The main theme of this thesis is the influence of stress factors on the students at the Medical Social Science Faculty. Stress is a very broad theme and has a wide range of effects on the students. It can affect every part of our life. If we truly want to understand its influence on students Medical Social Science Faculty we first have to find its origin. In the theory part we find that a lot of authors agree that stress originates in us, it is in us, it comes from us and that we create it within ourselves. This diagnosis, however, is not satisfactory because there are great differences between the ways people create their own stress. We go on to find out what influences we tend to follow in creating behavioral patterns, as a nation, family or as individuals. These influences we regard as true and indiscriminately use as guidelines for our day to day lives. We find that from our early years we develop a view of the world around us using different mechanisms. One sees a glass half full and another half empty. So, also each one of us deals with problems and stressful situations in various different ways. We find different opinions on how to deal with the wrong influences and patterns in our lives. We realize that anyone, if they want and believe, can completely change beyond recognition and be happy. We also find that happiness is closely connected with the spiritual. The practical part of this thesis is done in the form of deep interviews with the students Medical Social Science Faculty. To my surprise the students were very open to these interviews. The thesis describes the stress factors on the students. I find that the field of stress factors is very wide and the students often have trouble dealing with it. Because they don?t know the principles, functions of stress and methods of how to work on themselves and how to get rid of it, they often seem to negatively influence its effects. Thanks to acquiring a deeper understanding of the subject, the obtained information can serve as a basis for improving the quality of education and the students? life. It can also be used for further research in the area of stress and its complications. I hope that my thesis will be an inspiration for others like myself who are trying to deal with stress and the problems and difficulties of student life and that it will encourage and help guide them in dealing with everyday life.

The main goal of this diploma thesis is to find out whether it is possible to measure stress during piloting. If so, it would be possible to develop systems that could help pilots in stressful situations and thus alleviate the stress, this would have great impact and possitively improve work performance. There are few similar studies in the field, the stress factors that affect the pilots and what physiological changes are observable in such situations. Finally, an experimental measurement is performed during three flights, which is aimed to demonstrate the information obtained and thus the possibility of measuring stress and the metod to do so.

Syftet med vår studie var att ta reda på om och på vilket sätt arbetsförmedlare känner stress genom anställningsotrygghet. Vi valde att fokusera på de arbetsförmedlare som fortsatte arbeta på arbetsförmedlingen efter att januariavtalet slöts och omorganiseringen av arbetsförmedlingen startade.    Metoden som vi använde var kvalitativ metod och vi använde oss av semistrukturerade intervjuer för att samla in vårt empiriska material. Det var sju arbetsförmedlare som deltog i studien och vi genomförde två fysiska intervjuer och fem telefonintervjuer.    Det huvudsakliga resultatet i studien är att de flesta av våra respondenter känner av både stress och anställningsotrygghet, framför allt i förhållande till att politiska beslut kan förändra både anställning samt arbetsuppgifter / The purpose of our study was to find out if and in what way employment agents feel stress through job insecurity. We chose to focus on the employment agents who continued to work at the employment services after the january agreement was concluded and the reorganization of the employment services started.   The method we used was a qualitative method and we used semi-structured interviews to collect our empirical material. Seven employment agents participated in the study and we conducted two physical interviews and five telephone interviews.   The main result in the study is that most of our respondents do feel stressed and have a feeling of job insecurity mainly to the fact that political decisions have the power to change both the employment and the assignments of the work.

The central theme of this diploma thesis is to analyze key stress factors, which foreign background students meet during their integration in the Czech Republic. All respondents are recruited from the Eastern European countries, for instance, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus. Two main groups include: - students who are in the Czech Republic less than one year - students who are in the Czech Republic for more than one year The primary research method was using a semi-structured interview with eight respondents. For measuring acculturative stress level was used the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), which was filled in by 36 students. There were found differences in the adjustment level and language competence among two groups of students. This research has also confirmed the relationship between the length of stay in the Czech Republic a level of acculturative stress. KEYWORDS foreign students, stress factors, integration, public higher education

