Η παρούσα εργασία σκοπεύει στην παρουσίαση και ανάλυση μιας μεθόδου Λήψης Αποφάσεων η οποία διαχειρίζεται αποφάσεις πολυσταδιακές ως προς τα κριτήρια. Πρόκειται για αποφάσεις οι οποίες έχουν συγκεκριμένες εναλλακτικές επιλογές και πολλαπλά κριτήρια. Αποφάσεις σαν αυτές συνδέονται με κάθε επιστημονικό κλάδο αλλά τις συναντάμε και στην καθημερινότητα μας, γεγονός που καθιστά τον αποτελεσματικό χειρισμό τους σημαντικό. Η μέθοδος με την οποία θα ασχοληθούμε ονομάζεται Αναλυτική Ιεραρχική Διαδικασία (Analytic Hierarchy Process – AHP), δημιουργός της είναι ο Thomas L. Saaty και χρονολογείται μέσα στην δεκαετία του 1970. Η AHP βασίζεται στις σχετικές συγκρίσεις ανάμεσα στους παράγοντες που προσδιορίζουν την εκάστοτε απόφαση. Οι συγκρίσεις πραγματοποιούνται με κοινή βάση την θεμελιώδη κλίμακα του Saaty. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο όπου παρουσιάζεται το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο της μεθόδου, θα δούμε ότι με τον τρόπο αυτό η AHP καθιστά τα πάντα μετρήσιμα. Σκοπός είναι μέσω της ιεραρχική δόμησης του προβλήματος να προσδιοριστεί η καλύτερη από τις εναλλακτικές. Η AHP προσεγγίζει με απλότητα την πολυπλοκότητα των αποφάσεων, γεγονός που κάνει την εννοιολογικά απλή προσέγγιση της μεθόδου εξαιρετικά ισχυρή. Στην πορεία της εργασίας θα παρουσιάσουμε το μαθηματικό υπόβαθρο της μεθόδου μέσα από την αξιωματική θεμελίωση όπως δόθηκε από τον Thomas L. Saaty. Τέλος, θα αναλύσουμε προβλήματα επιλογής τοποθεσίας σε διεθνές επίπεδο και θα ολοκληρώσουμε με την υλοποίηση ενός τέτοιου προβλήματος στο Expert Choice. / This paper intends to present and analyze a method of multi-criteria decision making. In these decisions the alternatives have been predetermined and there are multiple criteria affecting them. Decisions like these are linked with many areas of science, but there are in everyone’s daily lives too, fact that makes the effective handling really important. The present study is been dealing with a method called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), invented by Thomas L. Saaty in seventies. The AHP is based on pairwise comparisons among the factors that determine the decision. The Saaty’s fundamental scale of absolute numbers is used in making paired comparison judgments. In the first chapter of the study where the theoretical base of the method is represented, will be seen that AHP with the relative comparisons makes everything measurable. AHP intends through hierarchical structuring of the problem to determine the best of the alternatives. The AHP approach with simplicity to the complexity of decisions makes the method conceptually simple and extremely powerful. Later in this paper will be presented the mathematical background of the method through the axiomatic foundation as given by Thomas L. Saaty. Finally, will be dealt with problems of location selection decisions in international operations and the paper will be completed with the implementation of such a problem in Expert Choice.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University 2012 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Reverse engineering (RE) has emerged as an important tool in the design stages of a product. The demand for better performance of hardware and software has spawned many different technologies that fall under RE. The diversity of technologies is linked to the different application areas of industry. It is critical to understand what the exact capability of each individual technology is, in order to choose the appropriate RE system. The objective of this study is to develop capability profiles of different RE technologies available, such as: Coordinate Measuring Machine, Articulated Arm (Cimcore), Non-contact scanner (GOM), and contact scanner (Renishaw). To achieve the objective, the different characteristics of each technology are measured and quantified. A capability profile can be regarded as defined criteria that represent the performance of a RE technology and in this study, is defined by quantifying the following characteristics:  Accuracy  Repeatability  Speed of Measurement  Work Envelope  User-friendliness. The significance of developing these capability profiles is so that they may be compared to one another. This is important, especially for the accuracy criterion, as each technology is manufactured by a different company, making an acceptable accuracy comparison amongst the different technologies impossible. The study also suggests an evaluation tool which will help a decision maker choose the appropriate technology for a specified objective. Guidelines are also given to potential end users of RE technologies on how they should go about acquiring the right system. On a more general level, the study contributes to research in recent trends, in the RE industry in terms of application, hardware, software and the selection of RE systems. By developing these capability profiles, the study aims to contribute to its value in academia, as well as for industry partners and potential RE end-users. