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The inscriptions of Ashurnasirpal II : a reappraisal of the available editionsConradie, Andries Frederik, 1953- 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 1989. / Master copies of 5 1/2 inch (Floppy) disks kept separately by library. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Iraqi State Department of Antiquities and the Polish expedition
under the late Janusz Meuszynski and Richard Sobolewski, assisted
later by Samuel Paley (Buffalo), set themselves the goal to locate,
identify and to reconstruct the original arrangement of the reliefs
from the Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II. The majority of the
reliefs are scattered all over the world in museums and institutions
from Leningrad to Los Angeles, mainly due to the style of
archaeologists and opportunists from the previous century who removed
these reliefs from the Nimrud Mound. Section A of the dissertation
attempted to complement the achievements of the combined
Iraqi-Polish-American effort through the study of the "Standard"
Inscription which was carved across and in between the reliefs of
Ashurnasirpal.
Subsequently, this somewhat audacious and time-consuming project was
launched to trace the present whereabouts of those reliefs outside
Iraq in a bid to study each text seperately. This was achieved in the
end in that the inscriptions were studied from the original sculptures
or from photos provided by the institutions in whose care the reliefs
are at present. Each exemplar was eventually copied, transliterated
and reproduced in its original room setting of the North-Vest Palace.
In order to reproduce each text as an entity in its own right and in
an accessible way (in direct opposition to previous attempts whereby a
myriad of text-critical data was simply reduced to footnotes),
available computer software initially had to be experimented with before a suitable program could be decided upon.
Eventually T
3
of TOI Software Research was selected on mainly
user-friendly and font-adaptability grounds. The interested scholar is
now in a position to see at a glance how the texts, which were
originally engraved onto sculptured slabs in the close proximity of
one room, vary from one another. The remainder of Ashurnasirpal's
textual corpus was treated in Section B. These inscriptions were
studied and collated on the original monuments in London and New York.
The texts were finally collated, revised and transliterated in a
standardized form from photographs, provided by the institutions in
whose care they are at present.
In order to facilitate the progress of research on the Ashurnasirpal
inscriptions, it was decided to make all the textual material
available in the electronic medium of two 2.1 megabyte floppy disks
(cf. the envelope attached to the back cover). The data is stored in
T
3
volumes (73VOLS). The latest T
3
version (2.3) has a conversion
program for converting T
3
documents to YordPerfect 5.0, making the
material of this research more accessible to non T
3
users.
Thanks to the initiatives of the Tubinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients
Project which provides the critical historian with a much needed
historico-geographical footing, the unique summary of conquests or
so-called standard titulary sections in the royal inscriptions of
Ashurnasirpal were examined in search of a historically verifiable
methodology. These passages were collected not only from the Calah inscriptions, but especially from other provenances like Ashur and
Nineveh on the assumption that a definite correlation exists between
geographic references and the chronological sequences of events in the
Ashurnasirpal II royal inscriptions. These "summary" sections provide
a useful summary in titular form of the king's conquests comprising
essentially geographic material. They emanated stylistically from the
preceding sections on the king's genealogy, titulary, filiation and
theological legitimation. They were in a constant state of editorial
flux impending on the successes of the king's expansionist policies.
The modern historian can now utilize these summaries, or
historico-political titles, not only as a fixed point of departure,
historically speaking, but also as a normative tool to unravel biased
military reports of the king's military activities in both the
annalistic and display type of inscriptions. A new approach on the
historical reconstruction of the reign of Ashurnasirpal II (883-859
B.C.) with its implications for the study of the Old Testament can now
be anticipated. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Irakse Direktoraat van Rultuursake en 'n Poole ekspedisie onder
aanvoering van wyle Janusz Meuszynski en Ryszard Sobolewski, later
bygestaan deur Samuel Paley (Buffalo), het hulle dit ten doel gestel
om al Assurnasirpal II se reliefs, wat sedert die vorige eeu deur
skattejagters en argeoloe van die Nimrud Tel (naby Mosul in die noorde
van Irak) verwyder is en na museums en instellings van Leningrad tot
in Los Angeles versprei is, op te spoor. Met behulp van hoof saaklik
die ikonografie-is die reliefs se oorspronklike plekke in die beroemde
Noordwes-Paleis vasgestel en grafies gerekonstrueer. Afdeling A van
hierdie dissertasie poog om hierdie projek aan te vul deur al die
II
"Standaard" Inskripsies wat bo-oor en tussen die reliefs aangebring
was, te bestudeer.
11
Yervolgens is die moeisame proses aangepak om hierdie reliefs in
museums oor die hele wereld op te spoor, die inskripsies direk of
vanaf foto's te kollasioneer, te kopieer, te translitereer en in hul
oorspronklike vertrekskonteks weer te gee. Die formaat waarin die
transliterasies van die inskripsies uiteindelik weergegee moes word,
is uiteindelik deur middel van TCI Software Research se T
3
bemeester.
Die formaat waarin die tekste weergegee is in hierdie dissertasie,
vergemaklik die bestudering van individuele tekste sowel as die
vergelyking van die teksvariante in die groter paleiskonteks, deurdat
die tekste gegroepeer is ooreenkomstig die oorspronklike posisies van
die reliefs teen die mure van die onderskeie vertrekke van die paleis. In Afdeling B is die oorblywende tekskorpus van Assurnasirpal
behandel. Die inskripsies is op die oorspronklike monumente, stelas en
tablette in hoof saaklik Londen en New York bestudeer, gekollasioneer
en die transliterasies is hersien en gestandaardiseer. Dit bring
vervolgens mee dat die tekskorpus van Assurnasirpal II in die
elektronies-toeganklike formaat van T
S
-volumes beskikbaar is vir
Assirioloe, wat met behulp van die rekenaartegnologie navorsing op die
Assurnasirpal tekste wil doen. Die nuwe 2.3 weergawe van
7
3 beskik oor
die moontlikheid om
3
-volumes en -leers om te skakel in YordPerfect
5.0 dokumente, wat dus_inligtingsherwinning, data-onttrekking en ander
dergelike funksies van die rekenaartegnologie op spykerskriftekste
verder vergemaklik. Al die teksmateriaal is vir die doel op twee 2.1
megagreep slapskywe gestoor in 73-volumes en is beskikbaar in die
koevert, wat aan die agterblad van die dissertasie vasgeheg is.
