with STM ΔnarG, STM ΔfrdA, STM ΔdmsA and STM ΔcobSΔcbiA showed significant decrease in mortality compared to control group (p<0.05) / Mestre

Resumo: Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o desempenho de dois conjuntos de reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB) instalados em série. Os conjuntos I e II foram compostos por dois reatores UASB em série com volumes de 908 e 350 L e de 908 e 188 L, respectivamente. No conjunto II, foi realizado pós tratamento do efluente em um reator operado em batelada sequencial (RBS) com alimentação contínua, com volume de 3000 L. As cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) aplicadas no primeiro reator dos conjuntos I e II variaram de 8,36 a 9,95 g DQO total (L d)-1 e de 7,83 a 11,6 g DQO total (L d)-1, respectivamente. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQO total, nitrogênio Kjeldahl (NK), fósforo total (P-total) foram elevadas e variaram de 95 a 97% e de 97 a 99%, de 64 a 67% e de 53 a 69%, e de 80 a 87% e de 71 a 89%, nos conjuntos I e II, respectivamente. As eficiências também foram elevadas para os metais Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn nos conjuntos I e II e variaram de 80 a 91% e de 63 a 80%, de 59 a 80% e de 51 a 72%, de 89 a 97% e de 81 a 98%, de 87 a 98% e de 91 a 99%, respectivamente. A semeadura do milho, foi realizado na safrinha 2009 e na safra 2009/2010, ambos em sistema de plantio direto e convencional, para a confecção de silagem. Os valores do pH observados na silagem não diferiram entre os tratamentos nas duas épocas de semeadura e nos sitemas de plantio direto e convencional. A adubação do milho para confecção de silagem, com dejeto bruto de suíno, com dejetos tratados em sistema anaeróbio e com os dejetos do pós-tratamento, quando comparada com a adubação mineral, não apresentou resultados com diferenças significativas na silagem na maioria dos atributos avaliados. O reúso dos efluentes tratados e do dejeto bruto, não promoveu alterações na nutrição da planta, porém os efluentes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study evaluated the performance of two sets of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) installed in series. The sets I and II were composed of two UASB reactors in series with volumes of 908 and 350 L and 908 L and 188, respectively. In set II was conducted after the treatment of the effluent in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with continuous flux, with a volume of 3000 L. The volumetric organic loads (VOC) applied to the first reactor of the sets I and II ranged from 8.36 to 9.95 g total COD (L d) -1 and 7.83 to 11.6 g total COD (L d) -1, respectively. The average removal efficiencies of total COD, Kjeldahl nitrogen (NK), total phosphorus (total P) were high and ranged from 95 to 97% and 97 to 99%, 64 to 67% and 53 to 69% and 80 to 87% and 71 to 89% in clusters I and II, respectively. The efficiencies were also high for Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in clusters I and II, and ranged from 80 to 91% and 63 to 80%, 59 to 80% and 51 to 72% from 89 to 97 and 81% to 98%, 87 to 98% and 91 to 99%, respectively. We carried out the swing of maize in the 2009 off-season and 2009/2010 season, both in no-tillage and conventional sistems for making silage. The pH values observed in the silage did not differ significantly between treatments in both seasons of swing and in the sistems of tillage and no-tillage. The fertilization of corn for silage making, with raw pig manure with waste treated in anaerobic system and the waste from the post-treatment compared to mineral fertilization, results showed no significant difference in silage in most parameters. The reuse of treated effluent and raw manure, did not promote changes in the nutrition of corn but the application of treated effluent increased concentrations of N readily available for plants in soil. Even in much larger doses applied compared to the raw waste, the treated effluent, promoted soil contamination by total coliforms and thermotolerant lower / Orientador: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Coorientador: Ana Cláudia Ruggieri / Banca: Wanderley José de Melo / Banca: Israel Jose da Silva / Mestre

