A avaliação do potencial de risco de um evento estressor, bem como a elaboração de estratégias de enfrentamento depende, fundamentalmente, da função cognitiva do indivíduo. Considerando o déficit cognitivo presente em idosos com Doença de Alzheimer (DA), este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a intensidade de estresse e o estilo de coping predominantemente utilizado por eles. Para isto, foram aplicadas escalas de avaliação dos indicadores de estresse (Lista de sintomas de estresse, Escala Cornell de depressão, IDATE-traço), além de um instrumento que acessa o estilo de coping utilizado pelo indivíduo (Inventário de coping de Jalowiec) em dois grupos de idosos, sendo 30 composto por um grupo controle com idosos cognitivamente saudáveis e, outro com 30 indivíduos portadores de DA leve. Embora tanto os idosos com demência, como os cognitivamente saudáveis tenham apresentado estatisticamente a mesma intensidade de estresse, as características qualitativas, referentes à sintomatologia desta síndrome, refletiram uma disposição de apreensão e confronto ao evento estressor no grupo controle, e de fuga e resignação no grupo DA. Com relação ao estilo de coping, embora não tenha havido diferença significativa entre os grupos (p=0.124), observou-se um predomínio do estilo de coping focado na emoção no grupo DA e focado no problema no grupo controle. Além disso, observou-se que quanto melhor o desempenho cognitivo dos idosos com DA, maior a tendência em utilizar estratégias de coping focadas no problema (p=0.0074). Assim, parece que embora haja uma tendência, nos idosos com DA, a eleger estratégias de enfrentamento evasivas e de controle emocional, em detrimento da tentativa de solucionar o problema ou minimizar suas conseqüências, a estratégia de coping utilizada irá depender do desempenho cognitivo apresentado pelo indivíduo. / The potencial risk assessment of a stress event and the elaboration of coping strategies depend on cognitive function. Considering the cognitive impairment in elderlies with Alzheimer´s Disease (AD), this study aimed to verify the stress intensity and coping style used by them. For this, it was applied assessment test of stress indicators (Symptom Stress List, Cornell Scale for Depression, IDATE-trait), besides an instrument that access the coping style (Jalowiec Coping Inventory), in two groups, one with 30 healthy cognitive elderlies\' control group, and another with 30 persons mild AD. The results demonstrated that both of them had the same stress intensity, even though the qualities characteristics, regarding the syndrome symptoms, reflected an apprehension disposition to the stress event on control group and the escape and resignation on AD group. As for the coping style, even though it had not been statistically significant (p=0.124), it was observed in this study, an emotion-focuses coping predominance in AD group and problem-focused coping in control group. Besides, it was observed in AD group that the individuals with better cognitive development selected coping strategies focused on problem (p=0.0074). Thus, even though there is a tendency in elderlies with AD to select escape strategies and emotional control, rather than of the attempt to solve or to decrease the consequences arise from the problem, the coping will depends on the cognitive performance of the person.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IZADORA DE FREITAS SALVADOR.pdf: 843450 bytes, checksum: 1255d36931b1b4872a98b4345a41d9ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / The positive diagnosis of a serious illness like cancer affects people in global aspects. The disorder involves biological, psychological and social changes.. Leukemia is a cancer characterized by the uncontrolled growth of malignant white blood cells. This study aimed to describe the perceptions of diagnosis, the perception of prognosis and coping strategies used by nine patients, men and women, diagnosed with leukemia. For this purpose it reviewed the literature on leukemia and coping and the application of two instruments, a semi-structured interview and a coping scale. The data indicate a trend among participants, an initial negative perception of diagnosis, involving feelings of fear, anguish and denial strategies. However, after the beginning of treatment, the data indicate a change to a positive perception. It stands out as coping strategies: 1) interviews, religious coping; 2) in the range of coping, focusing on the positive, focusing on emotion and focusing on religion. It appears that the combination of these three coping strategies are associated with the perception of confidence in the cure of leukemia. The results highlight that for better management in the care of patients with leukemia, is important to devote special attention to teamwork psychological processes triggered in each phase of the illness and to offereded the patient the proper social support during the treatment process. / O diagnóstico positivo para uma doença grave, como o câncer, prejudica o indivíduo em seus mais amplos aspectos e afeta, por conseguinte, a sua rede de interações. A leucemia é um tipo de câncer caracterizado pelo crescimento desordenado dos glóbulos brancos. A patologia envolve alterações biológicas e psicológicas. O presente estudo objetivou descrever a percepção frente ao diagnóstico, a percepção do prognóstico e as estratégias de coping utilizadas por nove pacientes, homens e mulheres, com diagnóstico positivo para leucemia. