The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the South Eastern Anatolia Project (GAP) on the inter-regional inequality between the GAP region and the rest of Turkey. Cross-sectional analyses are carried out for the years of 1990 and 2000, that is, before the project is put into effect and 10 years after of its implementation. Although this thesis is ultimately concerned with the inter-regional inequality, the within and the total-region inequality are also discussed. Moreover, since not only the economic, infrastructure and service related variables, but also the sociodemographic variables are included in the analyses, it is a comprehensive evaluation, and the results provide current information about the success of the GAP. In this study, Theil&#039 / s inequality index is used as it provides the property of additive decomposability, which allows us to analyze the magnitudes and trends in inequality among regions and within regions as well as total inequality. The indicators include 17 socio-demographic, 12 economic, and 10 infrastructure and service related variables, i.e., total of 39 independent variables. Although the GAP region performed an improvement in absolute terms for most of the variables, the findings show that the inequality between the GAP region and the rest of Turkey increased for more than half of the variables during the last decade. These variables are mostly related to demography (i.e., infant mortality rate, fertility rate, etc.), health services, and GDP p.c.. On the other hand, the between-region inequality decreased for the variables related to infrastructure, urbanization, educational level (i.e., literacy and schooling ratios in primary education), and nonagricultural labor force.

Eleven dinoflagellates, acritarchs, and pollen biozones have been identified in Upper Eocene to Pliocene sediments combined from MuS, Tekman, Tercan-ASkale, Pasinler-Horasan basins and the Bayburt-Kars Plateau in this study. FAD&amp / #8217 / s of Compositae (tubuliflorae type), Slowakipollenites hipoph&auml / eoides, Mediocolpopollis compactus, Monoporopollenites gramineoides and Umbelliferae at the base of Rupelian, FAD of Wetzeliella gochtii in the middle Rupelian, LAD of Ascostomocystis potane in the late Rupelian, LAD of Wetzeliella gochtii in the latest Rupelian, LAD of Deflandrea spp. in the latest Chattian, peak occurrences of Chriptoredium spp. in the early and late Aquitanian, FAD of Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura, followed by FAD of Membranilarnacea ?picena in the late Aquitanian should have particular emphasis for palynostratigraphic divisions in regional correlations and indicate that a continuous deposition took place in Eastern Anatolia from Late Eocene to the end of the Early Miocene. A relatively deeper marine deposition prevailed during the Late Eocene, which was followed by a shallowing-upward deposition during the Oligocene in MuS, Tekman, Tercan-ASkale, and Pasinler-Horasan basins. These basins were also characterized by an Early Miocene regional transgression, and terrestrial (lacustrine and fluvial) deposition during the Late Miocene-Pliocene whereas terrestrial conditions have been predominating since Late Eocene in the Bayburt-Kars Plateau. Paleoclimatological reconstructions of Eastern Anatolian Oligocene-Miocene sediments suggest temperate to subtropical climates in which mean annual temperatures vary between 15,6 to 21,3 &deg / C, mean temperatures of the coldest and the warmest month are 5.0 to 13.3 &deg / C and 24.7 to 28.1 &deg / C, respectively, and mean annual precipitation is 1122.0 to 1522.0 mm.

This thesis studies the continuity, change and transformation of the Roman domestic architecture in Asia Minor in late antiquity with reference to the social and political dynamics and the urban context of the period. The sample is chosen from the well-preserved and studied houses in Asia Minor, which provide considerable information and insight into the domestic context of the period. In the light of architectural evidence coming from these houses late antique domestic architecture is discussed with a special emphasis on the &#039 / privatization&#039 / and &#039 / elaboration&#039 / of &#039 / public&#039 / within the domestic context.

First settlements in Southeast Anatolia begun to appear as early as 10000 BC. Among all the unanswered questions about this early period, cult-related activities and cult buildings are widely studied due to their nature, which has strong connections with the social organization and early symbolism. During the last decade, Southeast Anatolia has provided new evidence for this early stage of development in human history. This study aims to examine cult buildings that have common characteristics / how they were treated and distributed. The settlement of Nevali &Ccedil / ori and its cult building is taken as an example and studied in detail. Other cult buildings with the same or similar architectural features are included in this study in order to discuss the roots, the distribution and the continuity of this Aceramic Neolithic tradition.