Orientador: Orival Andries Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T17:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_RafaelCarvalhode_M.pdf: 1070177 bytes, checksum: 8337e1b190e477073ddd2c7bd737c36c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: No esporte de rendimento a elaboração de testes coerentes para controle do treinamento é fundamental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor e validar testes de Limiar Anaeróbio (LAn) para o nado crawl. Para isso 14 nadadores competitivos em nível estadual (7 Homens e 7 Mulheres) foram selecionados para o estudo. Cada atleta realizou 5 testes de LAn com dois dias de recuperação entre testes, sendo 4 deles consolidados na literatura: testes de 30, 12, 10 minutos (T30¿, T12¿e T10¿respectivamente), um teste de Lactato Mínimo (LACmin) adaptado de Tegtbur et al. (1993), e um teste elaborado e proposto que consistia em oito minutos nadando (T8¿) a uma velocidade máxima e constante. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para medida da concentração de lactato sanguíneo ([LAC]), freqüência cardíaca (FC), velocidade (Vel) e variação de ritmo durante os percursos. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes e em momentos pós testes para verificação da cinética do lactato sanguíneo. A partir dos dados obtidos verificou-se para todos os testes de tempo que não houve variação de ritmo durante o percurso nadado. Para ambos os grupos a velocidade do T30¿ (1,27 m/s ± 0,046 para o Grupo Homens (GH) e 1,10 m/s ± 0,07 para o Grupo Mulheres (GM)) não apresentou diferenças significativas em relação à velocidade do LACmin (1,29 m/s ± 0,035 para GH e 1,14 m/s ± 0,048 para GM) . Para o GH os testes T8¿ (1,37 m/s ± 0,030), T10¿ (1.35 m/s ± 0,043) e T12¿ (1,34 m/s ± 0,031) não mostraram diferenças entre suas velocidades, mas superestimaram as velocidades do T30¿ e LACmin. O mesmo ocorreu para o GM, para os testes T8¿ (1,18 m/s ± 0,050) e T12¿ (1,16 m/s ± 0,059), com exceção para o T10¿ (1,16 m/s ± 0,050) que não apresentou diferenças em relação ao T30¿ e LACmin. Em relação à [LAC] (mmol/L), não houve diferenças significativas entre T8¿ (12.62 ± 1.02) e T12¿ (12.51 ± 2.37) e entre T30¿ (8.02 ± 1.95) e LACmín (7.84 ± 1.80) para o GH sendo que o T10¿ foi o teste que alcançou maior [LAC] (15.66 ± 2.18). Já para o GM houve diferenças entre T8¿ (11.68 ± 1.47) e T30¿ (6.43 ± 2.29), T10¿ (11.82 ± 1.96) e T30¿ e T12¿ (12.06 ± 2.50) e T30¿, mas não houve diferenças entre T30¿ e LACmín (8.43 ± 3.22). A FC não teve correlação com nenhum dos testes realizados tanto em relação à [LAC] sanguíneo quanto em relação à velocidade. Com isso, adotar valores fixos de FC e [LAC] pode sub ou superestimar o desempenho aeróbio de atletas. Desta forma testes incrementais ou mais longos como o T30¿ parecem ser mais adequados para determinação do LAn individual / Abstract: It is essential to set up coherent measurement tests for training control in high performance sports. This study aims to propose and evaluate tests of Anaerobic Threshold (AT) for crawl swimming style. This study involves 14 competitive swimmers at state level: a group of 7 men (Men) and another group of 7 women (Women). Each athlete has performed 5 tests of AT, with two days of recovery among the tests, 4 of which are proposed and consolidated in the literature: tests of 30, 12, 10 minutes (T30¿, T12¿and T10¿, respectively) and one test of Minimum Lactate adapted from Tegtbur et al. (1993). The last test, proposed by the researcher, consists of 8- minute (T8') swimming at maximal and constant speed. All tests measured athletes¿ blood lactate concentration ([LAC]), heart rating (HR), speed (Vel), and test rhythm variation. The blood samples for the verification of blood lactate concentration were collected before and after the test, in order to verify the kinetic of the blood lactate referring to each test. Based on the analysis of the speed and rhythm, it was possible to verify that, in all the time tests, there was no variation of rhythm during the distance athletes swam. Moreover, the speed in T30¿ (1,27 m/s ± 0,046 in the group of men (GH) e 1,10 m/s ± 0,07 for women¿s group (GM)) does not register significant difference for either group when compared to the speed in the Minimum Lactate test (1,29 m/s ± 0,035 for GH e 1,14 m/s ± 0,048 for GM). In the group of men, the T8¿ (1,37 m/s ± 0,030), T10¿ (1.35 m/s ± 0,043) and T12¿ (1,34 m/s ± 0,031) tests do not show differences regarding speed, but overestimate the speed in T30¿ and Minimum Lactate tests. The same is valid for the women¿s group for T8¿ (1,18 m/s ± 0,050) and T12¿ (1,16 m/s ± 0,059), in which the only difference is that the T10¿ showed equivalent readings when compared to the T30¿ and the Minimum Lactate test. About [LAC] the GH do not show differences between T8¿ (12.62 ± 1.02) and T12¿ (12.51 ± 2.37) neither T30¿ (8.02 ± 1.95) and LACmín (7.84 ± 1.80) and the T10¿was the test of higher [LAC] (15.66 ± 2.18). For GM [LAC] show differences between T8¿ (11.68 ± 1.47) and T30¿ (6.43 ± 2.29), T10¿ (11.82 ± 1.96) and T30¿ and T12¿(12.06 ± 2.50) and T30¿, but there was no difference among T30¿ and LACmín (8.43 ± 3.22). The HR did not relate to any tests and can be compared to neither the blood lactate concentration [LAC], with very individualized readings, nor to each test speed. Therefore, the HR should not be seen as a herald of athlete¿s performance. It is possible to conclude that fixing values for HR and blood lactate concentration [LAC] may distort a swimmer¿s performance capacity by either underestimating or overestimating it. So, incremental tests or longer tests, such as T30¿, seem to be more reliable for determining AT on an individual basis / Mestrado / Ciencia do Desporto / Mestre em Educação Física

