[pt] O Monitoramento do Sistema de Isolamento em Máquinas Elétricas de Alta Tensão representa um avanço no que diz respeito ao planejamento operacional de uma indústria. Com posse de dados on-line referentes às condições apresentadas pelos isolamentos, as devidas precauções podem ser tomadas, evitando danos maiores. O trabalho apresentado tem como objetivo principal analisar um sistema de monitoramento desenvolvido pela CEA (Canadian Electrical Association), com suporte técnico da Ontario Hydro. O sistema chamado PDA (Partial Discharge Analyzer) mede, através de acopladores permanentes ou portáteis (capacitores), as Descargas Parciais nos enrolamentos estatóricos de grande máquinas de alta tensão. A quantificação exata das Descargas Parciais são indicadas das reais condições do isolamento. A análise do aparelho foi realizada em conjunção aos dados obtidos, tendo como referência a Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN). A partir de tais dados, é possível demostrar em que estágio atual de aproveitamento estamos em relação à utilização de tal aparelho e quais são os passos futuros para melhor compreensão das medidas. / [en] The Monitoring of te Isolation System in High Tension Electrical Machines represents na advance in what concerns the operational planning of na industry. Knowing the on- line data referring to the conditions presented by the isolations, the necessary cautions can be taken, avoiding bigger damages. This work has as the main aim to analyze a monitoring system developed by the CEA (Canadian Electrical Association). The system is called PDA ( Partial Discharge Analyzer) and measures, through permanent or portable couplers (capacitors), the Partial Discharges is indicator of the isolation real conditions. The appliance analyses was made with the obtained data, having as reference the CSN. With this data, it is possible to show in what profiting stage of appliance and which are the future steps for a better comprehension of the measures.

With improvements in hardware of antenna receivers, fully digital arrays have been made possible to use in real time systems. These systems have a greater complexity, with the advantage of more dynamic system design since the use of the communication system can be changed with only a software change. Construction of a system capable of bidirectional communication on the same frequency and at the same time, is possible with a fully digital array if the coupling between the antenna elements are known. The good thing about the system is that all components for measuring this coupling already are included in the fully digital array. A signal generator and a coherent multichannel receiver can be used to create a VNA, completely by software. This can be used to measures the coupling coefficients of the antenna elements. In this thesis the working principle of the the software defined VNA is proven, a testing environment for a antenna array is described andadjustments for real hardware are used to create a result which can be strongly correlated to measurements of a lab grade VNA used as reference.

Den här rapporten om kallkällor i Haninge kommun i södra Stockholms län är ett examensarbete på KTH. Undersökningen har gjorts i samarbete med Haninge kommun och Källakademin. Arbetet utförs av två studenter, där en student fokuserar på källornas tillstånd i dag (denna rapport) och en student fokuserar på källornas historia och tradition. Det primära målet med detta arbete är att ge Haninge kommun och dess invånare bättre kännedom om de kallkällor som finns i kommunen, särskild med avseende på vattenkvalitet och tillgänglighet. Kommunen har ambitionen att informera allmänheten om kallkällor och förse en del av dem med skyltar. Information om källornas existens och lokalisering inhämtades från olika databaser, främst SGUs (Sveriges geologiska undersökning), Skogsstyrelsens och Länsstyrelsens samt genom personliga kontakter. Efter lokaliseringen av källorna valdes sju stycken för provtagning. De valda kallkällorna besöktes och prov från dessa undersöktes och analyserades med avseende på följande parametrar: Temperatur, pH, konduktivitet, alkalinitet, kemisk syreförbrukning (CODMn), kloridhalt, färg, lukt, smak och klarhet. De tre första parametrarna bestämdes i fält. Utöver dessa parametrar bestämdes även metallhalterna och totalfosforhalten. De metallhalter som bestämdes var kadmium, kalcium, kalium, magnesium, natrium och koppar . Någon bakteriologisk undersökning av källvattnen har i detta skede inte gjorts Resultaten visade följande: Fyra kallkällor, Källbacken, Gubbkärret, Mellanbergskällan och Sandemarkällan är lämpliga att restaurera. De har bra vattenkvalité och olika karaktär. Det finns mindre problem som t.ex. rensning och skötsel som behöver följas upp. Tre kallkällor, Lillsjön, Nytorp och Trefaldighetskällan på Utö har sämre kvalité och fordrar mer arbete att återställa. / This report about springs in Haninge Municipality, which is located to the south of Stockholm, is a diploma work at KTH. The survey was made in collaboration with Haninge Municipality and Källakademin (Swedish Academy of Springs). The work was carried out by two students, one who specialized in the present condition of the springs (this report) and one who focused on their history and tradition. The primary aim of this research is to give Haninge Municipality and its residents better knowledge of the springs that exist in the municipality, especially with regard to their water quality and location. The municipality strives to inform the public about springs and to provide the springs with signs. The information about the existence of the springs and the locations of them has been obtained from various databases, primarily SGU (Geological Survey of Sweden), the Swedish Forest Agency and the Stockholm county administration and also through private contacts. After the localization of the springs, seven of them were chosen for sampling. The chosen springs were visited and sampled. The water was analyzed with respect to the following parameters: temperature, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), chloride, colour, taste, smell and transparency. The first three of these parameters were determined in the field. In addition to these parameters, the concentration of metal ions and the total phosphorous content were also determined. The metals that were analysed include cadmium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium and copper. The results gave the following information: Four springs, Källbacken, Gubbkärret, Mellanbergskällan and Sandemar are suitable for restoration and they have very good water quality from chemical-physical point of view. These four springs have different characteristics and there are minor problems conserning restoration but they, need further sampling and examination. Three springs, Lillsjön, Nytorp and Trefaldighetskällan at Utö have inferior quality and would require greater efforts to restore.