Ten slotte is 'n nuwe metodologie, gebore uit die inisiatiewe van en
blootstelling aan die Tubinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients Projek, op
die proef gestel. Kortliks berus hierdie benadering op die aanname dat
daar 'n histories-verifieerbare korrelasie tussen geografiese gegewens
en kronologiese ordening in die Assiriese Koningsgeskrifte bestaan.
Die betrokke gedeelte in die koningsgeskrifte, waarin 'n opsomming van
die koning se verowerde gebiede (en dus geografiese data) stilisties
voortvloei uit die voorafgaande genealogie, titulatuur en teologiese
legitimasie, is vervolgens versamel en gegroepeer uit tekste wat
Assur, Nineve en Nimrud insluit. Hierdie opsommende titulatuur is op
'n gereelde basis deur die amptelike Assiriese skrywers geredigeer
ooreenkomstig die welslae van die koning se buitelandse beleid van ekspansionisme. Vervolgens kan die moderne historikus hierdie beknopte
historiese gegewens in die opsommende titulatiqr, gesuiwer van tipiese
Assiriese propaganda, as 'n vaste normatiewe basis aanwend om die
breedvoerige annalistiese beskrywings van die koning se veldtogte
krities te bestudeer. 'n Betroubare rekonstruksie van die regeringstyd
van Assurnasirpal II (883-859 v.C.) en die implikasies wat dit vir die
flu Testament inhou, kan vervolgens in die vooruitsig gestel word.
|
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Egyptian Christianity : an historical examination of the belief systems prevalent in Alexandria c.100 B.C.E. - 400 C.E. and their role in the shaping of early ChristianityFogarty, Margaret Elizabeth 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis sets out to examine, as far as possible within the constraints of a limited study, the
nature of the Christianity professed in the first centuries of the Common Era, by means of an
historical examination of Egyptian Christianity. The thesis contends that the believers in
Christ's teachings, in the first century, were predominantly Jewish, that "Christianity" did not
exist as a developed separate religion until its first formal systematizations commenced in the
second century, through the prolific writings of the Alexandrians, Clement and Origen. It is
noted that the name "Christianity" itself was coined for the first time in the second century by
Ignatius of Antioch; and that until the fourth century it is more accurate to speak of many
Christianities in view of regional-cultural and interpretative differences where the religion took
root. The study examines the main religions of the world in which the new religion began to
establish itself, and against which it had to contend for its very survival. Many elements of these
religions influenced the rituals and formulation of the new religion and are traced through
ancient Egyptian religion, the Isis and Serapis cults, Judaism, Gnosticism and Hermeticism.
Alexandria, as the intellectual matrix of the Graeco-Roman world, was the key centre in which
the new religion was formally developed. The thesis argues, therefore, that despite the obscurity
of earliest Christianity in view of the dearth of extant sources, the emergent religion was
significantly Egyptian in formulation, legacy and influence in the world of Late Antiquity. It is
argued, in conclusion, that the politics of the West in making Christianity the official religion
of the empire, thus centring it henceforth in Rome, effectively effaced the Egyptian roots. In
line with current major research into the earliest centuries of Christianity, the thesis contends
that while Jerusalem was the spring of the new religion Alexandria, and Egypt as a whole,
formed a vital tributary of the river of Christianity which was to flow through the whole world.
It is argued that without the Egyptian branch, Christianity would have been a different
phenomenon to what it later became. The legacy of Egyptian Christianity is not only of singular
importance in the development of Christianity but, attracting as it does the continued interest of
current researchers in the historical, papyrological and archaeological fields, it holds also
considerable significance for the study of the history of religions in general, and Christianity in
particular. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die proefskrif poog om, insover moontlik binne beperkte skopus, die aard van die vroeë
Christendom gedurende die eerste eeue V.C. te ondersoek, deur middel van 'n historiese
ondersoek van die Egiptiese Christendom. Die tesis voer aan dat die vroegste Christelike
gelowiges in die eerste eeu N.C. grootendeels Joods was, en dat die Christendom as afsonderlike
godsdiens nie ontstaan het nie voor die formele sistematiseringe wat deur die Aleksandryne
Clemens en Origines aangebring is nie. Selfs die term Christendom is vir die eerste keer in die
tweede eeu n.C. deur Ignatius van Antiochië versin; daar word verder opgemerk dat voor die
vierde eeu dit meer akkuraat is om van veelvuldige Christelike groepe te praat. Die studie
ondersoek die vernaamste godsdienste van die milieu waarin die nuwe godsdiens wortel geskied
het, en waarteen dit om sy oorlewing moes stry. Baie invloede van die godsdienste is uitgeoefen
op die rites en die daarstelling van die nuwe godsdiens, en kan herlei word na die antieke
Egiptiese godsdiens, die kultusse van Isis en Serapis, Judaïsme, Gnostisisme en Hermetisme.
Aleksandrië, die intellektuele matriks van die Grieks-Romeinse wêreld, was die hoof-sentrum
waarin die nuwe godsdiens formeelontwikkel het. Die tesis toon daarom aan dat ten spyte van
die onbekendheid van die vroegste Christendom, wat te wyte is aan die tekort aan bronne, die
opkomende godsdiens in die Laat Antieke wêreld opvallend Egipties van aard was in
formulering, invloed en erfenis. Ten slotte word daar aangevoer dat die politiek van die Weste
wat die Christendom as amptelike godsdiens van die ryk gemaak het, en wat dit vervolgens dus
in Rome laat konsentreer het, die Egiptiese oorspronge van die godsdiens feitlik uitgewis het. In
samehang met kontemporêre belangrike navorsing op die gebied van die Christendom se
vroegste eeue, argumenteer die tesis dat terwyl Jerusalem wel die bron van die nuwe godsdiens
was, Aleksandrië, en Egipte as geheel, 'n deurslaggewende sytak was van die rivier van die
Christendom wat uiteindelik deur die ganse wêreld sou vloei. Daar word aangetoon dat sonder
die Egiptiese tak, die Christendom 'n heel ander verskynsel sou gewees het in vergelyking met sy
latere formaat. Die erfenis van die Egiptiese Christendom is nie alleen van die grootste belang
vir die ontwikkeling van die Christendom nie, maar 'n nalatenskap wat die voortgesette aandag
van navorsers op historiese, papirologiese en argeologiese gebiede vra, en is daarom van groot
belang vir die studie van die geskiedenis van godsdienste in die algemeen, en die Christendom in
die besonder.
|
13 |
Die voorstelling van Jahwe as kryger in 'n seleksie Bybels-Hebreeuse psalmsBasson, Alec 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA.)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the image of Yahweh as warrior in a selection of Biblical-Hebrew psalms
against the background of similar images in the broader Ancient Near East. In the psalms this
image is closely linked with the emotions and experience of the psalmist. In the situation of conflict
he calls on Yahweh to intervene and to destroy the enemy. It is in such circumstances that this
image of Yahweh gives the necessary comfort.
