This study assessed the effect of Behavioral Skills Training (instructions, modeling, rehearsal, and feedback) using a multiple baseline design to train 3 dental hygiene students to implement basic behavioral procedures (picture schedules, differential reinforcement, contingent escape, escape extinction, and least-to-most prompting) to manage and prevent challenging behavior during dental care procedures on special needs patients. The study took place in a mobile school-based dental clinic set up within 4 special schools. Training consisted of one group training session and several in-vivo training sessions. After training, participants' performance in the absence of feedback was assessed. Data show that participants performed less than 35% of steps correctly before receiving the training package and quickly reached criteria during training sessions. Results suggest that Behavioral Skills Training could be used to increase skills during one 3-hr class period, with further increases in skills to over 90% accuracy after some follow-up in-vivo practice and feedback.

My diploma work deals with the relationship between the oral health condition of patients and their socio-economic status. The theoretical section of my work is focussed on stomatology and its division, oral cavity disorders and their treatment, prevention and prophylaxis, the distribution of teeth defects and their treatment. The practical section is based on a hypothesis. The objective of my paper consists in the evaluation of the impact of the socio-economic status of a person on his or her KPE index value. The hypothesis has been evaluated on the basis of a secondary analysis of data acquired from the case histories of patients attending a dental practice as well as on a questionnaire survey. The oral health evaluation has been supported by KPE index and the supplementary CPITN and API indexes. Goldthorp´s class diagram has been used for the purposes of the respondents´ socio-economic status evaluation. The status creating factors applied in my research have been the standard and level of education and professional training of a respondent, family income, his or her share in the power and decision sphere etc. It has been found that there is a correlation between a higher level of achieved education and professional training, a higher social status, a higher income on the one side and more favourable KPE index values as well as a better overall dental health on the other side. Primarily, the research presents the basis of my diploma work. It may also be published in a journal for stomatologists, nurses and dental hygienists. It is also aimed at internal use in the dental practice.

The thesis examines the dental hygiene market. It desribes a methodology for marketing research. By the help of questionnaire survey it explores buying habits of university students. The practical part presents the results of research and forms recommendations.

