This dissertation examines the relationship between sympotic and rhapsodic discourses and the Homeric epics and specifically considers how an understanding of sympotic discourse can affect an external audience’s perception of events within the narrative. Heroic feasting is examined and defined as an activity which signifies different attitudes and aesthetics than the symposium. Yet a case is made for the possibility that Greek people are practicing symposia at a time when rhapsodes – the creative composers-in-performance of the epics – would have been freely incorporating material from the contemporary world into their performances. This is a period of time extending over much of the 7th century, and perhaps even into some time before and after. I analyze both the symposium and rhapsodic performances as discourses, using literary, archaeological, epigraphic, and iconographic evidence to define markers – certain signs, gestures, attitudes, accoutrement, and behavior specific to each – of each discourse. By treating the symposium and rhapsodic performances as discourses with their own markers, I establish a methodology with which to examine certain passages of the epics and the implicit meanings conveyed in them. Odysseus is thus shown to be manipulating sympotic discourse in the Phaeacian episodes of the Odyssey in order to win a favorable return home – at least as the contemporary external audience familiar with sympotic conventions of speaking and behaving would have understood it. Achilles too is treated, with specific reference to his behavior in the embassy scene of the Iliad. The sympotic discourse conveyed by the actions and attitudes of Achilles and Patroclus can be shown to communicate additional layers of meaning to the external audience and perhaps reference extra-Iliadic motifs concerning Achilles’ behavior at symposia. A proper understanding of rhapsodic and sympotic discourses within the epics not only contributes to a more nuanced understanding of character behavior within the epics and audiences’ perception of such behavior, but also challenges our understanding of the role of archaic social institutions such as the symposium within the epics.

Αντικείμενο αυτής της μελέτης είναι οι Τραχίνιες του Σοφοκλή και ο τρόπος με τον οποίο ο τραγικός ποιητής επενέργησε τόσο σ΄ επίπεδο μύθου όσο και σ΄ επίπεδο γλωσσικού ύφους επάνω στο υλικό μυθολογικό και λογοτεχνικό, που παρέλαβε και γνώριζε πολύ καλά, προκειμένου να οργανώσει τον ολότελα δικό του ποιητικό λόγο και να πλάσει τον ολότελα δικό του τραγικό κόσμο. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο επιχειρείται μία διακειμενική προσέγγιση του τέλους που επέλεξε για τον Ηρακλή ο Σοφοκλής στις Τραχίνιες του σε σχέση με τον θάνατο και την αποθέωση του μεγάλου ήρωα, όπως παρουσιάζονται στα Ομηρικά Έπη και στον Γυναικῶν Κατάλογο του Ησιόδου. Ο Σοφοκλής ξεπερνά τους προκατόχους του επικούς ποιητές και καινοτομεί καθώς ο θάνατος και η αποθέωση του Ηρακλή δεν είναι μία κατάσταση συντελεσμένη, όπως στον Όμηρο και τον Ησίοδο, αλλά μία ενέργεια σε εξέλιξη: παρακολουθούμε επί σκηνής έναν νέο θεό εν τη γενέσει του. Βλέπουμε τον μεγάλο εκπολιτιστή ήρωα περνώντας μέσα από τον έσχατο πόνο ένα ακριβώς βήμα πριν γίνει ένας νέος θεός δίπλα στους παραδοσιακούς θεούς του Ολύμπου. Τι συμβαίνει όμως στις Τραχίνιες με την ανθρώπινη πλευρά του μεγάλου Ηρακλή; Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο αυτής της εργασίας επικεντρώνεται στο νόστο του ανθρώπου – Ηρακλή. Ο Σοφοκλής χτίζει αυτόν το νόστο επάνω σε δύο άλλους διάσημους νόστους προκατόχων του ποιητών, τον ομηρικό νόστο του Οδυσσέα και τον αισχύλειο νόστο του Αγαμέμνονα. Ο σοφόκλειος Ηρακλής επιστρέφει ως πολύπαθος Οδυσσέας για να μεταμορφωθεί και να εξοντωθεί λίγο αργότερα ως αισχύλειος Αγαμέμνονας. Όταν στις Τραχίνιες ο νόστος του Ηρακλή ολοκληρωθεί, ο μεγάλος Πανελλήνιος ήρωας δεν θα είναι πια ούτε Οδυσσέας ούτε Αγαμέμνων αλλά ένας νέος ήρωας, ένας ήρωας τραγικός. Λίγο πριν ο Ηρακλής χαθεί μέσα στις φλόγες και γίνει ένας νέος θεός, είναι υποχρεωμένος να φέρει εις πέρας έναν τελευταίο άθλο: είναι υποχρεωμένος να πραγματοποιήσει μία δύσκολη και απαραίτητη μετάβαση από έναν αρχαϊκό ηρωισμό λαγνείας, φυσικής δύναμης και αιματοχυσίας, τον ηρωισμό του παλιού επικού κόσμου, σ’ έναν ηρωισμό πραγματικά τραγικό. Ο Ηρακλής των Τραχινίων αποδεικνύεται ένας νέος τύπος ανθρώπου - ήρωα ο οποίος νικά τον πιο άγριο εχθρό, τα τέρατα που κρύβονται μέσα στην ίδια την ανθρώπινη φύση του. Αυτός είναι ο ηρωισμός ο οποίος ίσως βρει μία τιμημένη θέση μέσα στην πόλη. / The subject of this work is Sophocles’ Trachiniae and how the tragic poet elaborated his mythological and literary sources as far as the plot and the language of his play are concerned, in order to create his own poetic language and his own tragic world. To be more exact, the aim of the first chapter is an intertextual approach of the ending that Sophocles chose for Heracles in his Trachiniae in relation to the death and apotheosis of the great hero, as they are presented in Homer’s epics and Hesiod’s Women’s Catalogue. Sophocles surpassed his preceding epic poets and managed to innovate because Heracles’ death and apotheosis are not a complete state, as in Homer and Hesiod, but an action in progress: in Trachiniae we watch a new god being born on stage. We watch the great civilizing hero suffering the greatest pain of all and at the same time being about to take his place among the old gods of Olympus. But what happens with Heracles’ human side in Trachiniae? The second chapter focus on Heracles’ return home, the great hero’s nostos. Sophocles organizes this nostos based on two other famous heroes coming back home and the description of their journey by two older poets: the Homeric Odysseus and the Aeschylean Agamemnon. Sophoclean Hercules is coming back as a storm – tossed Odysseus in order to be transformed and later murdered as an Aeschylean Agamemnon. When Heracles’ nostos is completed in the Trachiniae, the great Panhellenic hero will not be Odysseus or Agamemnon but a new hero, a tragic hero. Before Heracles disappears into the flames and becomes a new god, he must carry out one last labour: he must enact a painful transition from an archaic heroism of lust, physical strength and bloodshed, the heroism of the old epic world, to a heroism that is truly tragic. In the Trachiniae Heracles is proved to be a new kind of man – hero who beats the worst enemy, the monsters which hide into the human nature itself. This is a heroism which might find a place of honor within the polis.

