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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
391

Carga de trabalho : definição, fatores influentes e identificação de causas raiz

Galvan, Tatiana Cecagno January 2015 (has links)
Um dos principais objetivos da ergonomia é ter uma carga de trabalho adequada, buscando a melhoria dos níveis de conforto, satisfação, eficiência e segurança no trabalho, caso contrário, sua inadequação pode influenciar a saúde e segurança do trabalhador, além de afetar a organização. O objetivo geral deste estudo é identificar as causas raiz de uma carga de trabalho inadequada com intuito de compreender os fatores influentes e suas interligações visando melhorar a condição de saúde e segurança dos trabalhadores. Os objetivos específicos são: (i) entender e definir as dimensões da carga de trabalho através de uma revisão sistemática de literatura; (ii) identificar os fatores influentes centrais, ou seja, causas raiz, da inadequação da carga de trabalho através da análise de uma revisão sistemática utilizando ferramentas do Processo de Pensamento; (iii) avaliar a carga de trabalho e suas inadequações de forma participativa, através da mensuração desta e da identificação de suas causas raiz em uma empresa de manufatura. Para alcançar cada um dos objetivos o presente trabalho foi estruturado na forma de três artigos, associados a cada um dos objetivos específicos. Assim, o trabalho foi composto por uma revisão sistemática de literatura (Artigo 1), análise de uma revisão sistemática (Artigo 2) e um estudo de caso aplicado (Artigo 3). O primeiro artigo entendeu e definiu as dimensões da carga de trabalho. No segundo, identificou-se os fatores influentes centrais da inadequação da carga de trabalho através de uma revisão sistemática. Já no terceiro artigo, foi realizado um estudo de caso, composto pela avaliação da carga de trabalho através da NASA TLX, demonstrando a carga de trabalho de máximo risco (carga de trabalho geral). Neste também mensurou-se, de forma participativa, os fatores centrais desta inadequação através de ferramentas do processo de pensamento. O resultado final permitiu perceber poucos estudos definindo carga de trabalho entre artigos empíricos, não havendo uma definição padrão. Percebeu-se que o foco dos artigos não são na abordagem da adequação desta carga de trabalho. Permitiu-se identificar as causas raiz de uma carga de trabalho inadequada, propiciando uma análise profunda das relações gerais do problema, através da lógica causa e efeito, incluindo os fatores influentes e suas interligações. / A major goal of ergonomics consists in having an adequate workload in order to improve levels of comfort, satisfaction, efficiency and safety. Otherwise, its inadequacy can influence health and worker’s safety and affect the organization. The aim of this study is to identify the root causes of inadequate workload in spite of understanding the influencing factors and their interconnections to improve the workers health and safety. The specific objectives are: (i) understand and define the dimensions of the workload through a systematic literature review; (ii) identify the substantial influencing factors (root causes) of the inadequacy of the workload by analyzing a systematic review using Thinking Process tools; (iii) evaluate the workload and its inadequacies in a participatory manner, by measuring and identifying their root causes in a manufacturing company. To achieve each objective, this study was structured with three articles associated with each of the specific objectives. Therefore, the work is consisted of a systematic review of the literature (Article 1), analysis of a systematic review (Article 2) and an applied case study (Article 3). The first article understood and defined the dimensions of workload. In the second, we identified the major influencing factors of inadequate workload through a systematic review. In the third article, we conducted a case study, comprising the assessment of workload through the NASA TLX, demonstrating the maximum risk workload (overall workload). The end result allowed us to perceive few studies defining workload between empirical articles, there is no standard definition. It was felt that the focus of the articles are not in addressing the appropriateness of this workload. Allowed to identify the root causes of inadequate workload, providing a thorough analysis of the general relations of the problem, by logical cause and effect, including the influential factors and their interconnections.
392

Condições de trabalho e desordens musculoesqueléticas relacionadas à coluna vertebral em dentistas

