Crowdsourcing can today be found in practically any industry, but the extent to which it is used differ widely. A report from last year, published by the crowdsourcing platform eYeka (eYeka 2015b), shows that the fashion industry is among the industries using crowdsourcing the least. Brands that are more inclined to using crowdsourcing are those working with fast moving consumer goods (FMCG). That includes many brands from the food & beverage industry such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Danone etc. This study builds on this knowledge to explore the use of crowdsourcing in the food & beverage industry to find out if that experience can be used in the fashion industry where it is not widely used today. To identify different approaches of crowdsourcing used in the food & beverage industry 78 crowdsourcing campaigns from 9 brand during a two years period (2014-2015) was analysed. The analysis resulted in the identification of 3 main approaches: crowdsourcing as ideation, customer engagement and crowdsourcing for creation/production. More importantly this study comes to the conclusion that the way crowdsourcing is used by the brands in the food & beverage industry is not formed in such a way that it is exclusive to the industry in question. There are no immediate boundaries for the fashion industry to adopt the same way of working. If the fashion industry would like to follow the trend in food & beverage industry they should focus more on the creative ideation side of crowdsourcing and less on the creation, and most of all on marketing. However, there are also other areas they can learn from like Business Development.

Zur Erforschung von Siedlungen spielen Informationen zu Gebäudebeständen eine bedeutende Rolle. Da Informationen zum Gebäudebestand oft nicht in ihrer räumlichen und inhaltlichen Detailliertheit gegeben sind, kommen zunehmend maschinelle Lernverfahren zum Einsatz, um auf Basis von geometrisch-topologischen Eigenschaften der Gebäude einen bestimmten Gebäudetyp oder andere Eigenschaften für ganze Städte und Regionen abzuleiten. Diese prädiktiven, datengetriebenen Ansätze benötigen jedoch stets eine ausreichende Menge an Trainings- und Validierungsdaten. Erfahrungen aus anderen Disziplinen haben gezeigt, dass Crowdsourcing das Potenzial bietet, den Prozess der Gewinnung von Trainings- und Validierungsdaten zu unterstützen. Es wird ein integriertes System zur automatischen Klassifizierung von Gebäudegrundrissen vorgestellt, das durch eine Crowdsourcing-Komponente zur Erfassung von Referenzdaten ergänzt wird und erste Ergebnisse einer experimentellen Studie zeigt.

Der Beitrag beschreibt ein laufendes Projekt zur computergestützten Erschließung und Analyse einer großen Sammlung handschriftlicher Liedblätter mit Volksliedern aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum. Am Beispiel dieses praktischen Projekts werden Chancen und Herausforderungen diskutiert, die der Einsatz von Digital Humanities-Methoden für den Bereich der Musikwissenschaft mit sich bringt. / This article presents an ongoing project for the computer-based transcription and analysis of handwritten music scores from a large collection of German folk tunes. Based on this project, I will discuss the challenges and opportunities that arise when using Digital Humanities methods in musicology.

