Dans le secteur de la santé, les décisions sont complexes et parfois difficiles à prendre et à justifier. Les outils d’aide à la prise de décision multicritère (dénommées MCDA pour « Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis ») ont prouvé leur intérêt dans le domaine de la santé avec de nombreuses applications depuis plusieurs décennies. Ces méthodes, tirées de la recherche opérationnelle, permettent d’intégrer de multiples critères et encouragent la participation de l’ensemble des parties prenantes lors de la création d’un outil d’aide à la prise de décision. L’objectif de ce projet de thèse est d’une part de contribuer à la littérature scientifique sur l’utilisation des méthodes d’aide à la prise de décision multicritère, et d’autre part de définir comment ces méthodes devraient être appliquées dans le domaine de la santé afin de promouvoir leur utilisation dans ce secteur. Cette thèse s’articule autour de trois articles scientifiques, afin de répondre à trois problématiques spécifiques liées à la prise de décision en santé. Le premier article fait état de la littérature et évalue comment les méthodes sont appliquées dans les différents contextes de la santé. Les deux articles suivants se concentrent sur l’utilisation d’un outil d’aide à la prise de décision afin d’accompagner l’équipe de l’hôpital de jour d’un centre de cancérologie dans un processus de prise de décision. / Decisions in healthcare are often complex and difficult to make and justify. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is a decision-making tool that has been proven to be useful in numerous applications in healthcare contexts. Specifically, this operations research tool enables the integration of multiple conflicting criteria and encourages stakeholders to participate in the decision-making process. The purpose of this PhD dissertation is to contribute to the scientific literature on MCDA methods and how they should be applied in healthcare contexts, which are characterised by complex decision-making, by expanding these methods’ possible applications. This research is composed of three essays, each of which answers a specific research question related to decision-making in healthcare. The first essay maps the literature and assesses how the steps of the MCDA process are followed in different healthcare contexts. The second essay combines the business process improvement (BPI) methodology and lean methods to assess a chemotherapy outpatient service that suffers from difficulties in the patient flow process and propose improvement opportunities. The third essay builds on the findings of the second and applies the ELECTRE III method to define which actions could help improve the quality of care and patient satisfaction of the outpatient service.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur homosexualitet skildras i svensk TV-reklam. Detta med anledning av mediers möjligheter till att påverka publiken samt utifrån heteronormen i samhället. För att uppfylla målet med studien har ett par frågeställningar formulerats: “Vilka diskursiva teman framkommer i resultatet och vad säger de om framställningen av homosexualitet i TV-reklam?” och “Skiljer sig framställningen av homosexualitet från framställningen av heterosexualitet och i så fall hur?”. Sex olika reklamfilmer som har visats i svensk TV under olika perioder mellan år 2012-2016 har analyserats. Studiens teoretiska ramverk utgörs av representationsteori, queerteori samt multimodal kritisk diskursanalys, förkortat MCDA. Analysarbetet grundas på MCDA som metod. Olika analysbegrepp inom metoden har använts för att utforma ett analysschema som möjliggjort analysen av materialet. Studiens resultat har delats upp i fem olika diskursiva teman. De teman som framkommit är heterosexualitet som norm, handling som bygger på homosexualitet, bred representation, homosexualitet lämnas okommenterat och frånvaro av stereotyper. Den främsta slutsatsen i studien är att heteronormen genomsyrar TV-reklam där homosexualitet framställs. Utöver detta visar studiens teman på att det inte finns några specifika stereotyper av homosexuella personer i reklamfilmerna, att homosexualitet i vissa fall används som något centralt i reklamfilmen och något som för handlingen framåt. Det förekommer även reklamfilmer när homosexualitet gestaltas, men lämnas helt okommenterat.