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: RE het ontwikkel as n belangrike hulpmiddel in die ontwerp fase van ‘n produk. Die aanvraag na beter prestasie van hardeware en sagteware het gelei tot die ontwikkeling van baie verskillende tegnologie. Die diversiteit van die tegnologie gaan hand aan hand met die verskillende toepassings areas in die industrie. Dit is belangrik om die spesifieke eienskappe van elke individuele tegnologie te verstaan om die regte RE sisteem te kies. The doel van hierdie studie is om die vermoë profiele van die verskillende beskikbare RE tegnologie te ontwerp: Coordinate Measuring Machine, Articulated Arm (Cimcore), nie-kontak skandeerder (GOM) en kontak skandeerder (Renishaw). Die verskillende eienskappe van elke tegnologie word gemeet en gekwantifiseer. ‘n Vermoë profiel kan gesien word as ‘n vaste kriteria wat die prestasie van die RE tegnologie verteenwoordig en in hierdie studie word dit gedefinieer deur die volgende eienskappe:  Akkuraatheid  Herhaalbaarheid  Spoed van meeting  Meet volume  Gebruikers-vriendelikheid Die relevansie van die ontwikkeling van hierdie vermoë profiele is dat dit wedersyds vergelyk kan word. Dit is belangrik, spesifiek vir die akkuraatheids kriteria, omdat elke tegnologie by ‘n verskillende maatskappy vervaardig word. ‘n Aanvaarbare akkuraatsheid vergelyking onder die verskillende tegnologie is dus onmoontlik. Die studie stel ook ‘n evaluasie hulpmiddel voor wat die besluitnemer sal lei om die mees toepaslike tegnologie te kies vir die spesiefieke doeleindes. Verder word riglyne aan die potensiele gebruikers van RE tegnologie gegee oor hoe om te werk te gaan om die regte sisteem te kies indien die tegnologie nie in besit is nie. Op ‘n meer algemene vlak dra die studie tot navorsing by deur die nuutste tendense in toepassing, hardeware, sagteware en die keuse van RE sisteme in die RE industrie te beskryf. Deur hierdie vermoë profile te ontwikkel beoog die studie om waarde toe te voeg aan die akademie, vennote in die industrie en potensiele RE gebruikers.

Medical records consist of a lot of data. Nevertheless, in today’s digitized society it is difficult for humans to convert data into information and recognize hidden patterns. Effective decision support tools can assist medical staff to reveal important information hidden in the vast amount of data and support their medical decisions. The objective of this thesis is to compare five machine learning algorithms for clinical diagnosis. The selected machine learning algorithms are C4.5, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) and Naïve Bayes classifier. First, the machine learning algorithms are applied on three publicly available datasets. Next, the Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to evaluate which algorithms are more suitable than others for medical diagnosis. Evaluation criteria are chosen with respect to typical clinical criteria and were narrowed down to five; sensitivity, specificity, positive predicted value, negative predicted value and interpretability. Given the results, Naïve Bayes and SVM are given the highest AHP-scores indicating they are more suitable than the other tested algorithm as clinical decision support. In most cases kNN performed the worst and also received the lowest AHP-score which makes it the least suitable algorithm as support for medical diagnosis.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3641102 bytes, checksum: fde00bcf23cfe2eafbeb9674257e6ef0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The performance measurement is emphasized in the literature as an important feature to the supply chain management, because as it comes between a customers and suppliers relationship, it is essential a medium to evaluate if this relation is as expected. However, although to the performance measurement s significance is acknowledged and ratified, there are some difficulties on how to evaluate the performance on supply chains, especially in the service sector. Thereby, of the forms to evaluate the performance is through a performance measurement system that certifies with management models to supply chains. Accordingly, this work s goal is to propose a performance measurement system to assist in the supply chain management, with the application towards the service sector. To achieve such goal, this work adopts a quali-quantitative approach following these steps: 1) Conceptual theoretical structure s definition; 2) Choice of a focal company; 3) Mapping of current and beneath supply chains; 4) Performance indicators definition; 5) Performance metric s definition; 6) Verification of the significance of processes and metrics with AHP aid. Starting from these goals, the study proposes a performance measurement system based on the