Bakgrund: Stress är en naturlig del av livet, men när stressen är långvarig blir den patologisk. För att inte utveckla utmattningssyndrom och andra sjukdomar är det viktigt att ta stressen på allvar och försöka åtgärda den. Studier visade att sjuksköterskor som arbetade på sjukhus kände sig stressade och uppvisade tecken på utbrändhet, samt att sjuksköterskor på stora sjukhus upplevde mer stress än sjuksköterskor på mindre sjukhus och inom andra vårdformer.Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att identifiera stressfaktorer hos sjuksköterskor som arbetar på sjukhus. Metod: Resultatet i denna litteraturstudie sammanställdes utifrån Goodmans sju steg genom granskning av artiklar som byggde på genomförda kvantitativa empiriska studier. Resultat: Följande teman av stressfaktorer identifierades: Dåliga arbets-förhållanden, problem mellan personalen, individuella och sociala faktorer, kunskapsnivå och arbetsuppgifter, samt emotionella och etiskt svåra situationer. Slutsatser: Resursbrist var den största och mest frekventa stressfaktorn hos sjuksköterskor som arbetar på sjukhus. Det är viktigt att skapa förutsättningar att kunna ge en god omvårdnad genom att ha tillräckliga resurser inom personal- och material och en god arbetsmiljö för att inte riskera att äventyra patientsäkerheten. / Background: Stress is a natural part of life, but long-lasting stress can become pathological. It is important to take the issue of stress seriously in order to prevent burnout and other illnesses. Studies showed that nurses working at hospitals felt stressed and showed signs of burnout, and nurses at bigger hospitals had higher levels of perceived stress compared to nurses working at smaller hospitals and in other care forms. Purpose: The purpose of this literature review was to identify stress factors among nurses working at hospitals.Method: The result of this literature review was based upon Goodman’s seven steps by reviewing articles based on quantitative empiric studies. Result: The following themes were identified as stress factors: Bad working conditions, problems with the staff, individual and social factors, levels of knowledge and work assignments, and emotional and ethically difficult situations.Conclusions: Lack of resources was the biggest and most frequent stress factor among nurses working at hospitals. It is important to create means to give good care through enough resources regarding staff and materials, and a good working environment not to risk the safety of the patients.

The aim and the main intention of the thesis is to analyze the daily physical stress which teachers of physical education face. Information were gathered at the selected high school within hours of TV and the daily routine of the school. In the theoretical part of the thesis elaborated the chapter relating to the characteristics of the teacher, and then defined the concepts of learning and teaching styles. Other chapters relate to stress in the school environment and the transport of oxygen in a human's body. The last part was named energy expenditure in relation to the metabolism. Observated subjekt of the research pilot study was teacher who have been professionally educated and with qualification in physical education and geografy subjects. The measurement was carried out using the sporttester method and observation records have been added, along with tabular recorders of factors. Analysis of daily routine included 10 measuring days divided into three thematic units (athletics, volleyball and rhythmic gymnastics). The research was carried out from September to December in the year 2018. The analysis of units and days was focused on heart rate and energy expenditure of the body, including the factors that influence these variables. When the method of the analysis have been applied, the measurement method, the direct non-participating observation and an interview of an outline were used along.