In order to investigate the image of Yahweh as warrior in the psalms, this study uses the
Comparative Method. This method is based on the assumption that cultures and societies share
certain ideas and characteristics. The specific approach within the Comparative Method is called
the typological comparative approach. This approach focuses on the comparison of phenomena in
cultures that are historically and geographically far removed from each other. This comparison is
based on the assumption that certain cultural characteristics are universally shared.
In this investigation the following psalms are analysed: 3, 21, 46, 68, 76, 83, 140, 144. The
selection was made on the basis of the different literary genres within the psalms. As a background
to this investigation a summary of warrior terminology and ideas in the rest of the Ancient Near
East is presented. Afterwards the warrior image in the selected psalms is investigated.
The investigation proceeded as follows: Chapter 1 is devoted to the research history with regard to
the image of Yahweh as warrior in the Hebrew Bible; in Chapter 2 the metaphor as literary device
is discussed; and in Chapter 3 the focus is on the institution of war in the Ancient Near East and
the role of warriors in this regard. From Chapters 4 to 11 the warrior metaphors in the selected
psalms are analysed. With each of the analysed psalms the following method is used: (1) a
translation and text-critical notes; (2) a discussion of the literary genre; (3) an analysis of the poetic
elements; and (4) an analysis of the warrior images.
The psalmist's enemies are also Yahweh's enemies. In the psalms where he is portrayed as
warrior, three characters always come to the fore, namely Yahweh, the psalmist and the enemy.
While the enemy is portrayed in terms of typical hostile images, the relationship between Yahweh
and the psalmist is defensive, and offensive between Yahweh and the enemy. In this study it is ,
also shown that when Yahweh intervenes, he saves and restores the honour of the psalmist.
Yahweh is also praised for his acts of salvation in the past. This forms the basis for the psalmist
call to Yahweh to intervene in his situation. He defeats the enemy by making use of different
weapons. The psalmist's enemies are also Yahweh's enemies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die voorstelling van Jahwe as kryger in 'n seleksie Bybels-Hebreeuse
psalms teen die agtergrond van soortgelyke voorstellings in die breër Ou Nabye Oosterse konteks.
In die psalms hang hierdie voorstelling ten nouste saam met die emosies en ervarings van die
digter. Die vyand stig gedurig stryd aan en soek die digter se ondergang. In sy situasie van stryd
en aanvegting roep hy tot Jahwe om in te gryp en die vyand te verslaan. Dit is dan juis hierdie
voorstelling van Jahwe wat in dié omstandighede 'n groot gerusstelling is.
In hierdie studie word daar van die Vergelykende Metode gebruik gemaak. Hierdie metode is
gebaseer op die aanname dat kulture en gemeenskappe sekere opvattings en idees met mekaar
deel. Die spesifieke benadering wat binne die Vergelykende Metode gebruik word, word die
Tipologies-Vergelykende benadering genoem. In hierdie benadering handel dit oor die vergelyking
van verskynsels in kulture wat histories en geografies van mekaar verwyderd is. Hierdie
benadering opereer met die aanname dat sekere kulturele opvattings universeel gedeel word.
Die volgende psalms word in die ondersoek ontleed: 3, 21,46,68, 76, 83, 140, 144. Die seleksie
is gedoen op grond van die belangrikste literêre genres in die psalms. As agtergrond tot die
ondersoek, word 'n kort oorsig gebied van krygerterminologie en opvattings in die res van die Ou
Nabye Ooste. Daarna is die krygerbeeld in die geselekteerde psalms ondersoek.
Die ondersoek het soos volg verloop: in Hoofstuk 1 is daar aandag gegee aan die
navorsingsgeskiedenis met betrekking tot die voorstelling van Jahwe as kryger in die Hebreeuse
Bybel, in Hoofstuk 2 is die literêre verskynsel van die metafoor behandel en in Hoofstuk 3 is daar
gefokus op die Ou Nabye Oosterse instelling van oorlog en die plek van krygers in die verband.
Vanaf Hoofstuk 4-11 is die krygermetafore in die geselekteerde psalms geanaliseer. By elk van die
geanaliseerde psalms word die volgende metode gevolg: (1) 'n vertaling en tekskritiese
aantekeninge; (2) 'n bespreking van die literêre genre; (3) 'n analise van die styl-elemente; en (4)
'n analise van die krygermetafore.
In die psalms waar Jahwe as kryger voorgestel word, tree daar altyd drie hoofkarakters na vore,
naamlik die digter, die vyand en Jahwe. Die vyand word geteken in terme van tipiese
"vyandsbeelde", terwyl Jahwe defensief teenoor die bidder optree en offensief teenoor die
teëstanders. In hierdie studie word ook aangedui dat wanneer Jahwe ingryp, bewerk Hy redding en
herstel Hy ook die digter se eer. Jahwe word geloof vir sy reddingsdade in die verlede. Dit vorm die
basis vir die digter se hulpgeroep tot Jahwe om in te gryp in sy situasie. Hy verslaan die vyand
deur van verskillende wapens gebruik te maak. Die digter se vyande word ook as Jahwe se vyand
gesien.
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14 |
A comparison between Plato and Zoroaster : aspects of the philosophy in the Timaeus and the GathasViviers, D. S. (Daniele Siobhan) 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The analysis of the system of speculative thought of Plato and Zoroaster, as found in
Plato's Timaeus and Zoroaster's Gathas, seeks to compare a well-known philosophy,
that of Plato, to a lesser known and often misunderstood system of speculative
thought within a religion, namely Zoroastrianism. The purpose of such a comparison
is to show that the speculative thought found in religion is often comparable to
philosophy, as is the case in the doctrines postulated in the Gathas. It serves to
illuminate the philosophy within a lesser known religion (Zoroastrianism) by
comparing it to a well-known philosophy (that of Plato), and in doing so, to cast new
light on both.