(in English): This thesis aims at collecting, cataloguing and analysing bronze objects from the area of the East Aegean-West Anatolian Interface in the second millennium B.C. Based on closer typological assessment and comparanda, the question of eventual local specific production along the Interface, different from the Aegea or Eastern Mediterranean, is being investigated here. From up to 217 collected items, indeed many types of bronzes, especially swords, razors and spearheads indeed show a set of specific features. Also, the characteristic of bronze metals differs in Lower Interface with stronger minoan-mycenaen influnce from items in Upper Interface which seems to be following more anatolian features.

The aim of this study is to determine and define the Persian Achaemenid style produced in the North-Western satrapies (imperial provinces) of Anatolia (modern Turkey) in the period of the Persian dominion of the area, roughly 550 - 300 BCE. The North-Western Anatolian satrapies are the II. nomos of Herodotus - Sardes, and Hellespontine Phrygia (the III. nomos). The roots of the Achaemenid style emerge from the rich artistic traditions of the cultures in the area of modern Iran influenced by Mesopotamian sources as well as nomadic handicrafts. The expansion of the Empire towards the Aegean resulted in extensive contacts with the creative expression of the Anatolian kingdoms and especially the Greek sphere. A unique style of luxurious ware, designated for customers of the local elite and Persian immigrants, is created. The depiction of the Persian court iconography is modified according to the local art-school customs. The clearest representation of the Achaemenid style is observed in the metalware production. The forms and designs of golden and silver vessels are specific. Despite their wide geographic distribution, the majority of the workshops were supposedly located in the area of modern Turkey. The production of jewelry and gems was most likely concentrated in the same workshops. The creative...

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Cette étude concerne un long enregistrement sédimentaire marin (Site DSDP 380 : Miocène supérieur à Présent) et des affleurements à terre de dépôts marins ou lacustres du Miocène supérieur et(ou) du Pliocène inférieur. L’objectif principal de cette recherche est de reconstruire la végétation et le climat des régions nord-anatolienne et nord-égéenne des 7 derniers Ma. Deux types de végétation y furent alternativement : les forêts de plantes thermophiles et les formations ouvertes incluant les steppes à Artemisia. A la fin du Miocène, la plupart des éléments mégathermes (tropicaux) et mégamésothermies (subtropicaux) avaient régressé en raison des détériorations climatiques. Cependant, certains d'entre eux ont survécu pendant le Pliocène supérieur, notamment ceux qui constituaient des forêts littorals marécageuses (Glyptostrobus, Engelhardia, Sapotaceae, Nyssa) ou participaient à des forêts mixtes avec des arbres décidus mésothermes. Pendant ce temps, les formations ouvertes à herbes sont devenues prédominantes dans la végétation sans que les éléments steppiques (Artemisia, Ephedra, Hippophae rhamnoides) soient très abondants. A 2,6 Ma, sous l’effet des premières glaciations arctiques, les éléments méga-mesothermes se sont très raréfiés malgré la persistance de quelques reliques (Taxodiaceae : probablement Glyptostrobus, Engelhardia, Sapotaceae, Nyssa). Simultanément, les forêts mixtes à éléments mésothermes (Quercus décidus, Betula, Alnus, Liquidambar, Fagus, Carpinus, Tilia, Acer, Ulmus, Zelkova, Carya, Pterocarya, etc) ont aussi quasiment disparu tandis que les environnements steppiques se développaient fortement. Désormais, tout au long des cycles glaciaire-interglaciaire (d’abord de 41 ka de périodicité puis de 100 ka), les steppes à Artemisia occuperont plus d’espace temporel que les phases arborées. Depuis 1,8 Ma, les environnements à herbes et les steppes à Artemisia n’ont cessé de s’étendre jusqu' à aujourd'hui. Cette expansion des steppes à Artemisia dans la région du Pont-Euxin a été observée au tout début du Pliocène mais leur premier enregistrement en Anatolie date du Miocène inférieur. Le développement de la steppe à Artemisa en Anatolie pourrait résulter du soulèvement du Plateau tibétain. Le maintien dans cette région de plantes thermophiles reliques en situation de refuges (Carpinus orientalis, Pterocarya, Liquidambar orientalis, Zelkova) peut être expliqué par l’influence grandissante de la mousson asiatique dont le renforcement aurait aussi résulté du soulèvement du Plateau tibétain. / This study concerns a long marine section (DSDP Site 380: Late Miocene to Present) and onshore exposed sections from the Late Miocene and/or Early Pliocene. The main target of this study is to reconstruct vegetation and climate in the North Anatolia and North Aegean region for the last 7 Ma. Two vegetation types were alternately dominant: thermophilous forests and open vegetations including Artemisia steppes. During the Late Miocene, most of the tropical and subtropical plants declined because of the climatic deterioration. However, some of them survived during the Late Pliocene, such as those which constituted coastal swamp forests (Glyptostrobus, Engelhardia, Sapotaceae, Nyssa) or composed deciduous mixed forests with mesothermic trees. Simultaneously, herbaceous assemblages became a prevalent vegetation component despite steppe elements (Artemisia, Ephedra, Hippophae rhamnoides) did not significantly develop. At 2.6 Ma, as a response to the onset of Arctic glaciations, subtropical elements rarefied despite some taxa persisted (Glyptostrobus, Engelhardia, Sapotaceae, Nyssa). In parallel, deciduous mixed forest assemblages composed of mesothermic trees (deciduous Quercus, Betula, Alnus, Liquidambar, Fagus, Carpinus, Tilia, Acer, Ulmus, Zelkova, Carya, Pterocarya) almost disappeared too while steppe environments strongly enlarged. Then, Artemisia steppic phases developed during longer temporal intervals than mesophilous tree phases all along the glacial-interglacial cycles (first with a period of 41 kyrs, then 100 kyrs). Since 1.8 Ma, herbaceous ecosystems including Artemisia steppes still continuously enlarged up today. Such an expansion of Artemisia steppes in the Ponto-Euxinian region was observed at the earliest Pliocene but their earliest settlement in Anatolia seems to have occurred in the Early Miocene. The development of the Artemisa steppes in Anatolia might result from the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Relictuous plants such as Carpinus orientalis, Pterocarya, Liquidambar orientalis, Zelkova persisted up today. This story can be explained by some influence of the Asian monsoon which reinforced as a result from the uplifted Tibetan Plateau.