Det ständigt växande e-handelssegmentet ställer helt nya krav på transporter inom sista milenleveranser. Sista milen är ofta förknippad med negativa externaliteter som buller, trängsel ochutsläpp och dessutom låg kostnadseffektivitet. Sista milen är därför en del i logistikkedjan somhar stor förbättringspotential. Det har därför på senare tid uppkommit en del innovationer inomsista milen som ska kunna öka effektiviteten och minska de negativa externaliteterna.I denna studie har vi, med hjälp av virtuella fokusgruppsintervjuer, undersökt åtta individersinställning till tre olika innovativa leveransmetoder; crowdsourcing, paketskåp och smarta lås.Vi har även undersökt vad det är som påverkar denna inställning och antagandet av dem, samt vilka förväntningar som individerna har på nya leveranssätt. Till vår hjälp har vi bland annat haft teori kring hur individer antar nya innovationer, vad en tjänsteinnovation är samt tidigare forskning om våra undersökta leveranssätt. Fortsättningsvis har vi även haft teori kring upplevd risk och vad som skapar värde för kunder. Med hjälp av dessa teorier kunde vi i analysen besvara våra frågeställningar. Det visade sig att deltagarna generellt sett har en negativ inställning till crowdsourcing och smarta lås som leveranssätt. Beträffande paketskåp fanns en generellt sett positiv inställning. Det var också det leveranssätt som många deltagare provat tidigare. De är generellt sett nöjda med de leveranssätt som redan existerar och därför är intresset för innovativa leveranssätt inte så stort. Vid diskussioner gällande samtligaleveranssätt fördes resonemang kopplat till värde och risk. Beträffande både inställningen tillinnovationerna och förväntningarna på dem uppfattar vi det som att relativa fördelar,komplexitet och kompatibilitet spelar stor roll vid antagande av innovationer. Även recensioneroch “word of mouth” har visat sig spela in. / A continuously growing B2C e-commerce sector creates new challenges and a differentdemand in the transport sector, especially in the final step of a logistic supply chain - the lastmile delivery. Furthermore, the last mile is also known as the least cost effective part of alogistic chain as well as the part that is associated with negative externalities like congestion,air pollution and noise pollution, especially in urban areas. Considering this, the last mile is apart with high potential of improvement. This is also why last mile delivery innovations arestarting to show up on the market.With the help of virtual focus group methodology, we have in this study aimed to investigateeight people’s attitude towards three last mile delivery innovations; crowdsourcing, parcellockers and smart locks. We have studied things that can have an affect on this attitude and the adoption of innovations, but also what expectations the customers have on last mileinnovations in general. To be able to analyze our data, we have used a variety of theories,including Diffusion of innovations theory, and theories regarding customer value, risk andservice innovation. Regarding our three service innovations, we have also included previousresearch concerning those.Our research showed a negative attitude towards crowdsourcing and smart locks, and a positive attitude towards parcel lockers, which also was the innovation that a lot of our participants had tried. In general, all participants were satisfied with existing delivery methods, why the motivating factors for using the innovations are few. Discussions regarding customer value and risk were influential in our results. We also found mutual factors in what affects attitude and expectations, factors like complexity, compatibility and relative advantages. Furthermore, reviews and word of mouth also seem to have an affect on their attitude towards the innovations.

Historic open data can be an asset to community gardens in land use disputes, the preservation and sharing of cultural traditions, and adaptation to climate change. Yet scholarship has not yet provided an accessible guide to the many issues of labor and technology involved in producing open data. This thesis addresses this gap by offering a guide to producing, preserving, and interpreting open data oriented toward community gardens from a public history perspective. This thesis examines the history of community gardens and related community data stretching to the Progressive Era, drawing comparisons to to that of historic open data in the gallery, library, archives, and museum (GLAM) world. The thesis also considers the worth of crowdsourcing and other volunteer labor models in data production, offers basic considerations for structuring and maintaining historic open datasets, and reviews the role of data visualization as a means of data communication and interpretation. Ultimately, I contend that open data is doable in public history and urgently worthy of consideration for gardens. / History

Cultural heritage makes reference to an extremely diverse set of sources. More specifically, historical artifacts as well as intangible elements of a community’s history, pertain to cultural heritage. However, when looking at the conservation, the enrichment, and the divulgation of these elements, the question becomes more complex. Even more so, when a context of nebulous regulation, unequal distribution of resources and funding of cultural heritage institutions, as well as a bureaucratically complex division of competencies between territories, are present. This is the case in Italy, and more specifically, Southern and Central Italy, where all these issues are present, and further hinder the exploration of undiscovered historical material, as well as the organization and divulgation of discovered material.  Following this discrepancy along the lines of legal and practical restrictions, this thesis aims to explore and evaluate how technology can obviate to said issues. For instance, a methodological exercise was endeavored by scanning some ancient texts, in Latin and in Old Italian, and by running an optical character recognition software on the latter.  More specifically, this thesis applies the paradigm of citizen science for crowdsourcing to explore how well optical character recognition software works in terms of accessibility and efficiency. As such, this methodological exercise does not consist primarily of a technological evaluation but aims at opening up new ways for the public to interact with cultural heritage institutions, for exchanging historical information while respecting the legal and practical considerations that were mentioned. In conclusion, by highlighting this issue, it would be possible to further research and enrich the publicly available data on Italian educational history between the 18th and the 19th Century.