Yes / The viscoelastic nature of polymeric formulations utilised in drug products imparts unique thermomechanical attributes during manufacturing and over the shelf life of the product. Nevertheless, it adds to the challenge of understanding the precise mechanistic behaviour of the product at the microscopic and macroscopic level during each step of the process. Current thermomechanical and rheological characterisation techniques are limited to assessing polymer performance to a single phase and are especially hindered when the polymers are undergoing thermomechanical transitions. Since pharmaceutical processing can occur at these transition conditions, this study successfully proposes a thermomechanical characterisation approach combining both mechanical and rheological data to construct a comprehensive profiling of polymeric materials spanning both glassy and rubbery phases. This approach has been used in this study to assess the mechanical and rheological behaviour of heterogenous polymer blends of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) over a shearing rate range of 0.1–100 s−1 and a temperature range of 30–200 °C. The results indicate that HPC and HPMC do not appear to interact when mixing and that their mixture exhibits the mechanistic properties of the two individual polymers in accordance with their ratio in the mixture. The ability to characterise the behaviour of the polymers and their mixtures before, throughout, and after the glassy to rubbery phase transition by application of the combined techniques provides a unique insight towards a quality-by-design approach to this and other polymer-based solid dosage forms, designed with the potential to accelerate their formulation process through obviating the need for multiple formulation trials.

No description available.