Cette thèse porte sur les suites de la paix d’Apamée sur le plan des relations politiques entre les États d’Anatolie et sur l’évolution de la place tenue par cette péninsule dans l’ordre géopolitique méditerranéen. Le traité d’Apamée, conclu en 188 avant notre ère entre la puissance romaine et le royaume séleucide, fut un acte diplomatique majeur pour l’Asie Mineure et l’ensemble de la région anatolienne, libérés de la domination des Séleucides. Jusqu’ici l’historiographie traditionnelle a abordé ce sujet selon deux perspectives, à savoir l’apparition de l’impérialisme romain en Orient et la vie politique et administrative des cités égéennes. À l’inverse, cette étude se concentre sur les principales puissances politiques de la région anatolienne : les royaumes. Dans le cadre de cet espace fragmenté et diversifié, des modifications de l’équilibre géopolitique régional peuvent être mises en relation avec le bouleversement de l’ordre méditerranéen, par le croisement de sources grecques, latines et orientales, ainsi qu’en faisant usage de procédés développés par le courant de la World History. L’évolution ultérieure de la situation mise en place à Apamée est suivie jusqu’à la disparition d’une Anatolie dirigée par des souverains non incorporés dans l’horizon impérial des grandes puissances étrangères, situation à laquelle les ultimes défaites de Mithridate VI du Pont et de Tigrane d’Arménie face à Rome mirent un terme définitif. / This thesis examines the effects of the peace of Apamea with regard to the political relations between the Anatolian states and analyses the importance that this region played in Mediterranean politics following this accord. The treaty of Apamea, concluded in 188 BC between Rome and the Seleucid kingdom, became a diplomatic milestone for Asia Minor and the entirety of Anatolia, then freed from Seleucid domination. The study of this subject has a long tradition in modern historiography, which consists of works focused on either the appearance of Roman imperialism in the East, or the political and administrative lives of the Greek cities. This study is specifically devoted to the central political powers of the Anatolian peninsula; that is to say, the independent kingdoms of Anatolia. The changes seen on the geopolitical balance of this fragmented region can be linked to the profound modifications on the scale of the whole Mediterranean. The sources considered include Greek, Latin and oriental documents and artefacts, as well as some “World History” theoretical approaches. The further evolution of the Apamean order can then be followed up until the disappearance of any powerful local power outside the foreign nations incorporated into imperial rule. The simultaneous defeats of Mithridates VI of Pontus and Tigranes of Armenia against Rome mark the end of this situation where independent kingdoms in this region pursued their own autonomous foreign policies.