Problems about greenhouse gas emissions attributed to cattle production and improvements in the productivity of these animals has been growing and becoming increasingly important. Cattle releases methane as part of their digestive process, and this represents loss of energy for the animal. The decomposition of feces releases methane and it can be recovered by digester and transformed into different types of energy. Thus, aiming to quantify the potential production of enteric methane and anaerobic fecal decomposition, as well as to evaluate ruminal and behavioral parameters of cattle fed with cottonseed and vitamin E. Six cannulated cows (864±16 kg) were distributed in a replicate 3x3 Latin square. Treatments were: 1) control diet; 2) CS: basal diet plus 30% cottonseed and 3) CSVitE: basal diet plus 30% of cottonseed plus 500 UI of vitamin E. Results were compared through orthogonal contrast and values were considered significant when P0,05. No differences were observed for dry matter intake (DMI), as well as digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Animals supplemented with cottonseed spent more time eating and ruminating and less time in idles. Reduction in the concentration and production of acetate, butyrate and the acetate: propionate ratio was observed in animals fed cottonseed compared to the control. Enteric methane mitigation was observed for the cottonseed treatments compared to the control. Changes in the substrates characteristics used to load the digesters were observed. However, no differences were verified for the total biogas production, methane yield and capacity to recover the energy of the feces in the form of methane. Inclusion of 30% cottonseed can be used as a strategy to mitigate enteric methane, without causing losses in the DMI, nutrients digestibility and anaerobic digestion of feces. In addition, it promoted favorable changes in the ingestive behavior, ruminal fermentation products, as well as in the energy partition of the gastrointestinal tract. Vitamin E when is used as antioxidant had not effect on ruminal fermentation, feeding behavior and feces anaerobic digestion, thus the inclusion is not advised due absence of positive results. / A problemática das emissões de gases de efeito estufa atribuída à produção de bovinos e melhorias na produtividade desses animais vem crescendo e se tornando cada vez mais importante. Bovinos emitem metano como parte do seu processo digestivo, e isto representa perda de energia para o animal. A decomposição das fezes gera metano, este pode ser recuperado por biodigestores e transformado em diferentes tipos de energia. Assim, objetivou-se quantificar o potencial de produção do metano entérico e da decomposição anaeróbia das fezes, bem como avaliar parâmetros ruminais e comportamentais de bovinos alimentados com caroço de algodão e vitamina E. Foram utilizadas seis vacas fistuladas não gestantes e não lactantes (876 kg±16). Os tratamentos foram: 1) Controle: dieta basal; 2) CA: dieta basal mais 30% de caroço de algodão; 3) CAVitE: dieta basal mais 30% de caroço de algodão mais 500 UI vitamina E. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino. Os resultados foram comparados por contrastes ortogonais e foram considerados significantes valores de P0,05. Não foram verificadas diferenças para o consumo de matéria seca (MS), bem como digestibilidade da MS e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). Os animais suplementados com caroço de algodão passaram maior tempo comendo e ruminando e menor tempo em ócio. Houve redução na concentração e produção de acetato, butirato e da relação acetato:propionato dos animais que receberam caroço de algodão comparado ao controle. A inclusão do caroço de algodão provocou mitigação das emissões de metano entérico. Houve alteração nas características dos substratos utilizados para abastecer os biodigestores. No entanto, não foram verificadas diferenças para a produção total de biogás, rendimento de metano e capacidade dos biodigestores em recuperar a energia das fezes na forma de metano. A inclusão de 30% caroço de algodão pode ser utilizada como estratégia para mitigar metano entérico, sem causar perdas no consumo, digestibilidade dos alimentos e na biodigestão anaeróbia das fezes. Além disso, sua inclusão promoveu alterações favoráveis no comportamento ingestivo, nos produtos da fermentação ruminal, bem como na partição de energia do trato gastrointestinal. A vitamina E quando utilizada como antioxidante não possui efeitos sobre a fermentação ruminal, comportamento ingestivo e biodigestão anaeróbia das fezes, assim sua inclusão não é indicada devido a ausência de resultados favoráveis a sua utilização.