Tandhygienistyrket är en relativt ung profession. Munhälsovården har ännu inte uppnått professionellt status som yrkesverksamhet. Inte heller har tandhygienistens disciplin – munhälsovetenskapen- status som vetenskaplig disciplin. Det som har saknats har framför allt varit teoribildning inom munhälsovård/munhälsovetenskap.1983 publicerades den första begreppsmodellen inom munhälsovård – The Human Needs Conceptual Model for Dental Hygiene – konstruerad av M L Darby (BSDH, MS) och M M Walsh (MS,EdD). Ett viktigt steg i en disciplins teoribildningsprocess är emellertid att begreppsmodeller analyseras och utvärderas. Då kan begreppsmodellens bidrag till professionaliseringsprocessen och utvecklingen av disciplinens vetenskapliga status bedömas.Föreliggande studie analyserar och utvärderar Darbys och Walsh’ begreppsmodell. Syftet är att beskriva och analysera de förutsättningar som begreppsmodellen vilar på samt att beskriva och utvärdera de förusättningar som begreppsmodellen har att fungera som ett ramverk vid forskning, praktik, utbildning och administration för tandhygienister.Beskrivningen av analysen och utvärderingen utgår från hermeneutisk tolkning där J Fawcetts instrument för analys och utvärdering av begreppsmodeller använts som tolkningsram.Studien utgår från ett vårdvetenskapligt perspektiv som bland annat betraktar munhälsovetenskap som en gren av vårdvetenskap där en kärna av kunskaper, färdigheter och attityder ses som gemensamma för alla de vårdande professioner där vårdandets humanistiska dimension är viktigare än dess tekniska dimension. Likaså utgår den från att munhälsovårdens främsta syfte är att främja hälsa, inte att förebygga eller bota sjukdom.Studien visar att Darbys och Walsh’ begreppsmodell är baserad på en behovsteoretisk grund. Detta medför en världsbild där människan befinner sig i en växelverkande interaktion med sin omgivning. Vidare innebär detta att munhälsovårdens unika fokus är klientens behov och att tandhygienistens uppgift är att reducera spänningar inom det system som klienten utgör. Begreppsmodellens behovsteoretiska grund är dockotydligt beskriven och därför är den svår att använda. Begreppsmodellens innehåll är också dåligt utvecklat på det sättet att den endast kan användas som ramverk för praktiken då den saknar riktlinjer för forskning, utbildning och administration.Darbys och Walsh’ begreppsmodell kan därför endast användas i den praktiska verksamheten och då av de tandhygienister som har ett livs- och yrkesparadigm som är baserat på behovsteori.Däremot bedöms begreppsmodellens bidrag till munhälsovetenskapen som mycket stort eftersom den är den första begreppsmodell som skapas och på så sätt öppnar vägen för fortsatt teoribildning inom tandhygienistens disciplin.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Introduction: Untreated caries of the permanent dentition is the most prevalent condition worldwide. Ongoing globalisation and the heightened exposure to a refined, westernised diet against a backdrop of deficient health services and inadequate implementation of preventive public health measures, means that dental caries remains pervasive, especially in emerging economies. In South Africa, an estimated 90% of caries remains untreated, disproportionately affecting the poor and detrimentally impacting on the economy. The use of an effective fluoridated toothpaste is regarded as the best clinical practice available today in caries management. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the availability, pricing and affordability of fluoridated toothpastes marketed to South African households and to identify mechanisms to improve financial access among low-income households. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of fluoridated toothpastes, retail price and unit weight/volume was undertaken. Following calculation of a median reference price for each paste, affordability relative to household income brackets was assessed using a modification of the WHO/HAI’s essential medicines pricing protocol. Affordability was expressed in terms of the number of days of disposable household income required to purchase the annual, household therapeutic dosage of a fluoridated toothpaste. Results: Despite the wide availability (n=142) of fluoridated toothpastes, of those assessed for affordability (n=130), none and 49% were affordable to households located in the first and second lowest income brackets, collectively termed low-income earners. Accessibility (±96%) increased sharply for low emerging middle income households and upwards. In general, as household income declined, the proportion of daily, disposable income required to purchase the annual, household therapeutic dosage increased. Households located in the lowest income bracket spent 104.3% of daily income on the annual dosage of the lowest priced toothpaste in contrast to 0.23% spent by the wealthiest households. Horizontal disparity in terms of affordability between household income brackets differed significantly (p<0.00001). Conclusion: Stark inequity in affordability of fluoridated toothpastes exists between low income and affluent households with dire implications in terms of oral health and economic hardship suffered by the poor. To redress this social injustice, a number of price regulatory policies and funding mechanisms are suggested to stimulate dialogue and urge all relevant entities (clinical, legal, industrial, and governmental) to take action urgently.

Se tuvo la iniciativa de implementar este proyecto, debido a la tendencia y cuidado creciente en la salud bucal de las personas mediante productos orgánicos. Por ello, hemos elaborado un proyecto de investigación, con la finalidad de poder implementar y colocar en el mercado un dentífrico orgánico elaborado con productos naturales, que brinde una buena protección y agradable sabor a finas hierbas, asimismo, buscaremos que sea escalable y rentable en el tiempo. Ecosanna está dirigida a todas las personas de ambos géneros, desde los 18 hasta los 55 años, en los niveles socioeconómicos A y B, que residan en el área de Lima Metropolitana y que cuiden su higiene dental. Nuestra propuesta de valor se enfoca en un producto de cuidado bucal elaborado con insumos orgánicos y que permita mejorar el sistema de lavado dental, mediante su venta en envases eco-amigables. El proyecto está estructurado en tres etapas. Empezamos con la validación del negocio, el cual consiste en validar el problema y realizar el concierge, luego continuamos con el desarrollo del plan de negocio, donde identificamos nuestro plan estratégico, finalmente, modelamos el plan financiero, donde se evaluará las ventas, rentabilidad y métodos de financiamiento del proyecto. Para poner en marcha el proyecto, se requerirá invertir inicialmente S/43,143 (Cuarenta y tres mil ciento cuarenta y tres Soles), estos tendrán la estructura de capital con aporte de capital de los accionistas y préstamo microfinanciero. El proyecto genera una Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) de 158% y un Valor Actual Neto de S/130,367. Por lo expuesto se puede concluir que el proyecto es viable.