Open innovation has been rising in popularity as an alternative to traditional model for organizations to enhance innovation in their products or services. In the past, the innovation processes was time-consuming and costly. It has now become significantly efficient and effective, supported by the advancement of today’s IT such as Internet, Cloud Computing and Big Data. Open innovation has changed the aspect of the innovation source; from closed internal R&D to fully utilization of consumers’ collaboration. Decision to shift towards open innovation strategy has been lying on several areas including motivation, financial direction, and preference of the innovation strategies and business models that fitting the organizational core strategy. This research studied the relation of these areas and its effect; it determined the way IT-organization creates and captures value that were done by opening its product platform. This thesis was conducted to analyze the open innovation approach in an open digital navigation platform, featuring two platforms as case study: Google Maps and OpenStreetMap. The investigation emphasized the utilizing of the open innovation strategy to build its platform where crowdsourcing and open source software as objects highlighted in the research. The data was collected from secondary sources. Research findings suggested that crowdsourcing and open source software strategy are the main strategies of open innovation implemented in IT digital mapping platform to create and capture value. While these strategies have been practiced in both platforms, circumstances (motivation, financial direction, and business strategy) that hovering around the internal aspect of organizations affected the application of those strategies. The implementation results are differ according to preferred business model. The result of this research suggested that a non-profit based organization tends to utilize open innovation to improve the value of their product through consumer collaboration, while a profit based organization adopts open innovation to generate additional pool of revenue through customers’ feedback and input data. The open innovation leads to creation of a new business model as the foundation of innovation.

Participatory sensing frameworks use humans and their computing devices as a large mobile sensing network. Dramatic accessibility and affordability have turned mobile devices (smartphone and tablet computers) into the most popular computational machines in the world, exceeding laptops. By the end of 2013, more than 1.5 billion people on earth will have a smartphone. Increased coverage and higher speeds of cellular networks have given these devices the power to constantly stream large amounts of data. Most mobile devices are equipped with advanced sensors such as GPS, cameras, and microphones. This expansion of smartphone numbers and power has created a sensing system capable of achieving tasks practically impossible for conventional sensing platforms. One of the advantages of participatory sensing platforms is their mobility, since human users are often in motion. This dissertation presents a set of techniques for modeling and predicting user transportation patterns from cell-phone and social media check-ins. To study large-scale transportation patterns, I created a mobile phone app, Kpark, for estimating parking lot occupancy on the UCF campus. Kpark aggregates individual user reports on parking space availability to produce a global picture across all the campus lots using crowdsourcing. An issue with crowdsourcing is the possibility of receiving inaccurate information from users, either through error or malicious motivations. One method of combating this problem is to model the trustworthiness of individual participants to use that information to selectively include or discard data. This dissertation presents a comprehensive study of the performance of different worker quality and data fusion models with plausible simulated user populations, as well as an evaluation of their performance on the real data obtained from a full release of the Kpark app on the UCF Orlando campus. To evaluate individual trust prediction methods, an algorithm selection portfolio was introduced to take advantage of the strengths of each method and maximize the overall prediction performance. Like many other crowdsourced applications, user incentivization is an important aspect of creating a successful crowdsourcing workflow. For this project a form of non-monetized incentivization called gamification was used in order to create competition among users with the aim of increasing the quantity and quality of data submitted to the project. This dissertation reports on the performance of Kpark at predicting parking occupancy, increasing user app usage, and predicting worker quality.

Accurately quantifying the human perception of color is an unsolved prob- lem. There are dozens of numerical systems for quantifying colors and how we as humans perceive them, but as a whole, they are far from perfect. The ability to accurately measure color for reproduction and verification is critical to indus- tries that work with textiles, paints, food and beverages, displays, and media compression algorithms. Because the science of color deals with the body, mind, and the subjective study of perception, building models of color requires largely empirical data over pure analytical science. Much of this data is extremely dated, from small and/or homogeneous data sets, and is hard to compare. While these studies have somewhat advanced our understanding of color adequately, mak- ing significant, further progress without improved datasets has proven dicult if not impossible. I propose new methods of crowdsourcing color experiments through color-accurate mobile devices to help develop a massive, global set of color perception data to aid in creating a more accurate model of human color perception.