SCOR management model and it was applied in a company in the service sector and in a supplier. Starting from the conducted analysis it was found that the most important processes in decreasing order were: Source, Plan, Deliver, Make and Return. For the metrics, the most important were: perfect order fulfillment, stock cost, average answer time to a service request, deliveries carried without faults, and finally, customer complaint. Thereby, according to the seen results, it is possible to settle the most important metrics between the focal company and supplier, expecting the relationship s performance to be improved. / A avaliação de desempenho é destacada na literatura como fator importante para o gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos, pois como se trata de relacionamentos entre clientes e fornecedores, é necessário um meio para avaliar se esse relacionamento está conforme o esperado. No entanto, embora a importância da avaliação de desempenho seja reconhecida e ratificada, existem ainda dificuldades em como avaliar o desempenho em cadeias de suprimentos, em especial no setor de serviços. Para isso, uma das formas de se avaliar o desempenho é por meio de um sistema de medição de desempenho que corrobore com modelos de gestão para cadeia de suprimentos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho é propor um sistema de medição de desempenho que auxilie na gestão da cadeia de suprimentos, com uma aplicação voltada para o setor de serviços. Para atingir tal objetivo, o trabalho segue uma abordagem quali-quantitativa que primeiramente define uma estrutura conceitual teórica, posteriormente, seleciona uma empresa foco e realiza o mapeamento da cadeia de suprimentos imediata. A partir disto, houve a definição dos indicadores de desempenho e as métricas de desempenho. Por fim, para atingir os objetivos da pesquisa fez-se a verificação da importância dos processos e métricas, a nível operacional, com o auxílio do AHP. Assim, o estudo propõe um sistema de medição de desempenho, baseado no modelo de gestão SCOR e foi aplicado em uma empresa do setor de serviços e em uma fornecedora. De posse das análises realizadas constatou-se que os processos mais importantes em ordem decrescente foram: Abastecer, Planejar, Entregar, Fazer e Retornar. Já para as métricas, as mais importantes foram: cumprimento da ordem perfeita, custo de estoque, tempo médio de resposta a uma solicitação de serviços, entregas realizadas sem defeitos e por fim, reclamações dos clientes. De acordo com os resultados apresentados, foi possível estabelecer as métricas mais importantes entre a empresa foco e fornecedor, esperando-se que o desempenho dessa relação seja aprimorado.

A fragmentação da floresta nativa, em regiões de Mata Atlântica, foi impulsionada pela expansão de áreas urbanas e agrícolas, gerando uma demanda por restauração de áreas degradadas, afim de promover o aumento da cobertura florestal e a conexão de remanescentes florestais. Essas ações de restauração devem considerar a influência dos atributos da paisagem no processo de restauração ecológica e a definição de áreas prioritárias. Neste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver um índice de priorização de fragmentos florestais, composto por métricas de Ecologia da Paisagem, visando à restauração ecológica da paisagem. A metodologia do Índice Restauração Ecológica de Paisagem (IREP), iniciou-se com a elaboração do mapa de uso e cobertura do solo da sub-bacia do rio Passa-Cinco, a partir do qual se obteve seu mapeamento dos seus remanescentes de floresta nativa que, por sua vez, foi a base para o cálculo de suas métricas de Ecologia da Paisagem e do IREP. As métricas selecionadas foram a área do fragmento (AREA), a dimensão fractal do fragmento (PFD) e a distância média entre os fragmentos (DIST), as quais não apresentaram correlação entre si. Elas foram valoradas por meio da Técnica Participatória e do Processo Hierárquico Analítico, obtendo para a métrica DIST importância de 60%, para AREA de 30% e PFD de 10%. Em seguida calculou-se o IREP para os remanescentes florestais da sub-bacia, os quais foram reclassificados em sete classes de prioridade. Os resultados indicaram o predomínio de fragmentos florestais com área menor que 5 ha, que se encontram dispersos na paisagem e, inseridos em uma matriz agrícola em que se tem o predomínio de pastagem. Assim, 25,44% da área ocupada pelos fragmentos florestais foram associadas a prioridade alta, segundo o IREP. Conclui-se que o IREP propiciou avaliar a importância dos fragmentos florestais para a restauração ecológica da paisagem, destacando, dentre as métricas utilizadas, a distância entre fragmentos. / The native forest fragmentation, in the Atlantic Forest regions, was driven by the urban and agricultural expansion, generating a demand for restoration of degraded areas, to promote the increase of forest cover and