PEREIRA NETO, W. A. Modelo multicritério de avaliação de desempenho operacional de transporte coletivo por ônibus no município de Fortaleza. 2001. 192 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Transportes) - Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2001. / Submitted by Marlene Sousa (mmarlene@ufc.br) on 2012-02-01T19:05:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2001_dis_wapereiraneto.pdf: 1820344 bytes, checksum: fb9448c66b9c202a359d9b6b84ae7471 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marlene Sousa(mmarlene@ufc.br) on 2012-02-01T19:06:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2001_dis_wapereiraneto.pdf: 1820344 bytes, checksum: fb9448c66b9c202a359d9b6b84ae7471 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-02-01T19:06:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2001_dis_wapereiraneto.pdf: 1820344 bytes, checksum: fb9448c66b9c202a359d9b6b84ae7471 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-12 / The performance evaluation of urban bus companies is considered a difficult task. One of the reasons for that is the variety of aspects to be considered and the involved interests. Such complexity constitutes an obstacle for the structuring of an evaluation model that takes into account the majority of the important aspects. This work presents the development of a multicriteria model for the evaluation of the bus companies that operate the public transport system of Fortaleza. A Multicriteria Decision Aid (MCDA) methodology was chosen for the conception of this model, due to its capacity to aid the structuring and evaluation stages, as well as the ability to deal with objective and subjective aspects of the decision framework. This model identifies the aspects considered important for the companies’ evaluation, according to the judgment of the technicians of ETTUSA (the public company responsible for the management of the Traffic and Transport System of Fortaleza). Through this study, it is intended that the specialists start to notice and comprehend the evaluation process in a constructive way, allowing a more focused analysis of the Bus Transport System and, consequently, a more transparent evaluation of the service offered to the population. / A Avaliação do Desempenho Operacional de Empresas de Transporte Coletivo tem se revelado uma tarefa difícil. Uma das razões para esta constatação tem sido a multiplicidade de aspectos a serem considerados e de interesses envolvidos. Tal complexidade se constitui um obstáculo, em especial, para a estruturação de um modelo de forma a considerar uma grande quantidade de aspectos relevantes. Este trabalho apresenta a construção de um modelo multicritério de avaliação do desempenho operacional das empresas operadoras do transporte coletivo por ônibus no Município de Fortaleza. Para a concepção deste modelo, optou-se por trabalhar com a metodologia Multicritério de Apoio à Decisão (Multicriteria Decision Aid – MCDA), por sua capacidade de auxiliar as etapas de estruturação e avaliação do problema e tratar tanto de aspectos objetivos quanto subjetivos existentes no contexto decisório. Este modelo identifica os aspectos considerados relevantes no processo decisório de avaliação das empresas, segundo os julgamentos de valor de técnicos da Empresa de Trânsito e Transporte Urbano S.A. – ETTUSA, órgão gestor do transporte coletivo no Município de Fortaleza-CE-Brasil. Através desse estudo, espera-se que os especialistas passem a considerar e interpretar o processo de avaliação de desempenho de forma construtiva, permitindo uma análise mais focada do Sistema de Transporte Coletivo e, por conseguinte, uma avaliação mais transparente do serviço prestado à população.

nÃo hà / The globalization process and the brazilian economic growth have contributed to the increased demand for freight transportation in many sectors. Faced with an increasingly competitive market, companies concentrate their focus on their core activities and start to outsource some other activities. So, freight transportation has been the target of increased outsourcing, presenting himself as a business opportunity for many transportation companies. The evaluation of the operational performance of those companies is obtained by various indicators, which isolated help managers to monitor and control their activities. It is also through those indicators that the bottlenecks are identified, supporting the decision making process to promote improvements and increased customer satisfaction. This study proposes the use of Multicriteria Decision Support - Constructivist (MCDA - C) to subsidize the construction of a model for evaluating the operating performance of freight transportation companies. The choice of methodology is grounded on two main points: i) it takes into account the views of decision makers and , ii ) it aggregates many relevant aspects for the good operating performance in a single model. A constructivist methodology allows the decision makers development of knowledge about the problem, and so, to make better decisions for achieving their objectives. At the end of this search it is intended to have a multicriteria model for evaluating the operating performance of the freight transportation companies able to support the decision making of managers , and also enable the understanding of the consequences of their decisions in the context under investigation. / O crescente processo de globalizaÃÃo e o ritmo acelerado de crescimento econÃmico do Brasil vÃm contribuindo para o aumento da demanda por transporte rodoviÃrio de cargas nos mais diversos setores. Diante de um mercado cada vez mais competitivo as empresas concentram seu foco em suas atividades principais e passam a terceirizar algumas atividades. Nesse cenÃrio, o transporte da carga tem sido alvo de crescente terceirizaÃÃo, se apresentando como oportunidade de negÃcio para diversas empresas que atuam na prestaÃÃo de serviÃos logÃsticos e de transporte da carga. A avaliaÃÃo do desempenho operacional das Empresas de Transporte RodoviÃrio de Cargas â ETRC à realizada atravÃs de diversos indicadores, que isoladamente ajudam os gestores no acompanhamento e controle de suas atividades. à tambÃm atravÃs desses indicadores que sÃo identificados os gargalos operacionais que impedem um melhor desempenho do serviÃo prestado. O presente estudo propÃe a utilizaÃÃo da Metodologia MulticritÃrio de Apoio à DecisÃo â Construtivista (MCDA-C) na construÃÃo de um modelo de avaliaÃÃo do desempenho operacional de empresas transportadoras. A escolha da metodologia se alicerÃa em dois pontos principais: i) a de levar em consideraÃÃo a visÃo dos tomadores de decisÃo e, ii) a de conseguir agregar os aspectos relevantes para o bom desempenho operacional em um Ãnico modelo. O enfoque construtivista da metodologia possibilita o desenvolvimento nos decisores do conhecimento acerca da problemÃtica, o que permite, num estÃgio mais avanÃado, tomar decisÃes mais acertadas para alcance dos seus objetivos estratÃgicos. O trabalho possibilitou a elaboraÃÃo de modelo multicritÃrio de avaliaÃÃo do desempenho operacional das ETRC capaz de apoiar a tomada de decisÃo dos gestores, e ainda, possibilitar a compreensÃo das consequÃncias de suas possÃveis decisÃes no contexto em investigaÃÃo.