[ES] Esta investigación plantea la relación entre la orientación al mercado de las empresas y el aprendizaje continuo organizativo, así como la influencia de la utilización de las redes sociales online y el crowdsourcing como herramientas idóneas para la aplicación de la estrategia de orientación al mercado. La revisión de la literatura sobre los constructos proporciona una visión detallada de su importancia en la gestión empresarial. Esta revisión describe el nacimiento, desarrollo y situación actual de las redes sociales online y describe el crowdsourcing como herramienta para captar información sobre el mercado y colaborar en la creación de nuevos productos y servicios. De esta forma, se apoya la estrategia de orientación al mercado y se fomenta el aprendizaje continuo organizacional. La investigación de mercado se ha realizado en empresas turísticas españolas, ya que suponen un porcentaje muy relevante del PIB español. Para el estudio se han seleccionado hoteles de cuatro y cinco estrellas porque poseen mayores recursos para digitalizar sus empresas y, por lo tanto, son susceptibles de aportar una información de mayor calidad. Las conclusiones del estudio indican la importancia que tiene para los turistas, y para los clientes de las empresas en general, la utilización de las redes sociales online. Por lo tanto, las empresas tienen la obligación de invertir recursos para explotar estas fuentes de información y así mejorar la calidad del servicio ofrecida a los clientes. Esta inversión redundará en una mayor satisfacción e implicará la captación de nuevos clientes. Las conclusiones también recomiendan el uso generalizado del crowdsourcing como herramienta indispensable para solucionar problemas de la empresa, captar nuevas ideas de los internautas y obtener opiniones sobre productos y servicios, colaborando así en la innovación continua en las empresas. Ambas herramientas suponen una fuente de información muy importante para la estrategia de orientación al mercado que a su vez fomenta el aprendizaje continuo organizacional, consiguiendo que la empresa obtenga ventajas competitivas sostenibles en el tiempo. / [CA] Aquesta investigació planteja la relació entre l'orientació al mercat de les empreses i l'aprenentatge continu organitzacional, així com la influència de la utilització de les xarxes socials online i el crowdsourcing com a eines idònies per a l'aplicació de l'estratègia d'orientació al mercat. La revisió de la literatura sobre els constructes proporciona una visió detallada de la seua importància en la gestió empresarial. Aquesta revisió descriu el naixement, desenvolupament i situació actual de les xarxes socials online i descriu el crowdsourcing com a eina per a captar informació sobre el mercat i col·laborar en la creació de nous productes i serveis. D'aquesta forma, es dona suport a l'estratègia d'orientació al mercat i es fomenta l'aprenentatge continu organitzacional. La investigació de mercat s'ha realitzat en empreses turístiques espanyoles, ja que suposen un percentatge molt rellevant del PIB espanyol. Per a l'estudi s'han seleccionat hotels de quatre i cinc estreles perquè posseeixen majors recursos per a digitalitzar les seues empreses i, per tant, són susceptibles d'aportar una informació de major qualitat. Les conclusions de l'estudi indiquen la importància que té per als turistes, i per als clients de les empreses en general, la utilització de les xarxes socials online. Per tant, les empreses tenen l'obligació d'invertir recursos per a explotar aquestes fonts d'informació i així millorar la qualitat del servei oferit als clients. Aquesta inversió redundarà en una major satisfacció i implicarà la captació de nous clients. Les conclusions també recomanen l'ús generalitzat del crowdsourcing com a eina indispensable per a solucionar problemes de l'empresa, captar noves idees dels internautes i obtindre opinions sobre productes i serveis, col·laborant així en la innovació contínua en les empreses. Totes dues eines suposen una font d'informació molt important per a l'estratègia d'orientació al mercat que al seu torn fomenta l'aprenentatge continu organitzacional, aconseguint que l'empresa obtinga avantatges competitius sostenibles en el temps. / [EN] This investigation raises the relationship between market orientation of companies and organizational continuous learning, as well as the influence of the use of online social networks and crowdsourcing as ideal tools for the application of the market orientation strategy. Reviewing the literature on constructs provides a detailed insight into their importance in business management. This review describes the birth, development and current situation of online social networks and describes crowdsourcing as a tool to capture information about the market and collaborate in the creation of new products and services. In this way, the market orientation strategy is supported and continuous organizational learning is encouraged. Market research has been carried out in Spanish tourism companies, since they represent a very relevant percentage of Spanish GDP. Four and five star hotels have been selected for the study because they have greater resources to digitize their companies and, therefore, are capable of providing higher quality information. The conclusions of the study indicate the importance of the use of online social networks for tourists, and for business customers in general. Therefore, companies have the obligation to invest resources to exploit these sources of information and thus improve the quality of service offered to customers. This investment will result in greater satisfaction and will involve the acquisition of new customers. The conclusions also recommend the widespread use of crowdsourcing as an indispensable tool to solve company problems, capture new ideas from Internet users and obtain opinions about products and services, thus collaborating in continuous innovation in companies. Both tools are a very important source of information for the market orientation strategy, which in turn encourages continuous organizational learning, ensuring that the company obtains sustainable competitive advantages over time. / Guaita Monreal, E. (2023). La orientación al mercado y la influencia de las redes sociales online y el crowdsourcing en el aprendizaje continuo organizativo en empresas del sector hotelero [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/198884