Denna studie undersöker fenomenet stress och hur det figurerar i förskolan. Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om förskollärares uppfattningar av stress i förskolan samt hur förskollärarna uppfattar att stress påverkar förskolans verksamhet. Studien utgår från en fenomenografisk ansats och jag har därmed valt att använda semistrukturerad intervju som metod för datainsamling, där respondenternas uppfattningar är centrala. Jag valde att intervjua fyra förskollärare från två olika förskolor. Resultatanalysen utgår från en fenomenografisk analysmodell och resultatet presenteras utifrån fenomenografins begrepp kategorier och utfallsrum. Resultatet visar att förskollärarna uppfattar att stress ofta orsakas av faktorer som inte går att påverka eller ibland ens förebygga. Vidare uppfattar de ändå att stressen går att hantera och lindra med hjälp av bland annat olika strategier, kollegialt stöd och struktur. Viktiga slutsatser är att det bör avsättas tid för relationsbyggande och återhämtning i förskolan samt att vardera arbetslag för diskussioner kring en, för dem, fungerande struktur samt gemensamt förhållningssätt. / This study examines the phenomenon of stress and how it figures in preschool. The purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge about preschool teachers' experience of stress in preschool and how preschool teachers perceive that stress affects the preschool's operations. The study is based on a phenomenographic approach and I have therefore chosen to use a semi-structured interview as a method for data collection, where the respondents' perceptions are central. I chose to interview four preschool teachers from two different preschools. The result analysis is based on a phenomenographic analysis model and the results are presented based on the phenomenographic concepts of categories and outcome spaces. The results show that the preschool teachers feel that stress is often caused by factors that cannot be influenced or sometimes even prevented. Furthermore, they still believe that the stress can be managed and alleviated using, among other things, different strategies, collegial support and structure. Important conclusions are that there should be time set aside for relationship-building and recovery in the preschool and that each work team has discussions about a structure that works for them and a joint approach.

Vegetation establishment is one of the major rehabilitation methods that are used to stabilize, cover, to minimize, mitigate or remove the contaminants from tailings storage facilities (TSF’s). Phytostabilization is a useful mechanism by which plants limit the contamination of natural systems with toxic elements. For successful occurrence of phytostabilization on mine tailings, it is vital to establish plant species that can survive the hostile conditions of the substrate. Major problems encountered with vegetation covers is the lack of natural soil properties e.g. soil structure, organic carbon and also hostile chemical conditions. Only a few species are tolerant to the different negative properties of the tailings. The main aim of this project is to identify plant species that can be used for vegetative rehabilitation of nine different types of tailings material including gypsum, gold, platinum, kimberlite, coal, fluorspar and andalusite tailings. The ability of 28 different plant species to survive in the tailings was assessed by statistically calculating the growth potential of the species and summarizing the data in graphs and an index table that calculates a specific merit value for each of the tailings-species combinations. The various plant stress factors that the species exhibited were also documented. Finally, the results were correlated with a soil physical and -chemical baseline study of the tailings to provide insight into successes and failures of certain species. The final results identified various successful tailings-species combinations, as well as failures. The index table proved to be a useful tool to identify suitable species for establishment on various tailings. The baseline study of the different tailings could be used to explain why certain species could be established successfully, as well as the reason why some species did not survive. / M (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Vegetation establishment is one of the major rehabilitation methods that are used to stabilize, cover, to minimize, mitigate or remove the contaminants from tailings storage facilities (TSF’s). Phytostabilization is a useful mechanism by which plants limit the contamination of natural systems with toxic elements. For successful occurrence of phytostabilization on mine tailings, it is vital to establish plant species that can survive the hostile conditions of the substrate. Major problems encountered with vegetation covers is the lack of natural soil properties e.g. soil structure, organic carbon and also hostile chemical conditions. Only a few species are tolerant to the different negative properties of the tailings. The main aim of this project is to identify plant species that can be used for vegetative rehabilitation of nine different types of tailings material including gypsum, gold, platinum, kimberlite, coal, fluorspar and andalusite tailings. The ability of 28 different plant species to survive in the tailings was assessed by statistically calculating the growth potential of the species and summarizing the data in graphs and an