Einleitung: Alpakas gehören zu einer Tiergruppe, die in den vergangenen Jahren im Patientengut der Tierärzte immer häufiger anzutreffen ist. Daher ist es von großer Bedeutung, sich mit der Physiologie und Pathologie dieser Tierart zu beschäftigen. Die Versorgung der Neonaten spielt dabei eine große Rolle. Da Alpakacrias, wenn überhaupt, dann erst sehr spät, klinische Anzeichen einer Erkrankung zeigen, ist es für den Untersucher von großem Nutzen, einen Einblick in den Blutgas- und Säure-Basen-Haushalt, sowie Kenntnis von den hämatologischen und blutchemischen Parametern des Neonaten zu erhalten. Des Weiteren bietet die Blutuntersuchung ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel zur Überprüfung der Versorgung mit kolostralen Antikörpern. Ziele der Untersuchungen: Ein Ziel der Untersuchungen war die Erstellung von bisher nicht vorhandenen Referenzwerten für die venöse Blutgasanalyse, die Hämatologie und für einige blutchemische Parameter bei gesunden, lebensfrischen Alpakacrias innerhalb der ersten drei Lebenstage. Des Weiteren sollte in diesem Zusammenhang die Eignung eines mobil einsetzbaren Blutgasanalysegerätes (epoc®, Fa. Alere GmbH, Köln) für die Tierart Alpaka eruiert werden. Hierfür wurden Doppelbestimmungen der Proben mit einem etablierten stationären Blutgasanalysegerät (ABL90 FLEX®, Fa. Radiometer, Kopenhagen) durchgeführt. Tiere, Material und Methoden: In die Studie wurden 20 gesunde neugeborene Alpakacrias integriert. Die Fohlen stammten vornehmlich aus Stuten, die zur Geburtsüberwachung in die Klinik eingestallt wurden, bei anderen handelte es sich um solche, die innerhalb der ersten Lebensstunden wegen vermeintlich verzögerter Tränkeaufnahme vorgestellt worden waren, was sich aber nicht bestätigte. Alle Alpakafohlen wurden nach dem Gießener Vorsorgeschema II für neonatale Equiden klinisch untersucht. Anschließend erfolgte 3-8 Stunden p. n., 24 Stunden p. n. und 72 Stunden p. n. je eine Blutprobenentnahme. Der erste Analysezeitpunkt wurde bewusst nicht unmittelbar post natum gewählt, da die Etablierung einer stabilen Prägungsphase zwischen Muttertier und Cria nach der ersten Tränkeaufnahme abgewartet werden sollte. Die Blutentnahme erfolgte nach Reinigung und Desinfektion aus der ungestauten V. jugularis externa im Bereich des sechsten Halswirbels. Die Blutgasanalyse wurde innerhalb von 15 Minuten mit den zuvor genannten Blutgasautomaten durchgeführt. Die hämatologischen Parameter wurden mit dem pocH-100 iV (Fa. Sysmex Deutschland GmbH, Norderstedt) bestimmt, die blutchemischen Untersuchungen erfolgten mit dem FUJI DRI CHEM 3500 (Fa. Sysmex Deutschland GmbH, Norderstedt). Insgesamt wurden 55 Blutproben entnommen und analysiert. Pro Analysegerät (epoc®, ABL90 FLEX®, pocH-100 iV, FUJI DRI-CHEM 3500) wurden je 55 Messungen durchgeführt. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mit dem Programm IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0. Die Normalverteilung wurde mittels Shapiro-Wilk-Test überprüft. Für den Gerätevergleich (epoc®/ABL90 FLEX®) fand der Wilcoxon-Test Anwendung. Der Vergleich der Zeitpunkte erfolgte über den Friedman-Test für verbundene Stichproben. Des Weiteren wurden für die einzelnen Parameter der Median und die Perzentile, bzw. der Mittelwert und die Standardabweichung bestimmt. Die grafische Darstellung erfolgte mit Boxplots und Bland-Altman-Plots. Ergebnisse: Im Gerätevergleich konnte insgesamt auf eine gute Übereinstimmung der Messwerte geschlossen werden. Signifikante und gleichzeitig klinisch relevante Unterschiede gab es lediglich bei der Bestimmung der Sauerstoffsättigung und des Hämatokrits, was auf unterschiedliche Mess- und Berechnungsmethoden bei den Geräten zurückzuführen ist. So liegen die Hämatokritwerte beim epoc® deutlich unter denen vom ABL90 FLEX®. In diesem Zusammenhang wichtig für die Interpretation der Ergebnisse ist, dass für jedes Messgerät die individuellen Referenzbereiche berücksichtigt werden müssen. Die venöse Blutgasanalyse ergab für gesunde Crias zu Beginn des ersten Lebenstages einen pH-Wert von 7,34 – 7,40, einen Sauerstoffpartialdruck (pO2) von 21,6 – 29,2 mmHg, einen Kohlendioxidpartialdruck (pCO2) von 37,3 – 46,0 mmHg, eine Sauerstoffsättigung (sO2) von 30,5 – 48,0 %, ein aktuelles Bikarbonat (HCO3-) von 21,3 – 25,1 mmol/l, eine Standardbasenabweichung (SBE) von -3,3 – 0,2 mmol/l und einen Laktatgehalt von 1,6 – 3,4 mmol/l. Der pH Wert ähnelte im Verlauf dabei dem von Kälbern und Lämmern gleichen Alters, der pO2 war insgesamt etwas niedrig, aber konstant und ähnelte über den Messzeitraum dem von Kälbern. Es wurden bei den Crias im Vergleich zu Fohlen, Kälbern und Lämmern niedrigere pCO2-Werte festgestellt. Die Sauerstoffsättigung ähnelte der von Equidenfohlen, über den Messzeitraum fällt die Konzentration im Mittel geringfügig ab, bei den anderen Vergleichstierarten steigt sie an. Die Glukosekonzentrationen waren postnatal höher als bei anderen Haustierneonaten (3-8 h p.n.: 4,4 – 8,2; 24 h p.n.: 7,3 – 12,8; 72 h p.n.: 7,3 – 16,2 mmol/l). Laktat kann nicht, wie es beim Equidenfohlen postuliert wird, als Indikator für den Gesundheitszustand eines Alpaka-Crias genutzt werden. Hämatologisch sind die spezielle Form und die hohe Anzahl der Alpakaerythrozyten, die hohe Zahl an Leukozyten und Thrombozyten (speziell bei den Crias), sowie die hohe MCHC zu nennen. Schlussfolgerungen: Es konnten teilweise bisher fehlende Daten zur venösen Blutgasanalyse für die Beurteilung der Stoffwechsellage neugeborener Alpakacrias etabliert werden. Das mobile Blutgasgerät epoc® stellt eine für die Anwendung geeignete Alternative dar.