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão da bibliografia sobre leucemia e coping e a aplicação de dois instrumentos avaliativos, uma entrevista semiestruturada e uma escala de coping. Os dados indicam uma tendência entre os sujeitos de apresentarem uma percepção inicial negativa do diagnóstico, envolvendo sentimentos de medo, angústia e estratégias de negação. Contudo, após o início do tratamento, os dados indicam uma mudança desse primeiro momento para uma ressignificação positiva da percepção frente ao prognóstico do tratamento. Destacam-se como estratégias de coping: 1) nas entrevistas, coping religioso; 2) na escala de coping, a focalização no positivo, a focalização na emoção e o coping religioso. Verifica-se que a associação dessas três estratégias de coping estão associadas à percepção de confiança na melhora da leucemia. Os resultados destacam que para um melhor manejo no atendimento ao paciente leucêmico, é importante que a equipe de trabalho devote especial atenção aos processos psicológicos desencadeados em cada fase do adoecimento e que seja resguardado ao paciente o devido apoio social durante o processo de tratamento.

Genetic susceptibility test results have been found to cause differences in coping behavior following testing for the APOE-ε4 gene, associated with Alzheimer's disease. Coping behaviors differ within the first 12 months of testing. Currently, no studies have been conducted beyond the first 12 months comparing positive (P) and negative (N) groups or how sex relates to coping behavior based on positive test results. Based on the theory of primary and secondary control, and theory of stress, appraisal, and coping this study compared differences in coping strategies based on genetic test results and between sexes with positive test results beyond the first 12 months. Participants (n = 280) were selected who had undergone testing for the APOE-ε4 gene 12 or more months prior to the study and had a relative diagnosed with AD. Coping strategies were measured using the Brief COPE scale. Independent measures t test results were significant, indicating differences in coping between P and N groups. The P group reported significantly higher levels of cognitive and emotional coping strategies than did the N group 12 or more months after receiving test results. These findings were consistent with previous studies that produced significances in cognitive and emotional coping strategies between groups in the first 12 months. The findings were non significant for cognitive and emotional coping strategies for sex in the positive group. This study contributes to social change by informing impact decision making by individuals with positive test results for the APOE-ε4 gene in making financial changes, life styles changes, and family and work adjustments affecting their community and society.

In this study an attempt was made to consider the behaviour of students in a new open-plan High School as a specific example of an interaction between man and his environment. In the first two chapters a brief review was made of research and theories that were thought to be relevant to this. In the last part of the study a research project which involved a comparison of 'coping' and 'non-coping' students was described. The teaching environment in the chosen High School during the first term of 1976 appeared to be a 'Progressive - Open type' of teaching environment. After the first tern it changed and became increasingly more traditional. Significant differences in scholastic behaviour between the two groups of students at the end of the first term indicated that:- 1. The coping group tended to have a more internal locus of control than the non-coping group. 2. The students of the coping group tended to plan for professional careers whereas those of the non-coping group tended to plan for non-professional careers. 3. On the whole the coping group tended to have realistic career aims in terms of their general ability. (ii) If. The students of the coping group tended to have higher I.Q. scores than those of the non-coping group. There were no significant differences between the coping and non-coping groups in terms of their attitudes towards the High School nor in terms of the attitudes of their parents. Both groups of students tended to state that 'doing well at school' was important to them and to record positive or neutral attitudes towards the High School for both themselves and their parents. Significant differences in behaviour were found between 'internal' and 'external' students that support Rotter's theory regarding goal values. Internal students who planned for professional careers tended to be in the coping group whereas internal students who planned for non-professional careers tended to be in the non-coping group. In the case of the 'external' students no significant differences were found between the type of career aims and coning. The change to a more traditional type of teaching environment appeared to benefit the 'external' students. At the end of the third terra there was a significant increase in the numbers of 'external' students classified as coping, but in the case of the 'internal' students no significant increase was found.