Objectives: A community-based intervention is described that targets oral health self-care practices among Hispanic children in the United States and is being tested in an ongoing trial. Descriptive results of baseline oral health variables are presented. Methods: As of January 2013, 284 Hispanic children of ages 5-7 enrolled in the Healthy Families Study in Nashville, TN, USA. Families are randomized to one of two culturally appropriate interventions. Results: At baseline, 69.6 % of children brushed at least twice daily, and 40.6 % brushed before bed daily. One-third of parents did not know if their children's toothpaste contained fluoride. Conclusions: This intervention fills the need for community-based interventions to improve oral health self-care practices that are culturally appropriate in Hispanic families.

Se tuvo la iniciativa de implementar este proyecto, debido a la tendencia y cuidado creciente en la salud bucal de las personas mediante productos orgánicos. Por ello, hemos elaborado un proyecto de investigación, con la finalidad de poder implementar y colocar en el mercado un dentífrico orgánico elaborado con productos naturales, que brinde una buena protección y agradable sabor a finas hierbas, asimismo, buscaremos que sea escalable y rentable en el tiempo. Ecosanna está dirigida a todas las personas de ambos géneros, desde los 18 hasta los 55 años, en los niveles socioeconómicos A y B, que residan en el área de Lima Metropolitana y que cuiden su higiene dental. Nuestra propuesta de valor se enfoca en un producto de cuidado bucal elaborado con insumos orgánicos y que permita mejorar el sistema de lavado dental, mediante su venta en envases eco-amigables. El proyecto está estructurado en tres etapas. Empezamos con la validación del negocio, el cual consiste en validar el problema y realizar el concierge, luego continuamos con el desarrollo del plan de negocio, donde identificamos nuestro plan estratégico, finalmente, modelamos el plan financiero, donde se evaluará las ventas, rentabilidad y métodos de financiamiento del proyecto. Para poner en marcha el proyecto, se requerirá invertir inicialmente S/43,143 (Cuarenta y tres mil ciento cuarenta y tres Soles), estos tendrán la estructura de capital con aporte de capital de los accionistas y préstamo microfinanciero. El proyecto genera una Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) de 158% y un Valor Actual Neto de S/130,367. Por lo expuesto se puede concluir que el proyecto es viable. / We had the initiative to implement this project, due to the growing trend and care in people's oral health through organic products. Therefore, we have developed a research project, in order to implement and place on the market, an organic toothpaste made with natural products, which provides good protection and pleasant taste of fine herbs, also seek to be scalable and profitable over time. Ecosanna is directed to all people of both genders, from 18 to 55 years old, in the socioeconomic levels A and B, that reside in the area of Metropolitan Lima and take care of their dental hygiene. Our value proposal is focused on an oral care product elaborated with organic inputs and that allows to improve the dental washing system, through its sale in eco-friendly containers. The project is structured in three phases. We start with the validation of the business, which consists of validating the problem and performing the concierge, then we continue with the development of the business plan, where we identify our strategic plan, finally, we model the financial plan, where sales, profitability and financing methods of the project will be evaluated. To implement the project, it will be required to invest initially S/43,143, these will have the financial structure of shareholder contribution and microfinance loan. The project generates an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 158% and a Net Present Value of S/130,367. This means that the project is feasible. / Trabajo de investigación

This qualitative case study explored faculty perceptions regarding best practices and uses of assessment in a dental hygiene program at a small northwestern college. It was discovered that faculty in the program were assessing students in their clinical courses using widely varied methods, designs, and scoring tools. Faculty neither calibrated processes nor communicated about this problem. In addition, a review of the assessments in this local setting indicated a significant gap in the current guidelines for best practices in clinical assessment procedures. Knowles' adult learning theory served as the foundation for this study. Research questions were designed to obtain clinical faculty's perceptions of their knowledge of best practices in assessment, assessment design, methods including scoring tools, and how faculty could work collaboratively to implement clearly and consistently designed best-practice assessments in their clinical courses. Interviews and reviews of assessment documents were conducted with a purposeful sample of 8 faculty participants. Data were coded and analyzed for common themes. Results indicated that instructors did not collaborate and had little knowledge of assessment criteria based on best practices, administration, and scoring procedures. At the request of the dean, a position paper was created as a project. The paper outlined strategies for designing clinical skills assessments with criteria that is consistent, clear, and based on best practices. Also included were procedures for ongoing faculty professional development and collaboration, insuring that faculty are calibrated and that assessments are valid and reliable. The results of this study can promote positive social change as faculty in this program will be increasingly confident in assessment practices, and graduates will consistently provide greater quality patient and community care.

No description available.