Alexandre, Márcia Augusta Basso de January 2013 (has links)
O cirurgião dentista é constantemente exposto a um elevado número de doenças ocupacionais. Alterações no sistema musculoesquelético são freqüentes, principalmente nos membros superiores e coluna vertebral, que podem interferir negativamente, na capacidade funcional desses profissionais. O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para o entendimento das doenças ocupacionais associadas ao sistema musculoesquelético relacionado à coluna vertebral dos odontólogos, durante sua atividade laboral, bem como as questões psicossociais associadas. Este documento contempla uma sequência de dois artigos sobre as condições de trabalho e desordens musculoesqueléticas relacionadas à coluna vertebral em dentistas. O primeiro apresenta uma revisão teórica sobre a atividade laboral dos dentistas, evidenciando os problemas relacionados à coluna vertebral, à carga de trabalho, aos riscos biomecânicos, às principais patologias e fatores psicossociais associados. Desta maneira, se evidenciou que estes profissionais estão sujeitos a uma alta carga de trabalho e desenvolvendo posturas que comprometem a integridade da coluna vertebral gerando dor e incapacidade para o trabalho. O segundo apresenta um método de análise e um estudo aplicado para investigar as desordens musculoesqueléticas relacionadas à coluna vertebral e fatores associados às condições ocupacionais de dentistas. Este artigo explicita as regiões da coluna vertebral mais acometida por queixas musculoesqueléticas e fatores associados. O método investigativo proposto mostrou que os problemas concernentes ao trabalho dos dentistas estão provocando dores e alterações musculoesqueléticas na região da coluna vertebral e são devidos principalmente à postura de trabalho, o esforço físico, os movimentos repetitivos e carga horária de trabalho. / The dental surgeon is constantly exposed to a large number of occupational illnesses. Alterations in the musculoskeletal system are frequent, especially in the upper limbs and spine, which can interfere negatively in the functional capacity of these professionals. The aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of occupational diseases associated to the musculoskeletal system. Mainly those related to the spine of dentists during their work activities as well as psychosocial issues. This document includes a sequence of two articles about the working conditions and musculoskeletal disorders related to the spine of dentists. The first one presents a theoretical review about labor activity of dentists, highlighting the problems related to the spine, the workload, the biomechanical risks, the major pathologies and psychosocial factors associated. In this way, it is evidenced that these professionals are subject to a high workload and developing postures that compromise the integrity of the spine causing pain and inability to work. The second presents a method of analysis and an applied study to investigate musculoskeletal disorders related to the spine and occupational factors associated with conditions of dentists. This article explains the spinal regions most affected by musculoskeletal complaints and associated factors. The investigative method proposed, showed that problems regarding to the work of dentists are causing pain and musculoskeletal alterations in the spinal region and are due mainly to the working posture, physical effort, repetitive movements and workload.
393

Complexidade e agricultura : organização e analise ergonomica do trabalho na agricultura organica / Complexity and agriculture : organization and work ergonomics analysis on the organic agriculture