index table that calculates a specific merit value for each of the tailings-species combinations. The various plant stress factors that the species exhibited were also documented. Finally, the results were correlated with a soil physical and -chemical baseline study of the tailings to provide insight into successes and failures of certain species. The final results identified various successful tailings-species combinations, as well as failures. The index table proved to be a useful tool to identify suitable species for establishment on various tailings. The baseline study of the different tailings could be used to explain why certain species could be established successfully, as well as the reason why some species did not survive. / M (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Sjuksköterskor väljer att lämna yrket på grund av rådande arbetsvillkor. I den kliniska verkligheten är det högt arbetstempo samtidigt som krav och ansvar över patienten måste uppfyllas. Nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor upplever en hög stressbelastning vilket ger konsekvenser på hälsan och ökar benägenhet att vilja lämna professionen. Sjuksköterskans kärnkompetens handlar om att främja patientens hälsa och lindra lidande samtidigt som den egna hälsan ska skötas så förmågan att ge en god vård inte äventyras. En komplex problematik för den enskilde individen och samhället. Syftet med studien var att undersöka upplevelser av orsaker till stress i arbetet bland nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor. Metoden som använts är en litteraturöversikt över befintligt forskningsläge där både kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier har sammanställts. I databearbetningen framkom tre teman, Känsla av otillräcklighet, Känsla av utsatthet och utanförskap samt Individen i professionen. Resultatet visar att nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor upplever ett flertalstressfaktorer och att det verkar vara en allmängiltig upplevelse runt om i världen i denna yrkesgrupp. Upplevelser av orsaker till stress visades i samband med rollanpassning, klinisk kompetens, hantering av palliativ vård, konflikter, brist på stöd, mobbning, arbetsbelastning samt schema. Ålder, yrkeserfarenhet och karaktärsdrag påverkade upplevelsen av arbetsrelaterad stress och det framgick att vissa grupper av nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor har en ökad sårbarhet. Dessa kunskaper är viktiga för att utveckla strategier som kan minska stressrelaterad ohälsa i denna yrkesgrupp och föra yrket mot en mer hållbar utveckling. / Nurses choose to leave the profession because of prevailing working conditions. In the clinical reality, it is a high workload, while demands and responsibilities over the patient must be fulfilled. Newly graduated nurses experience high rate of stress load, which have consequences on their health and increases the tendency for wanting to leave the profession. The core competence of the nurse’s is about promoting the patient’s health and alleviating suffering while at the same time managing their own health so that the ability to provide good care is not compromised. A complex problem for the individual and society. The purpose of the study was to investigate experiences of causes of stress in the work of newly graduated nurses. The method used is a literature review of the existing research situation where both qualitative and quantitative studies have been compiled. In the data processing, three themes could be revealed, Feeling of inadequacy, Feeling of vulnerability and exclusion and The person in the profession. The result shows that newly graduated nurses experience a number of stress factors and that it seems to be a universal experience around the world in this professional group. Experiences of causes of stress were shown in connection with role adaptation, clinical competence, management of palliative care, conflicts, lack of support, bullying, workload and schedule. Such as age, professional experience and character traits affected the experience of work-related stress and it emerged that certain groups of newly graduated nurses have an increased vulnerability. These insights are important for developing strategies that can reduce stress-related ill-health in this professional group and lead the profession towards a more sustainable development.

The thesis "Stress and school evaluation" has theoretical and empirical character. The aim of the thesis is to compare the occurrence of stress for students in upper primary schools when different forms of evaluation are used. In the theoretical section, the concept of "stress", different types of stress, and definitions of the terms are given. The manifestations and causes of stress, as well as coping mechanisms, are also described and elaborated. One part of this section deals with the developmental stages of adolescents, and a second part is dedicated to the explanation of different school evaluation forms (assessment and verbal evaluation). The particular functions of evaluations are not neglected. Survey results from questionnaires completed by students from two different schools were used in the empirical section of the thesis. The primary hypotheses and assumptions were defined and elaboration of the results was presented, including well-arranged tables and graphs. In the summary of this research, the stress levels and their relations to different types of evaluation methods are reported.

Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN) are diseases with considerable individual variation. Genetic background plays an important role in disease susceptibility and severity. To evaluate the relationship between certain genetic loci and diseases subtypes we genotyped and analysed evolution of selected clinical parameters. We investigated a group of 75 pacients with AN (1. study), 127 DSM-4 and ICD-10 diagnosed patients with AN and BN (2. study), and contributed to sample of 2907 AN patients in large GWAS study. Results from the 1st study support association of polymorphism -1438G/A in serotonine receptor 5-HT2A with AN and compare the results from other studies with metaanalyses. In next, polymorphism responsible for the serotonine neurotransmission (serotonine transporter 5-HTT, polymorphisms LPR and VNTR) the study shows different association trend of LPR with AN in Czech population compared to other studies. 5-HTT VNTR polymorphism had no observed association. The second study investigated the role of hemeoxygenase 1 (plays a pivotal role in metabolic stress protecting cells) in eating disorders, in interaction with enviromental stress. We investigated the usefulness of an aggregate measure of the risks of AN and BN that is based on genetic susceptibility loci and the added effect of...

Lindén.S. En handikappad familj? – en studie om den psykosociala situationen för föräldrar med funktionshindrade barn. Examensarbete i folkhälsovetenskap 20 poäng. Malmö Högskola: Hälsa och Samhälle, 2005Tidigare studier som gjorts på den gruppen pekar mot att föräldrarnas situation är jobbig och ansträngd. Dessvärre är det så att det inte finns något samlat material om den här gruppen trots att de utgör en ganska stor andel av Sveriges befolkning. Föräldrarnas hälsotillstånd har på något vis hamnat i bakgrunden. Syftet med den här studien har varit att kartlägga hur den psykosociala situationen ser ut för dessa föräldrar, om deras sjukskrivningsnivå har påverkats samt i vilken utsträckning föräldrarna delar på ansvaret för barnen. Jag har haft två frågeställningar som utgångspunkt för arbetet:- Hur upplever föräldrarna till funktionshindrade barn sitt psykosociala förhållande?- Hur hanterar de sin situation?Undersökningen är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med hermeneutisk ansats. Teorierna som använts är Aaron Antonovskys KASAM-teori och Robert A. Karaseks Krav/kontrollteori. Det visade sig att de farhågor man kunde skönja från andra studier lite grann kom på skam. Mina informanter var samtliga svenskar, hade bra utbildning och bra inkomst samt levde i socialt stabila miljöer. Visst fanns det problem det kan man inte komma ifrån. Det var oftast mammorna i familjerna som hade det övergripande ansvaret för barnen och det var oftast de som gick ner i arbetstid och lön för att hinna med allt de som behövde hinnas med när man har ett funktionshindrat barn. Deltagarnas hälsa kan man beteckna som god vilket till stor del kan förklaras av att de omgavs av en social trygghet. / Lindén.S. A handicapped family? – a study on the psychosocial situation for parents with disabled children. Master’s thesis in public health 20credits. Malmoe University, Sweden: School of Health and Society, 2005Former studies that have been done on this group show that parent’s situation can be hard and difficult. Unfortunately there are no assembled facts about this group despite they constitute a relatively large proportion on the Swedish population. The parent’s health situation is never really seen and has somehow ended up in the background. The purpose with this study have been to find out how the psychosocial situation are for this kind of parents, if there are sick-listed more than other and in what extent parents share the responsibility for their children. I have had two questions of issue for this survey:- How do these parents experience their psychosocial circumstances?- How do they handle their situation?This survey is a qualitative interview study based on Aaron Antonovskys SOC-theory and Robert A. Karaseks Demand/Control theory. The study show that presentiment from other studies not really come true. The participants were all Swedes; has good education and finance, and they all lives in solid social environments. The do of course has some problem to deal with that is something you can not get away from. Mostly it was the mothers who had the overall responsibility for the children. It was also most of the mothers who cuts work time and salary for manage to do all the things that comes with a disabled child in the family. The participant’s health can be described as good which mostly can be explained on the facts that they lived with social security around them.