The pronounced constraints on ecosystem functioning and human livelihoods in drylands are frequently exacerbated by natural and socio-economic stresses, including weather extremes and inequitable trade conditions. Therefore, a better understanding of the relation between these stresses and the socio-ecological systems is important for advancing dryland development. The concept of vulnerability as applied in this dissertation describes this relation as encompassing the exposure to climate, market and other stresses as well as the sensitivity of the systems to these stresses and their capacity to adapt. With regard to the interest in improving environmental and living conditions in drylands, this dissertation aims at a meaningful generalisation of heterogeneous vulnerability situations. A pattern recognition approach based on clustering revealed typical vulnerability-creating mechanisms at global and local scales. One study presents the first analysis of dryland vulnerability with global coverage at a sub-national resolution. The cluster analysis resulted in seven typical patterns of vulnerability according to quantitative indication of poverty, water stress, soil degradation, natural agro-constraints and isolation. Independent case studies served to validate the identified patterns and to prove the transferability of vulnerability-reducing approaches. Due to their worldwide coverage, the global results allow the evaluation of a specific system’s vulnerability in its wider context, even in poorly-documented areas. Moreover, climate vulnerability of smallholders was investigated with regard to their food security in the Peruvian Altiplano. Four typical groups of households were identified in this local dryland context using indicators for harvest failure risk, agricultural resources, education and non-agricultural income. An elaborate validation relying on independently acquired information demonstrated the clear correlation between weather-related damages and the identified clusters. It also showed that household-specific causes of vulnerability were consistent with the mechanisms implied by the corresponding patterns. The synthesis of the local study provides valuable insights into the tailoring of interventions that reflect the heterogeneity within the social group of smallholders. The conditions necessary to identify typical vulnerability patterns were summarised in five methodological steps. They aim to motivate and to facilitate the application of the selected pattern recognition approach in future vulnerability analyses. The five steps outline the elicitation of relevant cause-effect hypotheses and the quantitative indication of mechanisms as well as an evaluation of robustness, a validation and a ranking of the identified patterns. The precise definition of the hypotheses is essential to appropriately quantify the basic processes as well as to consistently interpret, validate and rank the clusters. In particular, the five steps reflect scale-dependent opportunities, such as the outcome-oriented aspect of validation in the local study. Furthermore, the clusters identified in Northeast Brazil were assessed in the light of important endogenous processes in the smallholder systems which dominate this region. In order to capture these processes, a qualitative dynamic model was developed using generalised rules of labour allocation, yield extraction, budget constitution and the dynamics of natural and technological resources. The model resulted in a cyclic trajectory encompassing four states with differing degree of criticality. The joint assessment revealed aggravating conditions in major parts of the study region due to the overuse of natural resources and the potential for impoverishment. The changes in vulnerability-creating mechanisms identified in Northeast Brazil are well-suited to informing local adjustments to large-scale intervention programmes, such as “Avança Brasil”. Overall, the categorisation of a limited number of typical patterns and dynamics presents an efficient approach to improving our understanding of dryland vulnerability. Appropriate decision-making for sustainable dryland development through vulnerability reduction can be significantly enhanced by pattern-specific entry points combined with insights into changing hotspots of vulnerability and the transferability of successful adaptation strategies. / Die Grenzen ökologischer Funktionen und menschlicher Lebensweisen in Trockengebieten werden häufig durch natürlichen und sozio-ökonomischen Stress, wie extreme Wetterereignisse und ungerechte Handelsbedingungen, weiter verengt. Zur Förderung der Entwicklung in Trockengebieten ist es daher wichtig, die Beziehung zwischen den Stressfaktoren und den sozio-ökologischen Systemen besser zu verstehen. Das Konzept der Vulnerabilität, welches in der vorliegenden Dissertation angewandt wird, beschreibt dieses Verhältnis durch die Exposition, Sensitivität und Anpassungsfähigkeit von Systemen im Hinblick auf Klima-, Markt- und anderen Stress. Bezüglich des Interesses, die Umwelt- und Lebensbedingungen in Trockengebieten zu verbessern, zielt diese Dissertation darauf ab, die vielschichtigen Ursachen und Veränderungen von Vulnerabilität sinnvoll zu verallgemeinern. Eine clusterbasierte Mustererkennung zeigte typische Mechanismen auf, welche Vulnerabilität auf globaler und lokaler Ebene verursachen. Dabei stellt die globale Studie die erste flächendeckende Untersuchung von Vulnerabilität in Trockengebieten mit sub-nationaler Auflösung dar. Die Clusteranalyse identifizierte sieben typische Muster basierend auf der quantitativen Beschreibung von Armut, Wasserknappheit, Bodendegradation, natürlichen Produktionshemmnissen und Isolation. Die Gültigkeit der ermittelten Cluster und die Übertragbarkeit von Anpassungsmaßnahmen innerhalb ähnlicher Gebiete wurden anhand unabhängiger Fallstudien belegt. Die flächendeckende Erfassung erlaubt es, die Vulnerabilität eines Systems in seinem größeren Kontext zu bewerten, auch in weniger gut durch Fallstudien dokumentierten Gebieten. Weiterhin wurde die Klimavulnerabilität von Kleinbauern bezüglich ihrer Nahrungsmittelsicherung im peruanischen Altiplano untersucht. In diesem lokalen Kontext wurden vier Cluster von Haushalten gemäß ihrer Produktionsrisiken, landwirtschaftlichen Ressourcen, der Bildung und ihres nicht-landwirtschaftlichen Einkommens unterschieden. Eine erweiterte Gültigkeitsprüfung unter Nutzung unabhängig erhobener Informationen stellte heraus, dass wetterbedingte Schäden mit den ermittelten Clustern korrelieren und dass haushaltsspezifische Schadensursachen mit den durch die Muster angezeigten Mechanismen übereinstimmen. Die lokale Studie liefert wertvolle Hinweise auf bedarfsgerechte Eingriffe unter Beachtung der Heterogenität innerhalb der sozialen Gruppe der Kleinbauern. Die notwendigen Bedingungen zur Erkennung typischer Muster ergaben fünf methodische Schritte. Ihre Darlegung soll die Anwendung der gewählten Methode in zukünftigen Vulnerabilitätsstudien anregen und erleichtern. Die fünf Schritte umfassen die Ableitung relevanter Ursache-Wirkungs-Hypothesen, die Quantifizierung der Mechanismen, die Bewertung von Robustheit und Gültigkeit sowie die Ordnung der ermittelten Muster nach dem Grad der Vulnerabilität. Dabei ist die genaue Beschreibung der Hypothesen eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Quantifizierung der grundlegenden Prozesse sowie eine einheitliche Interpretation, Gültigkeitsprüfung und Ordnung der ermittelten Muster. Besondere Beachtung finden skalenbedingte Aspekte, wie beispielsweise die ergebnisorientierte Gültigkeitsprüfung in der lokalen Studie. Weiterhin wurden die in Nordostbrasilien ermittelten Cluster im Hinblick auf wichtige endogene Prozesse in den dort vorherrschenden kleinbäuerlichen Nutzungssystemen untersucht. Diese Prozesse umfassen die Aufteilung der Arbeitskraft, die landwirtschaftliche Produktion sowie Einkommens- und Ressourcendynamiken. Sie wurden in einem qualitativen dynamischen Modell erfasst, welches eine zyklische Trajektorie mit vier unterschiedlich problematischen Entwicklungszuständen ergab. Als besonders problematischer Aspekt verschärfte sich die Vulnerabilität in weiten Teilen des Untersuchungsgebietes durch die Übernutzung natürlicher Ressourcen und die Möglichkeit weiterer Verarmung. Die in Nordostbrasilien gezeigten Veränderungen sind dazu geeignet, groß angelegte Entwicklungsprogramme, wie zum Beispiel “Avança Brasil”, angemessen an lokale Gegebenheiten anzupassen. Insgesamt ermöglicht es die Kategorisierung einer begrenzten Anzahl typischer Muster und Veränderungen, die Vulnerabilität in Trockengebieten besser zu verstehen. Eine nachhaltige Entwicklung von Trockengebieten basierend auf der Minderung von Vulnerabilität kann durch musterspezifische Ansätze zusammen mit Hinweisen zu Veränderungen im Schweregrad und zur Übertragbarkeit erfolgreicher Anpassungsstrategien wirkungsvoll unterstützt werden.