The comparison of Plato and Zoroaster has been proposed and sometimes executed by
other scholars as well. The main problem in these other comparisons, thus far, has
been the fact that no historical contact or definite doctrinal influence of Zoroaster on
Plato has been or is likely to be established. Though Plato might well have been
familiar with Zoroastrian doctrines, this cannot be satisfactorily proven. This study
does not depend on historical contact or doctrinal influence (though the possibility of
the latter has been discussed), but compares the two doctrines independent of
historical factors and is based solely on the striking similarities between these two
systems of thought.
This study has focussed on some of the basic concepts within the two doctrines, such
as creation, the soul, and dualism. In this study I have emphasised the philosophical
aspect of Zoroastrianism, though it is classified as a religion, because I believe that
much of what has been classified as religion also incorporates speculative thought that
can be analysed separately, and as a system of speculative thought it is comparable to
other traditions of speculative thought, such as Greek philosophy. This comparison
therefore seeks to counteract some of the assumptions about religions, and how they
are studied, by focusing on the philosophical basis underlying the doctrines in the
Zoroastrian religion.
Another aspect to the comparison is a focus on the similarities of doctrine originating
in two cultures previously held to be vastly different, namely Persian and Greek. There has previously been a tendency to consider the cultures of the classical and the
ancient Near Eastern world as separate and completely distinct from each other, and
in doing so, ignoring important historical contact. Although the historical interaction
between these two areas has received increased attention, comparative investigations
have emphasised the differences between the cultures of these regions, although
similarities do abound and the comparison of analogous aspects of the various
cultures could prove valuable to the study of the ancient world. Recognition of the
larger context within which the various cultures of the ancient world operated can
only add to the understanding of the ancient world, and pave the way for reassessing
the traditions and world-views of various cultures. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die analise van die spekulatiewe denkstelsels van Plato en Zoroaster, soos uitgelê in
Plato se Timaeus en Zoroaster se Gathas, beoog om 'n bekende filosofie te vergelyk
met 'n minder bekende en dikwels wangeïnterpreteerde spekulatiewe denkstelsel
binne 'n religie, naamlik Zoroastrisme. Die doel van so 'n vergelyking is om te
demonstreer dat die spekulatiewe denkstelsel wat binne 'n religie gevind kan word
dikwels vergelykbaar is met 'n filosofie, soos die geval is met die
leerstellings/denkstelsels wat uitgelê word in die Gathas. Dit dien om die filosofiese
binne 'n relatief onbekende religie (Zoroastrisme) uit te lig deur dit te vergelyk met 'n
bekende filosofie (dié van Plato), en in die proses is dit moontlik dat daar nuwe lig
gewerp kan word op albei.
Die vergelyking tussen Plato en Zoroaster is al deur verskeie academici voorgestel en
soms uitgevoer. Die hoofprobleem in al die vorige vergelykings is dat daar tot dusver
by Zoroaster geen historiese kontak met of invloed op die leerstellings van Plato
vasgestel kon word nie. Alhoewel Plato heel moontlik bekend kon gewees het met
Zoroaster se leerstellings, kan dit nie bo alle twyfel bewys word nie. Hierdie studie
voorveronderstel geen historiese kontak tussen of beïnvloeding deur die leerstellings
van Zoroaster en Plato nie (hoewel die moontlikheid van laasgenoemde bespreek
word). Dit is 'n vergelyking wat slegs gemotiveer is deur die treffende ooreenkomste
tussen hierdie twee denkstelsels.
My studie fokus op 'n aantal basiese konsepte binne die twee leerstellings, soos
skepping, die siel, en dualisme. Ten spyte van die feit dat Zoroastrisme as 'n religie
geklassifiseer word, word die filosofiese aspek van Zoroastrisme in hierdie studie
beklemtoon, want ek glo dat baie sisteme wat as religieë geklassifiseer word
spekulatiewe denke inkorporeer wat onafhanklik van die religie self as 'n
spekulatiewe denkstelsel soos filosofie geanaliseer kan word, en verder ook vergelyk
kan word met ander tradisies van spekulatiewe denkstelsels, soos die oud-Griekse
filosofie. Hierdie vergelyking poog om die aannames oor religieë, insluitend
aannames oor hoe religieë bestudeer moet word, teen te werk deur te fokus op die
onderliggende filosofiese basis in die leerstellings van Zoroastrisme. 'n Ander aspek van die vergelyking is 'n fokus op die ooreenkomste tussen
leerstellings wat hul oorsprong het in twee kulture (die Persiese en Griekse
onderskeidelik) wat voorheen as heeltemal uiteenlopend en verskillend beskou is, en
in die proses is die belangrike historiese kontak geïgnoreer. Alhoewel die historiese
interaksie tussen die twee areas toenemend aandag geniet, word die kulturele verskille
beklemtoon ten spyte van die feit dat daar veelvuldige ooreenkomste is en dat 'n
vergelyking van ooreenkomste tussen verskeie kulture baie waardevol kan wees vir
die studie van die antieke wêreld. 'n Waardering van die wyer konteks waarbinne die
verskeie kulture van die antieke wêreld gefunksioneer het, kan net bydra tot 'n beter
begrip van die antieke wêreld en die weg baan vir 'n herevaluering van die tradisies
en wêreldbeskouings van die betrokke kulture.
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15 |
Essene sectarianism as a Judaic alternative to Pharisaism and SadduceanismBotha, P. D. (Pieter Daniël) 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Essenism is, according to the data being discussed in this thesis, closely
associated with the Dead Sea Scrolls material and had alienated itself from Second
Temple Judaism as manifested through both Pharisaism and Sadduceanism. The
problem that presents itself is the fact that Essenism is sometimes seen, with
Pharisaism and Sadduceanism, as one of the three major trends within Second Temple
Judaism, albeit schismatic in origin and nature.
With Sadduceanism deriving its authority from the Temple and written Torah, and
with Pharisaism its authority from both the written Torah as well as the oral tradition of
the Sages, this thesis attempts to determine the criteria to be applied to cults of the
Second Temple period in order for them to be classified as being Judaic. This is done
in order to be able to establish what, in their own minds, set the Essenes apart from the
other two prominent groups. That their motivation for exclusiveness must have been
very strong becomes clear through the fact that, in their writings, the Essenes did not
see themselves as just another group within Judaism, but as the only true and
legitimate group.
The ultimate aims of this thesis therefore are, firstly to find out exactly what
constituted mainstream Second Temple Judaism according to certain historical and
religious factors as well as Judaic ha/achic interpretation. Secondly, the thesis attempts
to ascertain if Essenism met the determined criteria to be regarded as part of
mainstream Judaism, and if not, if it can be regarded as sectarian Judaism, or as a
separate religion altogether.