Um sistema de tratamento de esgotos sanitários por reator UASB seguido de RSB foi operado durante 27 semanas objetivando-se verificar seu desempenho na remoção de matéria orgânica carbônácea, nitrogênio amoniacal e fósforo. O reator UASB, com 145 litros foi operado com tempo de detenção hidráulica médio de 8 horas durante todo o experimento. O reator RSB, de 106 litros, foi operado com tempos de ciclio de 24, 12 e 6 horas, em seis etapas distintas. Os tempos de ciclo no RSB variaram de 24, 12, 6, 24, 24 e 24 para as etapas 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 respectivamente. As últimas três etapas foram caracterizadas pela adição de cloreto férrico, respectivamente. O sistema UASB/RSB apresentou eficiência média de remoção de DQO de 92% nas etapas 1, 2, 5, e 6. Na etapa 3, com tempo de ciclo de 6 horas e na etapa 4, quando o RSB recebeu 50mg/L de cloreto férrico, a eficiência média de remoção de DQO foi de 83%. Quando FeCl3 foi adicionado no afluente do reator UASB, obteve-se excelente desempenho na remoção de fósforo, cujas concentrações afluentes foram da ordem de 1,0 mg/L e 4,0 mg/L para a adição de 200 e 100 mg/L de cloreto férrico, respectivamente. / The performance evaluation of a pilot scale system composed by a UASB reactor followed by an SBR reactor treating domestic sewage is presented. The UASB reactor with 145 L of volume, was operated with an average hydraulic detention period of 8 hours. The SBR reactor had a volume of 106 litters being operated with cyclic time of 24, 12, and 6 hours. These different operational conditions characterized three stages of the work from a total of six stages. The three last stages were the addition of 50, 100, and 200 mg/L of ferric chloride in the aerobic, anaerobic, and anaerobic reactors, respectively. In the three last stages the UASB reactor worked with an average hydraulic detention time of 8 hours and the aerobic reactor worked with a cyclic time of 24 hours. After 27 weeks of continuous operation, the UASB/SBR system produced very good results in terms of COD removal. The average results of the COD removal were of 92% to the first, second, fifth, and sixth stages, having a reduction to 83% on the average to the stages where the SBR received 50 mg/L of ferric chloride and in which it worked with a six hour cyclic period. The addition of ferric chloride in the anaerobic reactor had great efficiency in the phosphorus removal. It was reached absolute values of until 1 mg/L of PO43- in the aflluent of the system, promoting an average effluent of 4 mg/L of PO43- with the addition 200 mg/L of FCl3. The UASB/SBR system can become a very promising alternative for domestic sewerage treatment in Brazil, since the system can be projected with shorter times of hydraulic detention times, resulting in a low cost compact installation. Furthermore, excellent results can be gotten to the ammonium and phosphorus removal.