My interest in coping and survival of young men is my main motivation for undertaking the field study which this thesis describes. It developed from my concern at the continuing high level of young male suicide. I begin with some background discussion which shows some examples of how the community has been informed, particularly on youth suicide, by reviewing some of the media and government attention to these issues. Because suicidal behaviour is a gendered social phenomenon, this is followed by a discussion of some of the problems inherent in the hegemonic masculinity of young men. I then set out the underlying assumptions, the purpose, aims and theoretical framework of the study. The main theoretical underpinnings of the study are the theory of poststructuralism, as explained by the noted writer on gender and education, Bronwyn Davies. The other major components are Aaron Antonovsky's concepts of Salutogenesis and the Sense of Coherence. Minor but nevertheless important reference is also made to Edward Sampson's idea of the dialogic nature of the self. Following this are two critical reviews of relevant literature. The first addresses studies of resiliency and coping, while the second examines papers given at recent Australian conferences on suicide prevention. Following that I describe the methodology of the study before undertaking an analysis and interpretation of selected transcripts of interviews. This is an exploratory attempt at applying postructuralist discourse analysis to the social problem of male coping skills and male youth suicide. The results describe various discourses young men used in unstructuied interviews to explain how they cope when they feel down or depressed. The main conclusion from the results is that formation of small, confidential, supportive discussion groups for marginalised young men can be useful for sharing and developing coping skills and improving their management of stressors, which are everpresent in the environment. It is argued that the proliferation of such support groups for young men could have long term benefits in reducing the statistics of young male suicide by encouraging young men to share their techniques or behaviours of coping with their peers.

<p>Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancerformen bland kvinnor över hela världen. Sjukdomen leder till en förändrad livssituation där stress och ångest blir en del av vardagen. Coping bidrar till en ökad psykisk, fysisk och social förmåga att hantera och leva med en sjukdom. Vilken copingstrategi som används är individuellt och utvecklas med tiden beroende på hur sjukdomsbilden ser ut samt vilka erfarenheter individer har sedan tidigare. Syftet med studien var att belysa hur kvinnor med bröstcancer hanterar sin livssituation genom coping för att uppnå bättre livskvalitet. Studien utfördes som en litteraturstudie där 14 vetenskapliga artiklar granskades. Resultatet påvisade att kvinnor med bröstcancer hanterade sin livssituation genom ett flertal betydelsefulla copingstrategier vilka var acceptans, optimism, humor, stöd, bortträngning, successiv bearbetning, aktivitet, kämparanda och andlighet. Det framkom att coping i stor utsträckning bidrog till att högre livskvalitet uppnåddes, livssituationen blev mer hanterbar samt att stress och oro reducerades. Sjuksköterskan ska främja livskvalitet hos patienter och bör därför inneha kunskaper om coping. Mer kvalitativ forskning inom området är önskvärt för att mer djupgående se vad coping har för effekter.</p> / <p>Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women worldwide. The disease leads to changes in their life as stress and anxiety becomes a part of everyday life. Coping provides an increased mental, physical and social ability to cope and live with a disease. Which coping strategy being used is individual and evolves over time, depending on past experiences and clinical picture. The purpose of this study was to elucidate how women with breast cancer manage their life trough coping in order to achieve better quality of life. The study was carried out as a literature study, 14 scientific articles were reviewed. The result demonstrate that women with breast cancer manage their life through a number of important coping strategies which were acceptance, optimism, humor, support, distraction, step by step, activity, fighting spirit and spirituality. It was shown that coping highly contributed to higher quality of life, everyday life was easier to handle and stress and anxiety was reduced. The nurse is obligated to work for quality of life in patients and should therefore possess knowledge about coping. More research in the area is desirable to get a more in depth view of the effects of coping.</p>