In view of all the abovementioned criteria discussed, the probable conclusion
would be that the sectarians from Qumran never thought of themselves as anything
other than Jews within the ha/achic tradition, even though it may have been a ha/acha
that may in certain respects have radically deviated from that of their fellow Jews. They
can therefore rightly be regarded as part of the Judaic tradition of the Second Temple
period. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Essenisme is, volgens die data bespreek in hierdie tesis, nou geassosiëer met
die materiaal van die Dooie See Rolle, en die eksponente daarvan het hulself vervreem
van Tweede Tempel Judaïsme soos gemanifesteer deur beide Fariseïsme en
Sadduseïsme. Die probleem wat homself voordoen, is dat Essenisme, saam met
Fariseïsme en Sadduseïsme, somtyds gesien word as een van die drie hoofstrominge
binne Tweede Tempel Judaïsme, alhoewelskismaties van aard.
Met Sadduseïsme wat sy outoriteit aan die Tempel en geskrewe Tora ontleen, en
Fariseïsme sy gesag van beide die geskrewe Tora en die mondelinge tradisie van die
Wyses, probeer hierdie tesis die kriteria bepaal wat toegepas kan word op kultusse van
die Tweede Tempel tydperk, om sodoende as Judaïsties geklassifiseer te kan word, al
dan nie. Dit word gedoen om vas te stel wat, in hul eie oë, die Esseners onderskei het
van die ander twee prominente groepe. Uit hul geskrifte kan 'n mens aflei dat die
Esseners se dryfveer vir eksklusiwiteit baie sterk moes gewees het, aangesien hulle
hulself nie net as nog 'n verdere groep binne die Judaïsme gesien het nie, maar in der
waarheid as die enigste ware en legitieme groep.
Die uiteindelike doel van hierdie tesis is dus eerstens, om vas te stel presies wat
verstaan kan word as Tweede Tempel Judaïsme, aan die hand van sekere historiese
en religieuse faktore, asook ha/aehiese interpretasie. Tweedens, probeer dit vasstelof
Essenisme aan die vasgestelde kriteria voldoen het om as deel van die hoofstroom
Judaïsme gesien te kan word, en indien nie, of dit gesien kan word as sektariese
Judaïsme, of as 'n heeltemal aparte godsdiens.
In die lig van al die bogemelde bespreekte kriteria, sal die waarskynlike
gevolgtrekking wees dat die sektelede van Qumran hulself nooit gesien het as enigiets
anders as Jode binne die ha/aehiese tradisie nie, alhoewel dit 'n ha/aeha was wat in
sekere opsigte radikaal verskil het van die van hul mede-Jode. Hulle kan gevolglik met
reg gesien word as deel van die Judaïstiese tradisie van die Tweede Tempel tydperk.
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Ani and its semantic domain in the PsalmsRhode, Rubin Frank 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 1991. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the most vexing questions in the exegetical research on the Psalms has been the establishing of
the identity of the suppliant who refers to himself as the cani. Many scholars have endeavoured to
study the meaning and significance of this word, but it is still not satisfactorily resolved. The weakness
of these studies can be traced back to two factors:
(1) an exaggerated over-confidence in the etymological method of analysis, and
(2) the implementation of inadequate and incomplete semantic methods.
This investigation starts out with the hypothesis that the meaning of cani must be determined in terms
of both its macro and micro leve~. Thus, the meaning of this designation will be established
synchronically, as well as in terms of an associative field. In this way the semantic field of cani can be
.demarcated in light of its immediate lexical, as well as its wider associative field.
A close reading of the Psalms in which cani appears, reveals that a triangular relationship is depicted
between certain actants. The drama tis personae occupying the following roles in this triangle are:
(1) Yahweh asjudge and saviour,
(2) the cani as suppliant and victim, and
(3) .the antagonist as oppressor and blasphemer.
In order to establish the identity of the cani it was necessary to investigate its synonyms and antonyms
within this complex triangular structure. Within such a semantic framework it has been determined that
the stereotype translation equivalent "poor" is both inadequate and misleading. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Een van die mees kwellende vrae in die moderne Psalmeksegese is die raaisel aangaande die identiteit
van die cani. Baie geleerdes het gepoog om die betekenis van hierdie woord te bepaal, maar tot nou toe
is die prableem nog nie bevredigend opgelos nie as gevolg van:
(1) te swaar klem wat op die etimologie van die woord geplaas is, of
(2) onvoldoende semantiese metodes wat gebruik is in die ondersoek van hierdie term.
Hierdie studie gaan uit van die hipotese dat die betekenis van cani op beide makro- en mikrovlak
vasgestel moet word. Die betekenis moet sinkronies sowel as in terme van 'n assosiatiewe veld bepaal
word. Op hierdie wyse kan die semantiese veld afgebaken word op grand van die onmiddellike
leksikale sowel as die wyere assosiatiewe veld.
Verder is daar ook vasgestel dat in die Psalms waarin cani voorkom, daar gewoonlik sprake is van 'n
driehoeksverhouding. Die dramatis personae is:
(1) Jahwe as rigter en redder,
(2) die cani as aangeklaagde/smekeling en slagoffer en
(3) die antagonis as onderdrukker en aanklaerllasteraar.
Om die identiteit van die cani vas te stel, was dit nodig om die sinonieme sowel as die antonieme van
hierdie term binne so 'n driehoekige struktuur te ondersoek. Binne so 'n semantiese raamwerk is
vasgestel dat die stereotipe vertalingsekwivalent "arm" beide onvoldoende en misleidend is.
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Semantics, world view and Bible translation : an integrated analysis of a selection of Hebrew lexical items referring to negative moral behaviour in the book of IsaiahVan Steenbergen, Gerrit Jan 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / Tot op hede is die studie van die semantiek tot 'n groot mate bëinvloed deur die taalkundige
perspektiefvan die navorser. Dit het dikwels gelei tot resultate wat skeefgetrek is deur die
voorveronderstellings van die navorser. Sommige aspekte van betekenis wat van primêre belang
is vir die semantiese beskrywing van bepaalde taalkundige konstruksies is in die proses nie
genoegsaam, of glad nie, aan die orde gestel nie. Semantiek as 'n interdissiplinêre wetenskap het
'n komplekse karakter aangesien taalkunde, antropologie, kognitiewe sielkunde en, afhangend van
die doel van 'n bepaalde semantiese analise, ander verwante dissiplines daarin 'n rol kan speel.