Neste trabalho a composição do biogás produzido em digestão anaeróbia foi avaliada em função da variação da carga aplicada específica (CAE) medida em termos da relação DQO/sólidos suspensos voláteis. Foram feitos ensaios de digestão anaeróbia utilizando vinhaça como fonte de carbono e lodo adaptado proveniente de reator UASB em 10 frascos reagentes contendo as seguintes variações de CAE: 0,20; 0,28; 0,34; 0,55; 0,95; 3,15; 6,58; 7,00; 9,60; 12,98 g.O2/g.SSV. Os melhores resultados obtidos com relação à produção volumétrica de biogás foram 263,79 mL de volume acumulado de metano para a CAE de 0,34 g.O2/g.SSV, e uma produção máxima acumulada de hidrogênio de 558,06 mL para a CAE de 6,58 g.O2/g.SSV. O resultado não se repetiu com relação ao rendimento de produção de biogás, atingindo um máximo rendimento de 80,68 LCH4/L vinhaça para a CAE de 0,20 g.O2/g.SSV, e 7,98 LH2/L vinhaça para a CAE 3,15 g.O2/g.SSV. A variação da CAE também teve influência direta na rota metabólica da digestão anaeróbia, alterando a concentração de metabólitos dissolvidos. / In this research, the composition of the biogas produced in anaerobic digestion was evaluated according to the variation of the applied load specific (ALS) measured in terms of the ratio COD/volatile suspended solids. Assays were done using anaerobic digestion of vinasse as a source of carbon and sludge obtained from UASB reactor adapted in 10 bottles for the following of ALSs: 0,20, 0,28, 0,34, 0,55, 0,95; 3,15, 6,58, 7,00, 9,60, 12,98 g.O2/g.VSS. The best results concerning to the volumetric biogas production were 263,79 ml cumulative volume of methane for ALS equal to 0,34 g.O2/g.VSS, and a maximum cumulative hydrogen production of 558,06 mL for ALS of 6,58 g.O2/g.VSS. The same was not observed with respect to yield biogas production, reaching a maximum yield of 80.68 LCH4/Lvinasse for ALS of 0,20 g.O2/g.VSS and 7,98 LH2/Lvinasse for ALS of 3,15 g.O2/g.VSS. The variation of ALS also has a direct influence on the metabolic pathway of anaerobic digestion, altering the concentration of dissolved metabolites.

Este projeto de pesquisa visou à investigação do desempenho do reator UASB (10 L de volume) no tratamento da vinhaça quando submetido a aumento progressivo da carga orgânica em condições termofílicas. A carga orgânica afluente média foi de 2,79 gDQO/L.dia (desvio de 1,5 gDQO/L.dia) e média efluente bruto de 1,24 gDQO/L.dia (desvio de 0,93 gDQO/L.dia). A operação atingiu o limite de carregamento de 6,5 gDQO/L.dia, limitado pela produção excessiva de ácidos voláteis totais que atingiram concentrações da ordem de 1.200 mgHac/L, tóxicas para biomassa metanogênica. A adaptação do lodo mesofílico às condições termofílicas ocorreu no período de 55 dias, que pode ser considerado um período curto. A operação com ácidos orgânicos para enriquecimento do lodo não se mostrou eficaz, com acúmulo desses ácidos para a COV de 10 gDQO/L.dia. A operação com etanol mostrou-se eficaz para a recuperação do lodo, com COV de 8,0 gDQO/L.dia, obtendo-se eficiência máxima de remoção de DQO de 80%. As eficiências máximas na operação foram durante a adaptação do lodo, com COV de 1,20 gDQO/L.dia (92,0%) e durante a operação do sistema, com COV de 3,50 gDQO/L.dia (83,0%). O TDH médio desenvolvido neste trabalho foi de 1,34 dias. Este dado levantou questionamentos a respeito de um TDH ótimo utilizado para este tipo de tratamento, devido a grande variação de TDHs encontrados na literatura em trabalhos correlatos (entre 1,0 e 6,5 dias). / This research project had the objective to investigate the performance of the UASB reactor (10 L of volume) in the vinasse treatment submitted to progressive organic loadings under thermophilic conditions. The organic matter upload average was 2,79 gDQO/L.day (standard deviation of 1,5 gDQO/L.day) and the full organic matter average was 1,24 gDQO/L.dia (standard deviation of 0,93 gDQO/L.day). The operation reached the organic limit loading in 6,5 gCOD/L.day, limited by the excessive production of total volatile acids that reached concentrations beyond 1.200 mgHac/L, toxic to metanogenic biomass. Adaptation of mesophilic sludge to thermophilic conditions occurred in a period of 55 days, what can be considered a short period. The operation with organic acids for sludge enrichment did not seem to be efficient, accumulating these acids in a 10 gCOD/L.day. The operation with ethanol seemed to be efficient for sludge recuperation, of 8,0 gCOD/L.day, reaching maximum COD reduction efficiencies of 80%. The maximum operation efficiency was during sludge adaptation with 1,20 gCOD/L.day (92,0%) and during operation system, with 3,50 gCOD/L.day (83%). The HDT average developed in this research was 1,34 days. These data bring questions about the HDT optimum for this kind of anaerobic treatment, in correlation with significant variation of HDT used in another studies in the literature (between 1,0 and 6,5 days of HDT).