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This dissertation examines the relationship between sympotic and rhapsodic discourses and the Homeric epics and specifically considers how an understanding of sympotic discourse can affect an external audience’s perception of events within the narrative. Heroic feasting is examined and defined as an activity which signifies different attitudes and aesthetics than the symposium. Yet a case is made for the possibility that Greek people are practicing symposia at a time when rhapsodes – the creative composers-in-performance of the epics – would have been freely incorporating material from the contemporary world into their performances. This is a period of time extending over much of the 7th century, and perhaps even into some time before and after. I analyze both the symposium and rhapsodic performances as discourses, using literary, archaeological, epigraphic, and iconographic evidence to define markers – certain signs, gestures, attitudes, accoutrement, and behavior specific to each – of each discourse. By treating the symposium and rhapsodic performances as discourses with their own markers, I establish a methodology with which to examine certain passages of the epics and the implicit meanings conveyed in them. Odysseus is thus shown to be manipulating sympotic discourse in the Phaeacian episodes of the Odyssey in order to win a favorable return home – at least as the contemporary external audience familiar with sympotic conventions of speaking and behaving would have understood it. Achilles too is treated, with specific reference to his behavior in the embassy scene of the Iliad. The sympotic discourse conveyed by the actions and attitudes of Achilles and Patroclus can be shown to communicate additional layers of meaning to the external audience and perhaps reference extra-Iliadic motifs concerning Achilles’ behavior at symposia. A proper understanding of rhapsodic and sympotic discourses within the epics not only contributes to a more nuanced understanding of character behavior within the epics and audiences’ perception of such behavior, but also challenges our understanding of the role of archaic social institutions such as the symposium within the epics.

This thesis investigates reflexivity in ancient Greek literature and philosophy from Homer to Plato. It contends that ancient Greek culture developed a notion of personhood that was characteristically reflexive, and that this was linked to a linguistic development of specialized reflexive pronouns, which are the words for 'self'.