Om die rede is daar 'n behoefte aan 'n omvattende benadering in terme waarvan die verskillende
faktore verreken kan word.
In die semantiese analise van Bybel-Hebreeuse konstruksiesvorm die kulturele agtergrond van
leksikale items 'n integrale deel van die semantiese inhoud van hierdie items. In die lig van die
beduidende historiese en kulturele verskille tussen die konteks(te) van die Ou Testament en die
konteks(te) van hedendaagse lesers is dit dus belangrik om die kulturele dimensie van 'n
semantiese analise van Bybels-Hebreeuse leksikale items sistematies aan die orde te stel. So 'n
benadering is van groot belang vir Bybelvertaling wat by uitstek 'n proses van interkulturele
kommunikasie is.
Bybelvertalers het 'n behoefte aan analitiese instrumente wat al die fasette van die semantiese
inhoud van Bybels-Hebreeuse lekseme verdiskonteer. Die doel van hierdie studie is om 'n
semantiese model te ontwerp wat vir die doel gebruik kan word. Die vertrekpunt van die studie is
die teorie van komponensiële analise. Die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van die model word
krities bespreek. Die moontlikhede wat hierdie teorie bied vir 'n meer omvattende model word
ondersoek. Besondere aandag word gegee aan die nut wat hierdie benadering het as heuristiese
instrument vir die semantiese analises. Die komponensiële analise van betekenis word op hierdie
manier geïdentifiseer as 'n benadering wat nie te gou afgeskiet moet word as synde te eng
strukturalisties nie. Inteendeel, dit kan ook as 'n buigsame instrument ontwikkel word wat nie net
betekenisrelasies in terme van dichotomieë kan beskryf nie. Dit kan ook gebruik word om 'n wye
verskeidenheid semantiese verhoudings te analiseer wat insigte van die kognitiewe taalkunde
insluit. Daar is verder bevind dat die konsep "semantiese universalium" wat 'n belangrike
komponent is van sommige benaderings tot leksikale semantiek weinig waarde het vir 'n
semantiese analise wat 'n bydrae wil maak tot vertaling as interkulturele kommunikasie. Die
universele kategorieë is meestal so generies dat hulle weinig bydrae tot die beskrywing van die
fyner nuanses van lekseme wat tot dieselfde semantiese veld behoort. Daar moet eerder gepoog
word om in soverre dit moontlik is 'n instument te ontwikkel wat taal en kultuur spesifiek is. Die
kategorieë en kriteria vir die semantiese analise moet verder aan die hand van die brontaal en -
kultuur self ontwikkel word. Die navorser moet baie versigtig wees dat sy ofhaar eie teoretiese
voorveronderstellings nie op die ondersoek-instrument afgedruk word nie.
In die ondersoek is gevind dat die kulturele dimensie van die leksikale items nie genoegsaam
verreken kan word, sonder om die wêreldbeeld te analiseer wat ten grondslag lê van die tekste
waarin die leksikale items voorkom nie. Vir die doel is 'n analitiese modelontwikkel. Hierdie
buigsame model gebruik 'n stel veranderlikes om die tipiese wêreldbeeld te identifiseer wat ten
grondslag lê van 'n bepaalde korpus van tekste. Nadat die onderliggende wêreldbeeld van die
boek van Jesaja beskryf is, word die leksikale items in hierdie boek, wat behoort tot die
semantiese veld "negatiewe morele gedrag" geanaliseer. Op grond van die resultate word 'n aantal
aanbevelings gemaak oor die wyse waarop hierdie items in 'n Hebreeuse leksikon beskryf kan
word. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tot op hede is die studie van die semantiek tot 'n groot mate bëinvloed deur die taalkundige
perspektief van die navorser. Dit het dikwels gelei tot resultate wat skeefgetrek is deur die
voorveronderstellings van die navorser. Sommige aspekte van betekenis wat van primêre belang
is vir die semantiese beskrywing van bepaalde taalkundige konstruksies is in die proses nie
genoegsaam, of glad nie, aan die orde gestel nie. Semantiek as 'n interdissiplinêre wetenskap het
'n komplekse karakter aangesien taalkunde, antropologie, kognitiewe sielkunde en, afhangend van
die doel van 'n bepaalde semantiese analise, ander verwante dissiplines daarin 'n rol kan speel.
Om die rede is daar 'n behoefte aan 'n omvattende benadering in terme waarvan die verskillende
faktore verreken kan word.
In die semantiese analise van Bybel-Hebreeuse konstruksies vorm die kulturele agtergrond van
leksikale items 'n integrale deel van die semantiese inhoud van hierdie items. In die lig van die
beduidende historiese en kulturele verskille tussen die konteks(te) van die Ou Testament en die
konteks(te) van hedendaagse lesers is dit dus belangrik om die kulturele dimensie van 'n
semantiese analise van Bybels-Hebreeuse leksikale items sistematies aan die orde te stel. So 'n
benadering is van groot belang vir Bybelvertaling wat by uitstek 'n proses van interkulturele
kommunikasie is.
Bybelvertalers het 'n behoefte aan analitiese instrumente wat al die fasette van die semantiese
inhoud van Bybels-Hebreeuse lekseme verdiskonteer. Die doel van hierdie studie is om 'n
semantiese model te ontwerp wat vir die doel gebruik kan word. Die vertrekpunt van die studie is
die teorie van komponensiële analise. Die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van die model word
krities bespreek. Die moontlikhede wat hierdie teorie bied vir 'n meer omvattende model word
ondersoek. Besondere aandag word gegee aan die nut wat hierdie benadering het as heuristiese
instrument vir die semantiese analises. Die komponensiële analise van betekenis word op hierdie
manier geïdentifiseer as 'n benadering wat nie te gou afgeskiet moet word as synde te eng
strukturalisties nie. Inteendeel, dit kan ook as 'n buigsame instrument ontwikkel word wat nie net
betekenisrelasies in terme van dichotomieë kan beskryf nie. Dit kan ook gebruik word om 'n wye
verskeidenheid semantiese verhoudings te analiseer wat insigte van die kognitiewe taalkunde
insluit. Daar is verder bevind dat die konsep "semantiese universalium" wat 'n belangrike
komponent is van sommige benaderings tot leksikale semantiek weinig waarde het vir 'n
semantiese analise wat 'n bydrae wil maak tot vertaling as interkulturele kommunikasie. Die
universele kategorieë is meestal so generies dat hulle weinig bydrae tot die beskrywing van die
fyner nuanses van lekseme wat tot dieselfde semantiese veld behoort. Daar moet eerder gepoog
word om in soverre dit moontlik is 'n instument te ontwikkel wat taal en kultuur spesifiek is. Die
kategorieë en kriteria vir die semantiese analise moet verder aan die hand van die brontaal en -
kultuur self ontwikkel word. Die navorser moet baie versigtig wees dat sy of haar eie teoretiese
voorveronderstellings nie op die ondersoek-instrument afgedruk word nie.