Orientador: Orival Andries Júnior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T08:53:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_RafaelCarvalhode_D.pdf: 3074022 bytes, checksum: 193ac376aa88ed39b3128919ba4f7299 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Em se tratando de treinamento esportivo, é possível afirmar que gestos técnicos e táticos são bastante explorados e também aplicados às sessões de treino. Contudo, em relação às respostas e adaptações fisiológicas, ainda há muitos fatores que não recebem a devida importância. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar biomarcadores sanguíneos, Escala de Borg (EB) (dor e esforço) e frequência cardíaca (FC) em estímulos anaeróbios máximos no nado crawl (25, 50, 100 e 200 metros). Assim, 4 nadadores (sexo masculino) competitivos em nível nacional, com idade média de 20 anos (± 2,71), treinando há no mínimo 3 anos, foram voluntários no estudo. Os atletas seguiram uma rotina de treino em água de 2hs diárias - cinco a seis vezes por semana - durante 48 semanas, minuciosamente controladas, objetivando 3 competições-alvo, especialmente da 46ª semana deste período. Durante as 10 semanas precedentes à competição principal cada atleta realizou 4 estímulos máximos nas metragens supracitadas em 3 momentos - semanas 1 e 2 (momento 1), 5 e 6 (momento 2) e 9 e 10 (momento 3), mantendo a rotina de treino proposta. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para medir as concentrações de lactato, creatinina, creatina quinase (CK) e ácido úrico (AU). Além disso, foram aferidos os tempos de cada estímulo, velocidade, FC e EB. As amostras de sangue, dados de FC e EB, foram coletadas antes e em momentos pós-testes. Para análise estatística utilizou-se do teste Kruskal-Wallis para medidas não-paramétricas. Os valores para os biomarcadores sanguíneos não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os momentos de avaliação (p<0,05). A FC apresentou diferenças entre 25, 50 e 100m de cada teste, e apresentou valores de correlação com velocidade (r=-0,409), com lactato (r=-0,8) e creatinina (r=0,341). Neste contexto, a EB mostrou-se um bom parâmetro para prescrição da intensidade de dor e esforço quando relacionada a velocidade (R2= 58,9% e R2=74,6% respectivamente), lactato (R2= 48,5% e R2= 44,3% respectivamente) e FC (R2= 28,9% e R2= 23,8% respectivamente). Assim, CK, creatinina, AU e FC não mostraram-se bons parâmetros para diferenciação de esforços nos estímulos analisados. Desta forma, adotar valores fixos de FC e/ou algum biomarcador sanguíneo pode sub ou superestimar o desempenho do atleta. Já o lactato pode ser considerado bom parâmetro avaliador para estímulos anaeróbios máximos sendo mais otimizado quando atrelado à FC / Abstract: In the case about sportive training, it is possible to affirm that technical and tactical gestures are fairly well explored and applied to the training sessions. However, about physiological adaptations there are many factors that still has not been given its due importance. The objective of this study was to analyze blood biomarkers along with the Borg scale (BS) (pain and effort) and heart rate (HR) in the maximum anaerobic bouts in craw swimming (25, 50, 100 and 200 meters). Thus, four swimmers (men) competing at the national level, with an average age of 20 years (± 2.71), training for at least three years, volunteered for the study. The athletes followed a routine of 2hs daily training - five to six times a week - 48 weeks, carefully controlled, aiming at 3 competitions, specially the 46ª week competition of period. In the 10 weeks preceding the main competition, each athlete performed 4 maximum bouts in that distances at 3 times - weeks 1-2 (moment 1), 5-6 (moment 2) and 9-10 (moment 3), keeping the training routine proposal. We collected blood samples to measure the concentrations of lactate, creatinine, creatine kinase (CK) and uric acid (UA). In addition, we measured the time of each bouts, speed, HR and SB. Blood samples, FC and EB data were collected before and after testing times. For statistical analysis we used the Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric measures. The values for blood biomarkers showed no significant differences between the moments (p <0.05). The HR differ even between the distances 25, 50 and 100m of each test, and reported correlated values with speed (r=-0,409), lactate (r=-0,8) and creatinine (r=0,341). So, the SB was shown to be a good parameter of pain abd effort for the prescription of exercise intensity when related with speed (R2= 58,9% e R2=74,6% respectively), lactate (R2= 48,5% e R2= 44,3% respectively) and HR (R2= 28,9% e R2= 23,8% respectively). Thus, CK, creatinine, UA and HR, wasn't good parameters to differ the effort between bouts analyzed. Then, adopting fixed values of HR and / or any blood biomarker may under or overestimate the performance of the athlete. The lactate coupled to HR can be treated like a good measure parameter of anaerobic bouts / Doutorado / Ciencias do Desporto / Doutor em Educação Física