A seleção de fornecedores é uma importante decisão na área de logística para obter menores custos e um melhor nível de serviço. Os modelos de seleção atualmente praticados nas empresas buscam estritamente minimizar custos, o que é bastante questionado por parte da literatura especializada. Este trabalho propõe um modelo de seleção de fornecedores de logística balizado em uma abordagem multicritério que busca a escolha ideal através da ótica do contratante. As suas principais contribuições são a adaptação do processo MCDA na formulação e resolução desta escolha, a análise crítica dos fatores que influem neste tipo de decisão (critérios, subcritérios e curvas de impacto) e a apresentação do modelo proposto que utiliza um software de apoio à decisão. O modelo foi aplicado com sucesso em dois estudos de caso reais e em ambos os casos contribuiu para um maior entendimento do problema, tornando o processo de negociação mais assertivo e racional. / Suppliers selection is a major alternative to obtain lower costs and a better level of service. The selection models currently practiced in the companies seeks strictly the minimization of costs, which is widely questioned by the literature. This paper proposes a model for supplier selection in logistics area using a multicriteria approach that finds the ideal choice from the perspective of the contractor. The main contributions are the adaptation of the MCDA process at formulating and solving this problem, the critical analysis of influence factors of this type of decision (criteria, sub-criteria and value function) and the proposed model that uses software to support the decision of contractor. The model was successfully applied in two real cases and in both has contributed to a better understanding of their problem by making the negotiation process more explicit and rational.

A seleção de fornecedores é uma importante decisão na área de logística para obter menores custos e um melhor nível de serviço. Os modelos de seleção atualmente praticados nas empresas buscam estritamente minimizar custos, o que é bastante questionado por parte da literatura especializada. Este trabalho propõe um modelo de seleção de fornecedores de logística balizado em uma abordagem multicritério que busca a escolha ideal através da ótica do contratante. As suas principais contribuições são a adaptação do processo MCDA na formulação e resolução desta escolha, a análise crítica dos fatores que influem neste tipo de decisão (critérios, subcritérios e curvas de impacto) e a apresentação do modelo proposto que utiliza um software de apoio à decisão. O modelo foi aplicado com sucesso em dois estudos de caso reais e em ambos os casos contribuiu para um maior entendimento do problema, tornando o processo de negociação mais assertivo e racional. / Suppliers selection is a major alternative to obtain lower costs and a better level of service. The selection models currently practiced in the companies seeks strictly the minimization of costs, which is widely questioned by the literature. This paper proposes a model for supplier selection in logistics area using a multicriteria approach that finds the ideal choice from the perspective of the contractor. The main contributions are the adaptation of the MCDA process at formulating and solving this problem, the critical analysis of influence factors of this type of decision (criteria, sub-criteria and value function) and the proposed model that uses software to support the decision of contractor. The model was successfully applied in two real cases and in both has contributed to a better understanding of their problem by making the negotiation process more explicit and rational.