In die ondersoek is gevind dat die kulturele dimensie van die leksikale items nie genoegsaam
verreken kan word, sonder om die wêreldbeeld te analiseer wat ten grondslag lê van die tekste
waarin die leksikale items voorkom nie. Vir die doel is 'n analitiese model ontwikkel. Hierdie
buigsame model gebruik 'n stel veranderlikes om die tipiese wêreldbeeld te identifiseer wat ten
grondslag lê van 'n bepaalde korpus van tekste. Nadat die onderliggende wêreldbeeld van die
boek van Jesaja beskryf is, word die leksikale items in hierdie boek, wat behoort tot die
semantiese veld "negatiewe morele gedrag" geanaliseer. Op grond van die resultate word 'n aantal
aanbevelings gemaak oor die wyse waarop hierdie items in 'n Hebreeuse leksikon beskryf kan
word.
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The reception of Genesis 1-3 in Nguni cultureGwala, Mzonzima 10 August 2011 (has links)
Thesis (DLitt)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation looks at the reception of Gen. 1-3, one of the most controversial parts in the
Hebrew Bible. How was it interpreted by the Nguni speaking communities (e.g. Xhosa, Zulu,
siSwazi and siNdebele) taking into consideration their background, culture and religious
belief system?
The reception approach is followed in the research because of its emphasis on the role of the
reader in understanding texts. Sources that are utilized are Nguni Bible translations, selected
preached sermons (which the researcher attended himself), Nguni stories and folk tales and
reviews undertaken among selected Nguni groups.
A close-reading of the texts under discussion is undertaken in order to determine the basic
content and issues of interpretation involved. The central concepts of cosmogony as
contained in Gen. 1-2 are studied, as well as the story of the Garden of Eden and the
concept of the “fall” in Gen. 3.
The map of the Nguni language group is described and the culture and belief system of the
Nguni speaking communities. Central concepts to this belief system are the worship of
ancestors, marriage, circumcision, and among the Swazis the incwala (annual national feast)
Legends and folk tales were used as sources for the Nguni belief system. It was determined
that the Nguni speaking people worshipped one God in their traditional way, but always
through their ancestors as a sign of respect.
The role of the missionaries is analyzed by describing the history of the various missionary
societies and their influence on the Nguni peoples. A very short discussion is devoted to
preached sermons by Nguni pastors in the Seventh-day Adventist Church.Bible translations have always played a very important role among Nguni speakers (both
Christians and non-believers). The need for translations using understandable contemporary
terms is emphasized. This is the challenge to the Bible societies and Bible translators.
Qualitative reviews were undertaken under selected Nguni speaking groups (Xhosa, Zulu,
siSwati and siNdebele). Some of the results obtained from these reviews (full transcripts are
included) are:
(1) that there is a common understanding of the origin of the universe between the
Hebrew Bible and the Nguni religious culture.
(2) Serpent (Gen. 3): among the Zulus this concept is understood in terms of sexuality,
but it can also be linked with the ancestors.
(3) Both communities (Hebrew Bible and the Nguni) were tainted with the concept and
ideology of patriarchalism.
The crucial question in the research was: “what happens when a cosmogonic myth is
transferred from one community to another?” In the case of Gen. 1-3 an ancient Hebrew text
was transmitted to African cultures via missionaries and Bible translations. Nguni people
react differently. Whereas some accept Gen. 1-3 (cosmogonies and the “fall”) as a detailed
explanation of how creation and the “fall” came about, others reject it. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif kyk na die resepsie van Gen. 1-3, een van die mees kontroversiële dele in
die Hebreeuse Bybel. Hoe word dit geïnterpreteer deur die Ngunisprekende gemeenskappe
(Xhosas, Zoeloes, Swazi’s en Ndebele-groepe), met inagneming van hulle agtergrond,
kultuur en stelsel van godsdienstige oortuigings?
Die resepsiebenadering word in hierdie navorsing gevolg weens die klem op die rol van die
leser in hoe tekste verstaan word. Die bronne wat aangewend is, is Ngunibybelvertalings,
geselekteerde preke (wat die navorser self bygewoon het), Ngunistories en -volksverhale, en
onderhoude wat met geselekteerde Ngunigroepe gevoer is.
'n In-dieptestudie van die betrokke tekste is onderneem ten einde die basiese inhoud en
interpretasiekwessies te bepaal. Die sentrale konsep van kosmogonie, soos vervat in Gen. 1-
2, is bestudeer, asook die storie oor die Tuin van Eden en die konsep van die “sondeval” in
Gen. 3.
Die kaart van die Ngunitaalgroep word beskryf, asook die kultuur en geloofstelsel van die
Ngunisprekende gemeenskappe. Sleutelkonsepte in hierdie geloofstelsel is die aanbidding
van voorvaders, die huwelik, besnydenis, en onder die Swazi’s, die incwala (jaarlikse
nasionale fees). Legendes en volksverhale is gebruik as bronne vir die Ngunigeloofstelsel.
Daar is vasgestel dat die Ngunisprekende mense altyd een God aanbid het op hulle
tradisionele manier, maar altyd deur voorvaders as 'n teken van respek.
Die rol van die sendelinge word ontleed deur die geskiedenis van die verskeie
sendinggenootskappe te beskryf, asook hulle invloed op die Ngunimense. 'n Baie kort
bespreking word gewy aan preke gelewer deur Ngunipastore in die Sewendedaagse
Adventistekerk.Bybelvertalings het nog altyd 'n baie belangrike rol gespeel onder Ngunisprekers (beide
Christene en nie-gelowiges). Die behoefte vir vertalings wat verstaanbare, kontemporêre
terme gebruik, word beklemtoon. Dít is die uitdaging wat aan die bybelgenootskappe en
bybelvertalers gestel word.