the connection of forest remnants. These restoration actions should consider the landscape attributes influence on the ecological restoration process and, the definition of priority areas. In this context, the objective of the work was to develop an index for forest fragment prioritization, composed by Landscape Ecology metrics, aiming at the ecological restoration of the landscape. Considering the land-use/land-cover mapping of the Passa-Cinco sub-basin, we obtained the native forest remnants maps, that supported the generation of Landscape Ecology metrics and, consequently, the Ecological Landscape Restoration Index (ELRI). Three metrics, no correlated between then, were select for ELRI, considering their importance for the study, that was defined through the Participatory Technique and Analytic Hierarchy Process. The selected metrics were the mean distance between patches (DIST), patch area (AREA), the fractal dimension of the patch (PFD) and, their respective importance was 60%, 30% and, 10%. This way, ELRI was calculated for forest patches, defining their priority for ecological restoration. According to the results, the forest fragments smaller than 5 ha were the majority in the Passa-Cinco and, they are scattered in the agriculture matrix, where the pasture is the main land-use. Consequently, 25.44% of the forest patches were associated with the high priority level, through the index. We conclude that ELRI allows the evaluation of forest fragments for the ecological restoration of the landscape, highlighting the importance of distance among fragments.

O avanço da economia brasileira e o amadurecimento dos mercados induzem a crescente competitividade nos diferentes setores. Com isso, as corporações buscam por maneiras de investir com maior produtividade de modo a direcionar recursos nas suas atividades fins para desenvolvimento e expansão do negocio principal. Os ativos imobiliários são um dos recursos mais onerosos para muitas empresas, que ainda imobilizam recursos nesses ativos de longo prazo de maturação. É incipiente a percepção das empresas brasileiras em relação às perdas de oportunidade de ganho com os investimentos que são internados nas suas bases instaladas. Nesse contexto, a tese trata da configuração de um método para analise da oportunidade de imobilização e desmobilização em imóveis corporativos sob a ótica das corporações usuárias, por meio da identificação de critérios qualitativos e quantitativos (econômico-financeiros) relevantes a analise, considerando (i) os mecanismos diretos e indiretos atualmente empregados no Brasil, (ii) a sustentação legal, (iii) as praticas tributarias e contábeis, e (iv) as praticas prevalentes de mercado. Os critérios de decisão do método são priorizados pelos administradores das corporações com auxilio de uma ferramenta para analise hierárquica de decisão (Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP), que indica a alternativa mais adequada entre as opções de imobilização ou não no real estate para cada situação. O método desenvolvido nesta tese pode ser uma importante ferramenta de apoio para as diretrizes de governança corporativa no que tange as decisões em relação ao portfolio de real estate das corporações, podendo ser utilizado por empresas com atuação nos diferentes setores da economia, tais como: manufatura, serviços, varejo, entre outros, inclusive no setor publico. / The development of the Brazilian economy and the maturity of the markets have prompted growing competition within different sectors. In this context corporations tend to find ways to invest more productively by focusing on their main activities in an effort to enhance their core business. Real estate assets are generally one of the companies\' greatest expenses; even so, companies still invest in these long-term maturity assets. It is still incipient the perception of Brazilian companies as regards the opportunity costs incurred by them as a result of investing in real estate assets. In view of the foregoing, the thesis sets forth an analysis method to guide the decision whether to invest or not in real estate assets from the perspective of corporate users. The analysis is based on qualitative and quantitative attributes by taking in account (i) both direct and indirect procedures currently used in Brazil, (ii) the legal framework, (iii) the tax and accounting practices, and (iv) the prevalent market practices. The method\'s decision criteria are prioritized by the corporations` officers through the AHP tool (Analytic Hierarchy Process), which indicates the most appropriate decision in each situation. The method herein developed may work as an important corporate governance guideline in the extent real estate portfolio decisions are taken by corporations, and it can be used by companies of different sectors, such as manufacturing, service, retail, among others, including the public sector.