<p>The aim of this study was to describe how nurses cope with their daily stress at work. A literature review was made to answer the research question, data was gathered from two databases; Academic Search Elite and Medline (via Pubmed). The result which was based on 20 scientific articles showed that nurses used problem-focused and emotional-focused coping strategies to deal with the stress at work. Most of the nurses used emotional-focused coping strategies by practise some kind of physical activities, avoid and take distance from the problem. Using these strategies was negative correlated with burnout and psychological health. In four of the studies problem-focused coping strategies was the most dominant, by trying to find a concrete problem solving strategy and to find direct alternative to deal with the stress. The use of these strategies had a negative relation to psychological and physical health, but a positive correlation to feel satisfaction at work and the nurses that used this strategies experienced lower stress than those who used emotional- focused strategies.</p> / <p>Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor hanterar sin dagliga stress i arbetet. För att besvara frågeställningen gjordes en litteraturstudie, data samlades in från databaserna Academic Search Elite och Medline (via Pubmed). Resultatet som baserades på 20 vetenskapliga artiklar visade att sjuksköterskor hanterade sin dagliga stress på arbetet genom problemfokuserade och känslomässiga copingstrategier. De flesta använde sig av känslomässiga copingstrategier genom att bland annat utöva någon form av fysisk aktivitet, undvika och distansiera sig från problemen. Användningen av dessa strategier hade ett negativt samband med utbrändhet samt psykisk ohälsa. Fyra av studierna tog upp problemfokuserade copingstrategier som de mest använda strategierna, genom att bland annat försöka finna en konkret problemlösning och hitta direkta alternativ att hantera stressen. Användningen av dessa strategier hade ett negativt samband till psykisk och fysisk hälsa, men positivt samband till att känna tillfredsställelse på arbetet samt att sjuksköterskor som använde sig av dessa strategier upplevde lägre stress på arbetet än de som använde sig av känslomässiga copingstrategier.</p>

<p>I Sverige har befolkningens hälsa försämrats och sjukskrivningarna har ökat. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka samband och gruppskillnader i upplevelsen av psykisk hälsa, stresshanteringsmetoder och arbetsfamiljekonflikt. Resultatet baseras på en enkätundersökning med 50 arbetare inom livsmedelsindustrin, varav 23 föräldrar, 24 ickeföräldrar, 36 män samt 13 kvinnor. Resultaten visar att om relationen mellan arbete och familj är god, är även psykisk hälsa det. Föräldrarna upplevde i högre grad än ickeföräldrar att de inte hade tillräckligt med tid till familjen på grund av arbetet. Det är betydelsefullt att belysa att arbetet och familjelivet påverkar människor både positivt och negativt. Lika viktigt som det är att minska det som påverkar oss negativt, är att lyfta fram det som berikar våra liv.</p>

Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancerformen bland kvinnor över hela världen. Sjukdomen leder till en förändrad livssituation där stress och ångest blir en del av vardagen. Coping bidrar till en ökad psykisk, fysisk och social förmåga att hantera och leva med en sjukdom. Vilken copingstrategi som används är individuellt och utvecklas med tiden beroende på hur sjukdomsbilden ser ut samt vilka erfarenheter individer har sedan tidigare. Syftet med studien var att belysa hur kvinnor med bröstcancer hanterar sin livssituation genom coping för att uppnå bättre livskvalitet. Studien utfördes som en litteraturstudie där 14 vetenskapliga artiklar granskades. Resultatet påvisade att kvinnor med bröstcancer hanterade sin livssituation genom ett flertal betydelsefulla copingstrategier vilka var