Gemma, Sandra Francisca Bezerra, 1964- 22 February 2008 (has links)
Orientadores: Mauro Jose Andrade Tereso, Roberto Funes Abrahão / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T01:58:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gemma_SandraFranciscaBezerra_D.pdf: 4151256 bytes, checksum: 28174605e237953b40d28d5e6eb46f3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A agricultura orgânica tem sido apontada como uma forma de cultivo sustentável do ponto de vista ecológico, econômico e social. No entanto, não se encontram pesquisas que tenham por objetivo discutir a sustentabilidade do ¿homem trabalhador¿ dentro deste sistema; ou seja, não há um corpo de conhecimentos consolidado sobre este tipo de atividade, assim como não existem indicadores, que nos permitam avaliar os impactos que este trabalho pode ter sobre a saúde e o bem estar das pessoas, embora a exclusão da manipulação de biocidas tóxicos já constitua um grande avanço. Nesta pesquisa investiga-se, através da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho e da Teoria da Complexidade, as características do trabalho humano na agricultura orgânica, e em particular do trabalho dos gestores, focando nos aspectos da organização do trabalho e da tecnologia utilizada, buscando ampliar a compreensão das atividades desenvolvidas, suas dificuldades e estratégias de superação. O gestor da produção orgânica é geralmente administrador e executor do trabalho, assumindo todas as funções administrativas de planejamento, organização, direção e controle de todas as áreas: produção, manutenção, finanças, recursos humanos e comércio, bem como a responsabilidade pelas questões ligadas à certificação, ao reflorestamento e à conservação do solo e da água. Ele necessita ainda pensar a unidade de produção de forma integrada e sistêmica, entendendo-a e tratando-a como um ser vivo, observando e identificando os elementos que o auxiliem na tomada de decisões para enfrentar as múltiplas dificuldades, em um ambiente onde não se dispõe de tecnologia adequada, com poucos recursos financeiros, e sem assessoria técnica. As dificuldades relatadas pelos agricultores são de natureza bastante variada. Vê-se desde aquelas relacionadas com exigências predominantemente físicas, cognitivas e afetivas do trabalho, até aquelas relacionadas mais diretamente com a falta de recursos tecnológicos, organizacionais, materiais, financeiros e humanos. Pode-se concluir que a hipótese inicialmente formulada é verdadeira, ou seja, que o trabalho na agricultura orgânica é complexo, pois incorpora os preceitos ecológicos, econômicos e sociais de sustentabilidade, que podem ser contraditórios entre si. Estes preceitos trazem determinantes específicos de natureza bastante variada que geram contradições e incertezas para o trabalho do agricultor, principalmente para o do gestor da produção. Esta complexidade do trabalho se relaciona com a necessidade de integrar múltiplas dimensões, demandando do gestor o desenvolvimento e a integração de variados saberes a fim de criar uma organização do trabalho dinâmica, como aquela descrita por Edgar Morin, que precisa ser freqüentemente reconstituída devido ao grande número de interações e de relações complementares e antagonistas entre ordem e desordem . Muitas pesquisas ainda precisam ser feitas, especialmente sobre as questões técnico-agronômicas e de saúde e conforto, assim como aquelas relacionadas com a comercialização, certificação e acesso a crédito. Será preciso ainda desenvolver políticas públicas que favoreçam a assistência e suporte técnico adequados. Somente a integração destes vários esforços poderá contribuir para o desenvolvimento deste setor, não somente em termos de produtividade e qualidade, mas também de melhorias para o trabalho e a qualidade de vida dos agricultores / Abstract: The organic agriculture has been indicated as a form of sustainable cultivation under the ecological, economical and social perspectives. However, researches addressing the sustainability of the ¿worker¿ within this system are not available; this means that there is not a consolidated knowledge package about this type of activity, as well as there are no indicators to allow us to evaluate the impact of such work on people¿s health and well-being, although the exclusion of toxic biocides on handling operations is already considered a big step ahead. In this research, it is investigated through the Ergonomic Analysis of the Work method and the Theory of Complexity, the human work characteristics at the organic agriculture, in particular the work of the managers, focusing the work organization aspects and the technology used, aiming to amplify the comprehension of the performed activities, the difficulties found and the overcoming strategies. The organic production manager is usually not only the administrator but also the executor of the job, assuming all administrative functions with regards to planning, organization, management and control in all areas like production, maintenance, finance, human resources and sales, as well as systems certification, reforesting and water and soil preservation . He still needs to think about the Production Unit in an integrated and systemic way, building knowledge through a very complex approach, understanding it and treating it like a live system, watching and identifying the elements which can help him on decisions making, to face multiple difficulties, in an environment where a suitable technology and technical support are not available, with few financial resources. The difficulties reported by agriculture workers have many different natures, varying from those related mainly to physical, cognitive and affective work demands, to those directly connected to lack of technological, organizational, material, financial and human resources. It is feasible to infer that the originally formulated hypothesis is valid, i.e., that the organic agriculture work is complex, as it incorporates the ecological, economical and social sustainability principles, which may be contradictory among themselves. These sustainability principles carry specific determinants, with several different aspects which bring contradictions and uncertainties to the agriculture worker job, mainly to the production manager. This work complexity is related to the need to integrate multiple dimensions, demanding the manager to develop and integrate diverse knowledge, in order to create a dynamic work organization, as the one described by Edgar Morin, which needs to be frequently remodeled due to the large number of interactions and complementary and opposed relations between order and disorder. Many researches must still be done, mainly about the technical-agronomic and health and comfort questions, as well as those related to sales, certification and credit access. It will be still necessary to develop public policies, to provide the require technical and assistance support. Just the integration of these several efforts can collaborate to the development of this segment, not only in terms of quality and productivity, but also to improve agriculture workers¿ job and quality of life / Doutorado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
394

Ergonomia e abastecimento planejado em uma linha de montagem automotiva. / Ergonomics and planned supply in a line of automotive assembly.

Emilio Carlos Baraldi 27 October 2006 (has links)
Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram levantar os benefícios auferidos pela aplicação de melhorias na ergonomia dos postos de trabalho e no abastecimento planejado de peças em uma linha de montagem automotiva, bem como identificar e verificar até que ponto pode-se gerar vantagens competitivas na redução do tempo de montagem do veículo, com a aplicação de investimentos tecnológicos em ergonomia na área de manufatura. A metodologia Methods Time Measurement (MTM), foi escolhida para mensurar as diferenças de tempos de processo, e para coleta e identificação de dados. Foram observadas duas linhas de montagem: a primeira denominada de inovadora, construída há três anos com investimentos em soluções ergonômicas, tanto no abastecimento quanto no processo, e outra, tradicional, construída há 20 anos, com poucos investimentos na área. De posse dos dados necessários dos sistemas estudados e com o uso da tecnologia MTM, a pesquisa avalia e propõe meios de mensurar os ganhos com a redução de atividades que não agregam valor ao produto, com o intuito de viabilizar investimentos em ergonomia em postos de trabalho padronizados, manipuladores, instalações mais modernas e até possuir um time de planejamento de processos de produção mais robusto. Neste trabalho, analisa-se também a influência da ergonomia no custo do produto final, qualidade, retrabalhos, afastamentos médicos e absenteísmo entre outros. / The objectives of this research were raise the benefits gained for the application of improvements in the ergonomics of the workstation in the planned supplying of parts in the automotive assembly line. As well as identifying and verifying until the point that can generate competitive advantages in the assembly time reduction of the vehicle, with the application of technological investments in ergonomics in the area of manufacture. The methodology Methods Time Measurement (MTM) was chosen to measure the differences of times of process, and for collection and identification of data. Two assembly lines were observed, the first called innovator, built three years ago with investments in ergonomic solutions, as much in the supplying as in the process, and another traditional one built 20 years ago, with few investments in the area. Using all necessary data of the studied systems and with the use of MTM technology, the research evaluates and recommends ways to measure the profits with the reduction of activities that not add value to the product. With the intention to make possible investments in ergonomics standardized workstation, manipulators, more modern installations and until have a planning process production team more robust. This work, also analyze the medical influence of the ergonomics in the cost of the final product, quality, rework, medical dismissal and absenteeism among others.
395