The use of alternative feedstock sources to enhance the energy production of anaerobic systems, and thus their economic value, is one of the current research areas in the field of bioenergy production. Marine biomass represents a unique source of organic matter for the optimisation of anaerobic digestion systems and can be regarded as a sustainable alternative to purposely grown energy crops requiring significant amounts of water, fertiliser and land for their cultivation. Seaweeds are of particular interest as they are characterised by high biomass yields and interesting conversion rates. In temperate seas, brown seaweed species generally dominate the flora and their relative abundance on the sublittoral zone of the British coastline make them a substrate of choice for anaerobic digestion. However, little information is available on commercial-scale anaerobic digestion of seaweed for biogas production and the potential factors that could impair its successful conversion. This work was proposed in order to establish the potential and optimise the use of seaweed as an additional source of organic matter for anaerobic digesters. The study also investigated the use of the Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) as a platform for process simulation. The model original structure is inadequate to accurately represent the anaerobic co-digestion of seaweed and was therefore updated with the addition of specific processes. The study was carried out in three main experimental stages. In a first stage, the effect of seaweed salinity (represented by sodium ions) on anaerobic digestion was investigated using a mesophilic laboratory-scale anaerobic digester. It was found that a rapid increase in sodium ion levels can negatively impact on biogas production and result in the accumulation of volatile fatty acids. The ADM1 does not originally take into account the inhibitory effect of sodium and was therefore modified to include a function representing the effect of sodium ions on the rate of acetate uptake. The extended model was able to reproduce experimental observations and was used to predict the effect of sodium ions in the presence of other process inhibitors. Microbial adaptation to salinity was also investigated during batch assays. It was found that a suitable period of adaptation can significantly reduce the adverse effect of salinity on methanogens. The phenomenon was successfully implemented in the model through the addition of a specific inhibition function and the calibration of kinetic parameters. The second stage of this research focused on the effect and mode of action of phlorotannin (a phenolic compound found exclusively in brown seaweed) on mixed microbial cultures through the monitoring of intracellular material leakage and transmission electron microscopy observations. Results suggested that phlorotannin induces strong extra- and intra-cellular effects on cells exposed to the compound, thus adversely impacting on energy requirements and final methane yields. The effect of phlorotannin was found to be dependent on both the degree of polymerisation of the compound and the morphology of microorganisms. Furthermore, the effect of phlorotannin during the anaerobic co-digestion of brown seaweed (Laminaria digitata) and vegetable residues was also investigated. Experimental results were successfully modelled using an extensively modified version of the ADM1, which introduces an uncompetitive function to the rate of acetate uptake in order to represent the inhibition of methanogenesis by phlorotannin. The model was also updated with a combination module for the simulation of co-digestion processes. The third stage focused on establishing operational guidelines for the anaerobic co-digestion of brown seaweed and non-saline feedstocks. Results suggested that although seaweed can be an alternative organic substrate in anaerobic digestion systems, phlorotannin content might limit its use for commercial-scale application. Whilst this study identified salinity and phlorotannin as key barriers to the use of brown seaweed as a substrate for anaerobic systems, the adaptation of operating conditions to favour microbial adaptation could lead to its effective use in large-scale applications.

The objective of this project was to treat petroleum refinery wastewater using a combination of anaerobic and aerobic processes, namely an Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor paired with a Rotation Algae Biofilm Reactor (RABR), respectively, to produce a treated effluent. The treatment method developed needed to produce a cost-effective and efficient way to decrease nitrogen, phosphorous, total suspended solids (TSS), and COD concentrations to below State of Utah limitations. It was demonstrated that RABR treatment was capable of reducing effluent concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and TSS to State of Utah limitations. RABR treatment did not significantly reduce COD from the wastewater. The COD reduction requirement, however, was met through anaerobic digestion of the wastewater. Therefore, our system proved effectual at the treatment of the wastewater and met all design criteria.