This thesis considers how the development of Product-Service Systems (PSS) relates to cultural changes in the organizations doing the development. On one hand, reducing cultural shift is desirable to absorb shocks and reduce obstacles that come from internal relations. And on the other hand, the cultural changes may be an opportunity and a breakthrough - or even necessary - to develop PSS. In exploring the possibility of managing culture, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to prioritize three possible actions to support the best culture to help PSS development. A survey was also carried out through sending questionnaires to nineteen experts. The results suggest that when people prioritized the three actions, the most important was related to pursuing “economic benefits”, and adopted “strengthen executive support and performance management”. This study proposes a portfolio of practices which is targeted at deep into the prioritized action and figure out an action plan as well as some sub-activities around the four quadrants which formed by the integration of Fulfillment, Informal, Innovation, and Formal approach. And each action and planning could still be applied to PSS development as well as other changes, prepare organizational culture changes and create a more harmonious enterprise culture. / 46769611005

In the past few decades, there has been increasing concern towards the potential effects of industrial pollutants on our eco-system. Each country has developed and enacted stringent environmental regulatory standards to address this concern. Several studies conducted in the general area of regulatory impact show significant direct impact of these regulations on organizations. Pharmaceutical industry in particular, due to the generation of variety of hazardous waste during operations, is one among the highly regulated industrial sector globally. The financial liabilities and resource shortages associated while incorporating abatement technologies and related procedural changes make Pharmaceutical Small and Medium Enterprises (PSMEs) highly vulnerable to these regulatory compliance standards. This study aims to investigate two aspects of environment regulation compliance in the PSMEs, namely To identify the nature and magnitude of vulnerabilities encountered by the PSMEs in India while complying with environmental regulations, and To explore and to analyze the adaptation mechanisms followed by the PSMEs in India, while complying with environmental regulations. Literature explorations in the area of environmental regulation, enforcement, compliance, pharmaceutical industry and SMEs, gave limited studies with focus on India. Hence a questionnaire based survey was administered online and face to face. The sampling design followed was stratified random and the total sample size taken for the final analysis was 71. The survey targeted the senior executive officers of pharmaceutical firms across India. Unstructured discussions and interactions with experts in the field were also carried out to understand the gravity of each concern. Data was analyzed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for exploring and prioritizing vulnerability concerns, factor analysis for identifying the general adaptation mechanisms and systems practiced, and cluster analysis for assessing the underlying relationship among vulnerability concerns and adaptation patterns of firms under study. Findings of the analysis highlighted several significant drivers of the interaction between the PSMEs and the environment regulations. Some of them are as follows: One, conforming to literature finding, our study also found manufacturing related problems as the most significant concern for the PSMEs. However, unlike the Western countries, it was the poor quality of raw material available in the market that causes the main concern, and not the need for intensive capital investment in abatement technologies. Investigations revealed the steady global market decline for this sub-sector and the need for new innovations to meet the changing global trends. Two, marketing was a significantly higher concern for the PSMEs than regulator and regulatory management. Marketing has special relevance in the pharmaceutical industry as it deals with health and life saving issues for the people, and this got highlighted in our results. Three, the study found external management factors as the most followed coping / adaptation mechanism pursued by the PSMEs. Conforming to literature findings, our study also demonstrated smaller firms as significantly more vulnerable to adaptation in comparison with medium scale firms. The study also highlighted the attempt at balancing the local and global by the Indian PSMEs. While the process orientation was towards meeting international standards, the management of resources, marketing and regulatory requirements had a focus on the local pressures. The study provides some insight into the vulnerabilities and adaptation efforts of the Indian PSMEs and brings out the relevant strategic interventions needed from government, regulatory organizations and industry associations to develop a more sustainable business environment for the Indian PSMEs.