Thesis (doctoral)--Academia Philippina Marpurgensi, Marburg, 1906. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Re-evaluations of the category of deponency in recent years have been the leading cause of a paradigm shift taking place in studies on the ancient Greek voice system, opening up new avenues for further remodelling. The present study contends that verbal voice operates according to an ergative two-voice system, active and middle-passive, producing two contrastive roles the subject plays in a clause. Within a nominativeaccusative alignment patterning, which marks out transitive operations of a clause, ergative functions centered on verbal voice are present in the language’s verbal morphology and syntax. An ergative view of voice specifies different transitive participant roles and focuses on the affected element of the clause that realizes or actualizes the verbal process. Clearer expression of the subject’s function in the clause occurs by distinguishing between two opposing roles: the subject functioning either as realization of the process or as cause of the process. Two basic and contrastive roles of the subject, therefore, mean that two semantic domains for voice are operational in the language system network despite the occurrence of three morphological forms in the aorist and future tense-forms. The middle and passive uses, together comprise the middlepassive voice, and the active voice comprises the other voice domain. Middle and passive functions share the common feature of subject-affectedness, but middle uses occur when there is a feature of internal agency in addition to the subject actualizing the verbal process. Passivity occurs when the subject actualizes the verbal process with an added feature of external agency to the clause. Moreover, passivity takes place through specific grammatical constructions within the middle-passive voice that operate as agentive augmentations (specified or not) of a middle-passive clause type. This is frequently expressed using the so-called, ‘passive marker,’ -(θ)η, that was encroaching upon middle forms during this stage of the language and gradually expanding its range of function in the New Testament writings. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The main aim of this work is the presentation, characterisation and review of the image of the Greek underworld deity, Hades/Plouton in Greek beliefs of the Archaic and Classical periods, on the basis of comparison of the preserved literary and epigraphic testimonies with the remains of material culture, and the reconstruction of the most coherent possible image of the god, claimed by scholars to be of little importance to Greek beliefs and to have no cult. The present dissertation liberates the god from long-standing scholarly misconceptions and returns him to his proper place within the Greek pantheon. Its main scholarly contribution and originality can be summarised as follows: (i) Hades is mainly an agricultural deity with a clear cult environment and has more in common with the world of the living than that of the dead; (ii) Hades influenced the representation of other male deities connected with earth: his main attribute, paradoxically the cornucopia or 'horn of plenty', appears for the first time in Greek art in the 6th century BC as exclusively his, and is later ascribed to other deities; (iii) Hades and Plouton were the same deity (Plouton - an Attic instantiation - spread throughout Greece with Attic literature and the Eleusinian cult of Demeter and Kore), sharing the same myths, and both, through the properties inscribed in their names (invisibility in Hades' and corn in Plouton's), referring to the earth; both names are products of the conceptualisation of the world of the dead; (iv) contrary to the prevailing scholarly view, the multiplicity of Hades' names is not exclusively the result of euphemism (which I propose to see rather as a by- product): the nomenclature is more complex and depends principally on cultic or mythological contexts and local tradition. My work not only reconstructs the repertoire of Greek ideas and opinions on Hades and the character of his cult, but also advocates a new understanding of the notion of Greek deity, as metonymy: Hades is representative of a wider class of deities who are concrete and abstract at the same time (like Gaia [the Earth], Uranos [the Sky], Okeanos [the Sea]): they denote a place, a god, a property of something, a form of matter.

This thesis investigates the linguistic and philological characteristics of the primary interjections in Ancient Greek drama. It employs Ameka’s definition and classification from 1992 as its theoretical base, and provides a comprehensive research survey. The thesis has a data-driven approach, and is based on all items traditionally classified as interjections. In the chapter on morphology and syntax, the unique characteristics of interjections are presented. E.g., NPs co-occurring with interjections form an interjection phrase, which follows a specific pattern, in accordance with a phrase schema. The chapter on semantics, which is the main part of the thesis, employs an analytical model based on a moderate minimalism approach. This assumes that all items have a core meaning that can be identified without the aid of context, yet allows different, but related, meanings. The definition adopted in the present thesis states that interjections share only formal characteristics, and thus can be divided into categories based on their semantic features, which are defined using Kaplan’s notion of informational equivalence. The thesis deals with three such categories, each with its individual semantic properties: expressive interjections, express the speaker’s experience of emotion and/or cognition; conative interjections, express what the speaker wants the addressee or auditor to do; imitative interjections, depict or reproduce sounds or events. Items in category 1 are the most frequent and thus receive most attention. In the chapter on pragmatics, it is proposed that the primary function of interjections is to express the core semantics in a specified context. Felicity conditions are suggested for an utterance to convey the primary meaning of an interjection. Interjections are also shown to have various secondary functions, e.g. that of strengthening markers. Finally, a lexicon is provided, which offers individual informational equivalents of all interjections under study.

Title: Dance in the art of Ancient Greece Author: Bc. Markéta Strouhalová Department: Institute for Classical archeology, Charles University Supervisor: Doc. PhDr. Iva Ondřejová, Csc. Abstract: Dance is a manifestation of the social behavior. The art of dance was considered as very important part of life in Ancient Greece. The gods danced and Greeks imitated the divine example. The Ancient Greek preference for dancing is supported by evidence of many iconographical monuments, which are the main theme of this work together along with the characteristic of Greek dance and its many social functions. The collected monuments characterize the reflection of Greek dance from the Geometric period (comparison with the Bronze Age situation) to the Hellenistic period with overlapping into the Roman decorative art. Keywords: Dance. Ancient Greek art.