acceptans, optimism, humor, stöd, bortträngning, successiv bearbetning, aktivitet, kämparanda och andlighet. Det framkom att coping i stor utsträckning bidrog till att högre livskvalitet uppnåddes, livssituationen blev mer hanterbar samt att stress och oro reducerades. Sjuksköterskan ska främja livskvalitet hos patienter och bör därför inneha kunskaper om coping. Mer kvalitativ forskning inom området är önskvärt för att mer djupgående se vad coping har för effekter. / Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women worldwide. The disease leads to changes in their life as stress and anxiety becomes a part of everyday life. Coping provides an increased mental, physical and social ability to cope and live with a disease. Which coping strategy being used is individual and evolves over time, depending on past experiences and clinical picture. The purpose of this study was to elucidate how women with breast cancer manage their life trough coping in order to achieve better quality of life. The study was carried out as a literature study, 14 scientific articles were reviewed. The result demonstrate that women with breast cancer manage their life through a number of important coping strategies which were acceptance, optimism, humor, support, distraction, step by step, activity, fighting spirit and spirituality. It was shown that coping highly contributed to higher quality of life, everyday life was easier to handle and stress and anxiety was reduced. The nurse is obligated to work for quality of life in patients and should therefore possess knowledge about coping. More research in the area is desirable to get a more in depth view of the effects of coping.

Bakgrund: Varje år dör cirka 95 000 personer i Sverige, de flesta dör efter en längre tids sjukdom och vårdas sin sista tid i livet på särskilt boende eller i det egna hemmet. Sjuksköterskan kommer att stöta på dödsfall i olika situationer under hela sitt yrkesverksamma liv. Sjuksköterskor tillhör en yrkesgrupp som löper stor risk att konfronteras med känsloladdade möten och extrema situationer Kunskap om vad som påverkar sjuksköterskor och hur de förhåller sig till döden och döendet kan främja en mer öppen och medveten attityd i vårdarbetet. Syfte: Att belysa hur sjuksköterskor förhåller sig till döden och döendet i vården, samt vad som påverkar dem i deras förhållningssätt. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie genom databassökningar. Resultat: Sjuksköterskor förhåller sig till döden som värdig eller ovärdig. Erfarenhet och tid påverkar sjuksköterskors förhållningssätt i vårdarbetet. Känslomässig balans mellan närhet och distans var viktigt för sjuksköterskorna och deras förhållningssätt till döendet och döden påverkades av existentiella frågor och acceptans. Ett empatiskt förhållningssätt eftersträvades. Sjuksköterskor bearbetar händelser och reflekterar framförallt med hjälp av informellt stöd. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor förhåller sig till döden och döendet olika, de använder sig av medvetna och omedvetna bemästringsstrategier, så kallad problemfokuserad och emotionsfokuserad coping. / Background: Every year, around 95 000 people die in Sweden. Most die after a prolonged illness, and care for their last time in the life in specific residential or in their own home. Nurses will encounter death in various situations throughout their working lives. Nurses pertains a professional group which extend a big risk with emotional confrontation and extreme situations. Knowledge about what effect them and how they approach death and dying, can improve a more open and aware attitude in the nursing care. Aim: To illuminate nurses attitude toward death and dying in care, as well as what affect them in their approach. Method: General literature review by database searches. Result: Nurses approach death as worthy or unworthy. Experience and time affect nurses' attitude in health care work. Emotional balance between proximity and distance was important, the existential questions and acceptance affected nurses in their idea of dying and death. They pursue an emphatic approach. Nurses processes events and reflect mainly using informal support. Conclusion: Nurses has different attitude towards death and dying, they use conscious and unconscious compensation strategies, also known as problem-solving and emotions-solving coping.