Studien syftar till att få en ökad förståelse kring hur företag använder sig av kommunikationsstrategier relaterade till hållbarhet för att lyckas påverka konsumenten. Mer precist studeras Ica och Apotekets reklamfilmer då dessa företag anses vara två av de mest hållbara företagen enligt svenska konsumenter. För att kunna utläsa vilka strategier som används samt se hur företagen utnyttjar sin position som samhällsaktörer används multimodal kritisk diskursanalys (MCDA) som teori och metod. Det teoretiska ramverket är även utökat med forskning om reklam, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) och övertalningsstrategier. Med hjälp av MCDA analyseras reklamfilmerna djupgående där både verbal och visuell text granskas. Som stöd används ett analysschema baserat på frågor som grundar sig i det teoretiska ramverket. Frågorna bidrar till en systematisk granskning av materialet och agerar stöd för tematiseringen av analysresultatet. Analysen tyder på att det finns en gemensam diskurs mellan studieobjektens sätt att bygga sin marknadskommunikation. Humor och känslor i allmänhet är centralt i materialet och de visuella valen bidrar till associationer kring hållbarhet och hälsa, utan att detta nämns uttryckligen. Både Apoteket och Ica uppfyller de etiska och filantropiska nivåerna av ansvarstagande utifrån mottagarens perspektiv. Gemensamt för de båda företagen är att konsumenten tvingas engagera sig för att Apoteket eller Ica ska kunna ta sitt ansvar. Trots detta positionerar företagen sig själva som goda medborgare som tar på sig extra ansvar och arbete. / The aim of this study is to gain a greater understanding of how companies use different communication strategies related to sustainability in order to affect the consumers’ perceptions. More precisely it is the commercials of two Swedish companies, Apoteket and Ica, that are being studied. The companies have both been awarded as the top most sustainable companies in Sweden according to Swedish consumers. In order to acknowledge which strategies are being used and to investigate how the companies take advantage of their position as authorities a multimodal critical discourse analysis (MCDA) is being used both as theory and method. The study’s theoretical framework is enhanced with research regarding advertising, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and persuasion strategies. The commercials are profoundly examined using MCDA where both language and visual signs are being studied. Research questions based on the theoretical framework are being used in order to review the material systematically and create thematic schemes. The result indicates that common discourses exist in how the companies communicate with the public. Humour and emotions are central in the material and the visual choices contribute with associations regarding sustainability and health despite being expressed clearly. Apoteket and Ica fulfil the ethical and philanthropic stages of responsibility from the recipient’s perspective. Commonly for the two companies are the fact that the consumers are forced to engage in order for Ica and Apoteket to take their responsibility. Nonetheless the companies position themselves as good citizens who take responsibility for their businesses.

Den här studien ämnar undersöka hur försäkringsbolaget Hedvig representerar sig själva som annorlunda via sitt Instagramkonto, med tonvikt på vilka semiotiska resurser respektive positioneringsstrategier Hedvig använder i sina Instagraminlägg. Studien utgår ifrån teorier inom marknadskommunikation samt socialsemiotik. Det empiriska materialet består av åtta Instagraminlägg från Hedvigs Instagramkonto som valts ut genom ett målstyrt urval. För att analysera materialet används metoden multimodal kritisk diskursanalys (MCDA). Studiens resultat visar att Hedvig använder sig av flera visuella och textuella semiotiska resurser såväl som flertalet positioneringsstrategier för att representera sig själv som annorlunda. Detta görs dels genom att Hedvig påvisar en avslappnad inställning till försäkringsobjekt, dels genom att företaget förmedlar en stor tillit till sina kunder samt anammar deras livsstil. Detta resulterar i att Hedvig rekontextualiserar vad försäkringar respektive försäkringsbolaget Hedvig är. Hedvig lyckas därmed differentiera sig från andra försäkringsbolag, möjligen till den grad att de själva inte längre upplevs som ett sådant. / This study aims to analyse how the insurance company Hedvig uses Instagram to represent itself as different, with emphasis on which semiotic resources and positioning strategies Hedvig uses in their Instagram posts. The study draws from market communication theories as well as social semiotics. The material consists of eight posts from Hedvig’s Instagram account selected through purposive sampling. These are analysed using the method multimodal critical discourse analysis (MCDA). The results show that Hedvig uses several visual and textual semiotic resources as well as multiple positioning strategies to represent itself as different. This is done through Hedvig showcasing an unbothered and relaxed attitude towards insured objects and by conveying a great deal of trust in its customers and embracing their lifestyle. This results in a recontextualization of insurances and of Hedvig as an insurance company. Hedvig thereby successfully differentiates itself from other insurance companies. This is, however, done to an extent where Hedvig is possibly no longer seen as an insurance company.

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This bachelor thesis aims to decide the ecological footprint of a smartphone and examine the ways the production of asmartphone can be improved. This is done by examining the ecological and the social aspects that are related to theproduction of smartphones. We focused on the production of metals, because metals represent a major part of asmartphones environmental impact. Ten metals were chosen based on earlier studies regarding smartphonesenvironmental impact. These metals were aluminium, lead, gold, cobalt, copper, lithium, nickel, palladium, silver andrare earth metals. To be able to evaluate the metals, a Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) was done. Sevenrelevant aspects were chosen: i) problem at production ii) health risk iii) Job opportunities iv) recycling v) CO2emission vi) use of land vii) use of water. For these aspects each metal was assigned a grade representing how criticalthe metal is regarding the specific aspect. The results show that land use and health risks when spillage in environmentare the aspects where the metals have the highest negative impact. Further, several metals were critical when it comesto environmental impact. For instance, cobalt mining involves bad working conditions, gold production contributes totoxic spillage in the environment and lithium requires large quantities of water. Opportunities of improvement thathave been identified is to further focus on recycling, improve the transparency regarding the manufacturing of asmartphone, as well as implementing life cycle assessment in the design of smartphones.