As inferências têm diversas aplicações na indústria de processos químicos, sendo essenciais no sucesso de projetos de controle avançado. O desempenho do controle será sempre ligado ao desempenho da inferência, sendo importante a manutenção da sua qualidade ao longo do tempo. Neste trabalho, uma nova metodologia é sugerida para o desenvolvimento de inferências baseadas em dados seguindo uma abordagem segmentada com o objetivo de facilitar a sua manutenção. A nova proposta consiste em modelar a parte estacionária separada da parte dinâmica, diferentemente do que é feito na metodologia tradicional, onde o modelo dinâmico é gerado diretamente dos dados de processo. O modelo estacionário é obtido através de uma regressão PLS (Partial Least Squares), enquanto as dinâmicas são inseridas posteriormente utilizando-se um algoritmo de otimização. A técnica é aplicada a uma coluna de destilação e o resultado obtido é semelhante ao de inferências dinâmicas e estáticas desenvolvidas com métodos tradicionais. Outras etapas do desenvolvimento de inferências também são investigadas. Na seleção de variáveis, métodos estatísticos são comparados com a busca exaustiva e se conclui este último deve ser usado como padrão, visto que custo computacional não é mais um problema. Também são apresentadas boas práticas no pré-tratamento de dados, remoção do tempo morto do cromatógrafo modelado e detecção de estados estacionários. / Soft-sensors have several applications in the chemical processes industry and are essential for the success of advanced control projects. Its performance will always be linked to the performance of the soft-sensor, so it is important to maintain its quality over time. In this paper, a new methodology is suggested for the development of data-based soft-sensors following a segmented approach in order to facilitate its maintenance. The new proposal is to model the stationary part separated from the dynamic, unlike the traditional methodology where the dynamic model is generated directly from process data. The stationary model is obtained by a PLS (Partial Least Squares) regression, while the dynamics are inserted using an optimization algorithm. The technique is applied to a distillation column and its performance is similar to dynamic and static soft-sensors developed using traditional methods. Other steps in the development of soft-sensors are also investigated. In variable selection issue, statistical methods are compared with the testing of all possibilities; the latter should be used as default, since computational cost is no longer a problem. We also present best practices in data pre-processing, gas chromatograph dead-time removal and steady state detection.

Vi åsyftar att undersöka möjligheterna att starta upp och driva det mindre hotellet. Vi vill med denna affärsplan undersöka marknaden och upptäcka eventuella brister i idén före den blir verklighet. Frågeställning: Hur etableras och drivs det mindre hotellet på ett framgångsrikt sätt? Vi har gjort en kvalitativ fallstudie på tre hotellföretag och använts oss av semi-strukturerade intervjuer med berörda personer på de tre olika hotellen. Teorin har insamlats genom relevant litteratur inom ekonomi och marknadsföring samt via elektroniska källor. Vi har visat på att det finns goda möjligheter att skapa en hotellverksamhet i en stad som Göteborg. Dock under vissa förutsättningar; att vi får tag i en lokal som passar våra behov samt att vi får en omsättningsbaserad hyra så vi slipper tunga investeringskostnader.

Immobilizing antimicrobial substances onto biocompatible materials is an important approach for the design of novel, functionalized medical devices. By choosing antimicrobial substances from innate immune systems, the risk for development of resistance in pathogenic microbes is lower than if conventional antibiotics are used. Combining natural antimicrobial peptides and bactericidal enzymes with strong and elastic spider silk through recombinant protein technology would enable large-scale production of materials that could serve as functionalized wound dressings. Herein, fusion proteins with the engineered spider silk sequence 4RepCT and five different antimicrobial substances were constructed using two different strategies. In the first, the fusion proteins had a His-tag as well as a solubility-enhancing domain N-terminally to the antimicrobial agent during expression. The tags were cleaved and separated from the target protein during the purification process. The other approach provided a His-tag but no additional solubility domain. The antimicrobial agents included in the work were a charge engineered enzyme and four antimicrobial peptides herein called Peptide A, Peptide B, Peptide C and Peptide D. Four out of five fusion proteins could be expressed in Escherichia coli without exhibiting noticeable toxicity to the host. However, most target proteins were found in the non-soluble fraction. For D-4RepCT, neither soluble nor non-soluble proteins were identified. An operating strategy for expression and purification of antimicrobial spider silk proteins was developed, where the construct system providing the solubility-enhancing domain N-terminally to the antimicrobial sequence, and long time expression at low temperatures is a promising approach. The fusion proteins A-4RepCT and C-4RepCT could be produced in adequate amounts, and they proved to possess the ability to assemble into stable fibers. When incubating solutions of Escherichia coli on the functionalized silk material A-4RepCT, it showed to decrease the number of living bacteria in solution, in contrary to wild-type 4RepCT on which bacteria continued to proliferate. Initial studies of the viability of bacteria adhered to the surface of the functionalized spider silk are so far inconclusive. A larger sample size, complementary experiments and methodology optimization is needed for a proper assessment of antibacterial properties. However, preliminary results for the development of antimicrobial spider silk are positive, and the approach elaborated in this work is believed to be applicable for the construction of functional spider silk with a wide range of natural antimicrobial agents for future wound healing applications.

No description available.