A healthy academic community is essential for the creation of an environment favourable to the development of managerial competence in education. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between burnout and coping strategies of academic managerial personnel at a tertiary education institution. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The study population consisted of 70 academic managers at a tertiary education institution from the job levels of departmental heads, directors of schools and deans of faculties. The COPE questionnaire and Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey were administered. Statistical analysis was carried out with the SAS-program. Cronbach alpha coefficients, inter-item correlations and confirmatory factor analysis were used to assess the reliability and validity of the measuring instruments. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were used to specify the relationships between the variables. Canonical correlation was used to determine the relationships between the dimensions of burnout and coping strategies. The results indicate that in general, academic managerial personnel at a tertiary education institution in South Africa experience low levels of burnout. A positive correlation between active coping and both exhaustion and professional efficacy were found. A positive correlation was also found between focus on and venting of emotions and exhaustion. More specifically, the results show that active coping, planning and positive reinterpretation was associated with exhaustion and professional efficacy. It appears that academic managerial personnel utilise both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies, and the coping strategies of planning, active coping and positive reinterpretation and growth were used most often to deal with potential stress factors. Recommendations for the organisation and future research were made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003

A healthy academic community is essential for the creation of an environment favourable to the development of managerial competence in education. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between burnout and coping strategies of academic managerial personnel at a tertiary education institution. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The study population consisted of 70 academic managers at a tertiary education institution from the job levels of departmental heads, directors of schools and deans of faculties. The COPE questionnaire and Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey were administered. Statistical analysis was carried out with the SAS-program. Cronbach alpha coefficients, inter-item correlations and confirmatory factor analysis were used to assess the reliability and validity of the measuring instruments. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were used to specify the relationships between the variables. Canonical correlation was used to determine the relationships between the dimensions of burnout and coping strategies. The results indicate that in general, academic managerial personnel at a tertiary education institution in South Africa experience low levels of burnout. A positive correlation between active coping and both exhaustion and professional efficacy were found. A positive correlation was also found between focus on and venting of emotions and exhaustion. More specifically, the results show that active coping, planning and positive reinterpretation was associated with exhaustion and professional efficacy. It appears that academic managerial personnel utilise both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies, and the coping strategies of planning, active coping and positive reinterpretation and growth were used most often to deal with potential stress factors. Recommendations for the organisation and future research were made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003

ABSTRACT
 This diploma thesis deals with whether and, if so, what influence the stress factors have on the life satisfaction of adults. It also focuses on what other aspects are important during the evaluation. The thesis is based on a qualitative research, in which the individuals have given authentic testimonies when evaluating their life satisfaction and conditions, which significantly affect the evaluation. Attention was paid to both negative and positive effects and strategies when coping with difficult situations, trying to find similarities and differences and evaluate substantial factors. The goal also is to show possibilities of achieving a higher level of satisfaction. The merit of the thesis is in honest and comprehensive testimonies of the individuals on this topic and in the possibility to think about one's own life attitude and about the level and limits for reaching life satisfaction in general. KEYWORDS
 Life satisfaction, stress factors, adaptation, resistance, mental balance, mental well-being.