The automotive manufacturing facility is extremely complex and expensive system. Managing and understanding the dynamics of automotive manufacturing is a challenging endeavour. In the current era of dynamic global competition, a new concept such as Collaborative Lean Manufacturing Management (CLMM) can be implemented as an alternative for organisations to improve their Lean Manufacturing Management (LMM) processes. All members in the CLMM value chain must work together towards common objectives in order to make the LMM achievable in the collaborative environment. The novel research approach emphasises the use of Knowledge-Based (KB) approach in such activities as planning, designing, assessing and providing recommendations of CLMM implementation, through: a) developing the conceptual CLMM model; b) designing the KBCLMM System structure based on the conceptual model; and c) implementing Gauging Absences of Pre-requisites (GAP) analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach in the hybrid KBCLMM. The development of KBCLMM Model is the most detailed part in the research process and consists of five major components in two stages. Stage 1 (Planning stage) consists of Organisation Environment, Collaborative Business and Lean Manufacturing components. Stage 2 (Design stage) consists of Organisation CLMM Capability and Organisation CLMM Alignment components. Each of these components consists of sub-components and activities that represent particular issues in the CLMM development. From the conceptual model, all components were transformed into the KBCLMM System structure, which is embedded with the GAP and AHP techniques, and thus, key areas of potential improvement in the LMM are identified for each activity along with the identification of both qualitative and quantitative aspects for CLMM implementation. In order to address the real situation of CLMM operation, the research validation was conducted for an automotive manufacturer¿s Lean Manufacturing Chain in Malaysia. Published case studies were also used to test several modules for their validity and reliability. This research concludes that the developed KBCLMM System is an appropriate Decision Support System tool to provide the opportunity for academics and industrialists from the fields of industrial engineering, information technology, and operation management to plan, design and implement LMM for a collaborative environment. / Universiti Utara Malaysia and Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia

[EN] This research presents a new methodology to evaluate the development trends of the residential trade and industry up until 2050. In the first step available data are analysed for the period 1970 - 2050. In the second step an expert assessment based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology is integrated to reflect the estimation of various expert forecasts of the future. The AHP methodology is based on different variables in the fields of demographic, social-environmental as well as build-quality characteristics to imply a widespread perception of the portfolio mix of habitations in 2050. There will mainly be a focus on several European Union countries with potential future-shrinking populations like Bulgaria, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. Furthermore, they will be compared with Spain whose population is expected to increase. / [ES] Esta investigación presenta una nueva metodología para evaluar las tendencias de desarrollo del comercio y la industria de viviendas hasta el año 2050. En la primera etapa, los datos disponibles son analizados para el período 1970 hasta 2050 con el fin de establecer las tendencias generales de los mercados de bienes raíces en la Unión Europea. En el segundo paso se integra una evaluación de expertos sobre la base de la metodología analítica Hierarchy Process (AHP) para reflejar la estimación de las distintas previsiones de los expertos. La metodología AHP se basa en diferentes variables en los campos de la demografía, las características de calidad de construcción ambientales, así como sociales. El objetivo es inferir la percepción generalizada de la mezcla de la cartera de viviendas en 2050. El enfoque se ha desarrollado sobre varios países de la Unión Europea con un previsible descenso demográfico futuro: Bulgaria, Estonia, Alemania, Hungría, Letonia, Lituania, Polonia, Rumania y Eslovaquia. Además, se comparan con España cuya población se espera que aumente en el futuro. / [CA] Aquesta recerca presenta una nova metodologia per avaluar les tendències de desenvolupament del comerç i la indústria d'habitatges fins a l'any 2050. En la primera etapa, les dades disponibles són analitzades per al període 1970 fins a 2050 amb la finalitat d'establir les tendències generals del mercat de béns inmobles en la Unió Europea. En el segon pas s'integra una avaluació d'experts sobre la base de la metodologia Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) per reflectir l'estimació de les diferents previsions dels experts. La metodologia AHP es basa en diferents variables en els camps de la demografia, les característiques de qualitat de construcció ambientals, així com socials. L'objectiu és inferir la percepció generalitzada del mix de la cartera d'habitatges en 2050. L'enfocament s'ha desenvolupat sobre diversos països de la Unió Europea amb un previsible descens demogràfic futur: Bulgària, Estònia, Alemanya, Hongria, Letònia, Lituània, Polònia, Romania i Eslovàquia. A més, es comparen amb Espanya la població del qual s'espera que augmenti en el futur. / Preuss, M. (2016). Enlargement for residential trade and industry portfolio valuation and optimisation within the framework of the demographic development in the European Union [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/64068