Kwalitatiewe onderhoude is afgelê onder geselekteerde Ngunisprekende groepe (Xhosas,
Zoeloes, Swazi’s en Ndebele-groepe). Resultate wat verkry is van hierdie evaluerings
(waarvan volledige transkripsies voorsien word) sluit in:
(1) dat daar 'n gemeenskaplike begrip is van die oorsprong van die heelal by die
Hebreeuse Bybel en die Ngunigeloofskultuur;
(2) dat die konsep van die slang (Gen. 3) onder die Zoeloes in terme van seksualiteit
verstaan word, maar dat dit ook met die voorvaders in verband gebring kan word; en
(3) dat beide gemeenskappe (Hebreeuse Bybel en die Nguni) tekens dra van die konsep
en ideologie van patriargisme.
Die kernvraag in die navorsing was: “Wat gebeur wanneer ’n kosmogoniese mite oorgedra
word van een gemeenskap na 'n ander?”. In die geval van Gen. 1-3 is 'n ou Hebreeuse teks
oorgedra na Afrikakulture via sendelinge en bybelvertalings. Ngunimense reageer
verskillend. Waar sommige Gen. 1-3 aanvaar (kosmogonieë en die “sondeval”) as 'n
gedetailleerde verduideliking van hoe die skepping en die “sondeval” plaasgevind het, word
dit deur ander verwerp.
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Ancestral consultation : a comparative study of Ancient Near Eastern and African religious practices with reference to 1 Samuel 28:3-25Mulaudzi, N. (Nkhumiseni) January 2013 (has links)
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the African and the
Ancient Near Eastern tradition with regard to the ancestral consultation. 1 Samuel 28:3-25 was used
as a point of departure. This text was used because it is the only text in the Hebrew Bible that shows
the act of consulting the dead except those texts explicitly condemning the act.
The study was divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 focused on the introduction and the research
problem. Chapter 2 focused on the study of 1 Samuel 28:3-25 and this was done via and intratextual
and intertextual analysis. The intratextual analysis of 1 Samuel 28:3-25 focused on the
interrelatedness of the text on its literally level. This was done by means of a morphological,
syntactical and structural analysis. The intertextual analysis focused on 1 Samuel 28:3-25 in relation
with other texts in the Hebrew Bible, especially with reference to the practice of ancestral
consultation.
In Chapter 3 the main focus was on the Ancient Near Eastern tradition with regard to ancestral
consultation and thus focused upon extratextual material. In this chapter, Mesopotamian and
Israelite cultural practices were mainly considered. Customs relating to the act of consulting the
dead were studied. It included funerary customs, death and mourning rites, the place and role of the
dead in society. The study concluded that the act of ancestral consultation in the Ancient Near East
was part of their religion. In Ancient Israel, however, it was prohibited by Yahwistic religion.
Chapter 4 focused on ancestral consultation in African tradition. In this chapter, personal
knowledge and experience were also important. Ancestral consultation in Africa is still a living
tradition. The role of the ancestors was studied and also the role that the living have in relation to
their ancestors. In this chapter the role of Christianity in Africa played pivotal role because
Christianity shaped African religion of today. It is clear from the study that African Christianity still
pays tribute to their dead relatives as they are believed to be closer to God. Both Christians and
those who practice traditional religion agree on the role of the ancestors.
In Chapter 5 the researcher brought together the information in Chapters 1 to 4. In that sense it can
be regarded as the climax of the investigation into ancestral consultation as an ancient and modern
cultural and religious practice. This chapter contains a comparison between African and Ancient
Near Eastern tradition regarding ancestral consultation. The chapter indicates that there is a lot to
compare between the two traditions, but one needs to consider the differences in time, religious
perceptions, geography, economic and political background of the two traditions. This should
especially be considered in evaluating the Ancient Near Eastern tradition because it is in the
“archive”; we can only read and learn about it with reference to available sources, while African
tradition is an existing one.
In Chapter 6 the researcher summarised the main findings of the study with special reference to the
research problem as discussed in the first chapter. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Ancient Languages / unrestricted
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Josephus' reasons for the Jewish WarBenson, Derrick 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis I will examine and discuss the reasons given for the Jewish War of AD
66 - 70. Reasons put forward by modern scholars specializing in the study of the
works of Flavius Josephus are examined and discussed. However, the bulk of my
study centres on the reasons that Flavius Josephus supplies for the war as found in his
major work Bellum Judaicum. One is lead to the conclusion that he firmly believes
that reasons on the human and transcendent planes contributed to the catastrophic
events that lead to the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple.
The worldview of this Jewish priest, general and accomplished historiographer was
strongly influenced by the religious tenets of the Torah and the past history of the
Jewish nation. He cannot countenance the wicked and evil deeds committed
shamefacedly by his people against the clear standards that God had given to the
nation, and believes that retribution by God will follow. He cannot forget occasions
on the past when God intervened in the affairs of his nation by using a pagan world
power to accomplish the purposes of God. He sees a similar recurrence of the events
that lead to the destruction of the Jerusalem and the Temple in 587/6 BC being
manifested in the Jewish War of AD 66 - 70. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die redes wat vir die Joodse Oorlog van AD 66-70 aangebied
word, ondersoek en bespreek. Veral die redes wat moderne geleerdes wat in die
bestudering van Flavius Josephus se werk spesialiseer, word nagespeur en bespreek.
Die grootste deel van die studie fokus egter op die redes wat Flavius Josephus self vir
die gebeurtenis voorhou, soos wat hy dit in sy belangrike werk, Bellum Judaicum,
uiteensit. 'n Mens kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat hy met groot oortuiging glo dat die
redes wat tot die katastrofiese gebeure rondom die vernietiging van Jerusalem en die
Tempel 'n bydrae gelewer het, op die vlak van sowel die menslike as bomenslike te
vinde is.
Die wêreldbeskouing van hierdie bedrewe geskiedskrywer en Joodse priester is deur
beide die Torah se godsdienstige voorskrifte en volksgeskiedenis sterk beïnvloed. Hy
kan nie sy steun aan die blatante en bose dade van sy volksgenote teen die duidelike
standaarde wat God gegee het, toesê nie. Volgens hom moes God se vergelding volg.
Hy kan ook nie vergeet hoe God in sy volk se verlede ingegryp het deur om goddelose
wêreldmagte aan te wend om sy Goddelike doelwitte te bereik nie. Hy gewaar 'n
soortgelyke herhaling van gebeurtenisse wat tot die vernietiging van Jerusalem en die
tempel in 587/6 vC gelei het, in die aanloop tot die Joodse Oorlog van AD 66-70.
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