The purpose of this research was to examine rural middle school teacher’s perceptions of stressful factors present in their current position. Data was gathered from 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th grade teachers in the city and county schools located in O County, Mississippi. Two instruments were used for the study. The first survey instrument identified three stress factors (teacher workload, student discipline, and No Child Left Behind) and their relationship with teachers. The second instrument measured the degree to which the three stress factors were appraised as stressful. The data gathered in this study provided an awareness of factors that can increase understanding of teacher stress levels. The discussion of stress emphasized that what is perceived as stressful for one person may not be perceived as stressful for another. Results revealed that these teachers face some difficulties at their schools and in the classroom dealing with their emotional perspective or from the perspective of the children they teach. Furthermore, results indicated that rural schools offer a less stressful learning environment than urban schools. Just knowing some of the common stress factors can assist school systems and administrators in developing interventions to alleviate stress that may at some point lead to burnout.

Lack of host-specific cell cultures necessitated initiation of primary cell cultures from ictalurid catfish. Cell cultures from the fin tissues of hybrid catfish ( channel catfish x blue catfish) were developed, characterized, and species of origin molecularly authenticated. Blue catfish alloherpesvirus (BCAHV) is an Ictalurid herpesvirus. When BCAHV was inoculated onto various fish cell lines from different families, the cytopathic effects were restricted to cell lines from family Ictaluridae indicating the host-specificity of virus. A virus challenge using channel, blue, and hybrid catfish indicated mortality due to BCAHV was significantly higher in blue and hybrid catfish. Crowding influenced BCAHV pathogenesis indicated by significantly higher mortality in highly stocked tanks. Host susceptibility to BCAHV differed with age. Temperature had a significant role in the activation and pathogenesis of BCAHV. The enhanced virulence of BCAHV in blue and hybrid catfish reveals its potential to be a significant pathogen in catfish culture.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / Stress is a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon of which topical significance is given at present. The aim of this study was to focus on the influence of stress on academic performance of the young student. First, a comprehensive study of the literature was undertaken in order to arrive at an understanding of the foregoing. An overview of the nature, etiology and manifestation of stress, as well as how it is coped with, is offered. Special attention was devoted to factors that cause the young student to experience distress. In addition the way in which the personal actualisation of the young student occurs, was researched. From the research it appeared that owing to, among other things, the experiencing of distress and inadequate personal actualisation, some young students are in a situation involving need, which requires urgent and essential ortho-andragogic guidance. Consequently, the ortho-andragogic responsibility of rendering aid within the context of tertiary training was addressed. Lastly, an empirical investigation of the correlation between distress and particularised academically oriented issues was launched. Based on the findings and conclusions arrived at during the course of the study and investigations, recommendations have been made for future research. / Stres is 'n komplekse en veelvlakkige fenomeen wat in die huidige tydsgewrig van aktuele belang beskou word. Die doel van die studie is om die fokus te laat val op die invloed van stres op die akademiese prestasie van die jeugdige student. Ten einde tot begrip van die voorgaande te kom, is daar in eerste instansie 'n omvattende literatuurstudie onderneem. 'n Oorsig is gebied ten opsigte van die aard, etiologie, manifestering en bantering van stres. In die besonder is gelet op faktore wat aanleiding tot distresbelewing by die jeugdige student gee. Benewens die voorgaande, is die wyse waarop die persoonsvoltrekking van die jeugdige student geskied, nagevors. Uit die navorsing het dit geblyk dat sommige jeugdige studente vanwee onder meer distresbelewing en ontoereikende persoonsvoltrekking, in 'n noodsituasie verkeer, wat orto-andragogiese begeleiding noodsaaklik maak. Gevolglik is 'n blik op die orto-andragogiese aanspreeklikheid vir hulpverlening binne tersiere opleidingsverband gewerp. In laaste instansie is 'n empiriese ondersoek na die korrelasie tussen stres en verbesonderde akademiesgeorienteerde aangeleenthede geloods. Na aanleiding van die bevindinge en gevolgtrekkings waartoe daar in die loop van die studie en ondersoek gekom is, ls aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing gedoen. / Teacher Education / D. Ed. (Orthopedagogics)