Intervenção ergonomica em uma industria quimica / Ergonomic intervention at a chemical factory

Miguez, Symone Antunes 25 February 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Neusa Maria Costa Alexandre / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T15:33:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miguez_SymoneAntunes_M.pdf: 5979789 bytes, checksum: 8b9012992c1bdae7995eac106cc68749 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: As intervenções ergonômicas têm sido realizadas para minimizar os problemas dos distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo realizar uma intervenção ergonômica em uma indústria química da região metropolitana de Campinas, São Paulo e avaliar os índices de absenteísmo geral, os sintomas osteomusculares e a qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores. O presente estudo é do tipo transversal, de caráter descritivo, realizado com 76 trabalhadores do sexo masculino, da área operacional da indústria. Na coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário de dados gerais e ocupacionais, o instrumento Nordic Questionnaire (Questionário Nórdico) sobre sintomas músculo esqueléticos com uma adaptação para o desenho metodológico deste estudo e o Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) para qualidade de vida. Verificou-se os índices de absenteísmo geral dos últimos três meses que antecederam a intervenção junto ao ambulatório médico da empresa. A análise das atividades baseou-se em um formulário para registro de soluções ergonômicas. As participações foram voluntárias e os trabalhadores receberam informações da pesquisadora sobre a intervenção ergonômica e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. No tratamento dos resultados realizou-se análises descritivas das variáveis dos três instrumentos. Para a análise da relação entre os sintomas osteomusculares nos últimos três meses e os dados gerais e ocupacionais utilizouse a Regressão Logística Múltipla.A média de idade geral dos participantes foi de 35 anos, com escolaridade predominante do ensino médio (58,7%). A maioria dos trabalhadores (77,6%) relatou não praticar nenhuma atividade física. Observou-se um elevado percentual de trabalhadores que referiu fazer horas extras (73%). Constatou-se que o maior índice de absenteísmo nos últimos três meses foi causado por problemas osteomusculares (48%). Em relação aos sintomas osteomusculares, observou-se que 53% dos trabalhadores apresentaram sintomas em pelo menos uma área corporal nos últimos três meses.Verificouse o comprometimento de diversas regiões corporais, sendo que a mais acometida foi a coluna lombar (19,7%), que ficou também em primeiro lugar (6,6%) na justificativa por auxílio de profissional da área de saúde. Notou-se uma distribuição diferenciada de sintomas osteomusculares por prédio, sugerindo relação com as atividades ocupacionais do trabalhador. Os trabalhadores com faixas etárias mais elevadas apresentaram menos chance de desenvolver distúrbios músculo-esquelético, em qualquer região corporal. O tempo na atividade foi significativo, indicando que trabalhadores com mais de 36 meses têm quatro vezes mais chance de apresentar problemas osteomusculares. Comparando-se os participantes com e sem sintomas osteomusculares, verificou-se que todos os domínios do questionário de qualidade de vida (SF36) apresentaram índices menores nos sujeitos que referiram algum sintoma. Diante dos resultados, sugestões como ações educativas junto aos trabalhadores, a implantação do Comitê de Ergonomia e o desenvolvimento de um dispositivo para o corte de sacarias fizeram parte das primeiras melhorias ergonômicas implantadas. Concluiu-se que é de extrema importância dar continuidade a esta intervenção ergonômica validando as recomendações sugeridas e mensurando a contribuição para a saúde do trabalhador / Abstract: The ergonomic interventions have been performed to minimize the work related musculoskeletal disorders. Given such background, this research had as target the performance of an ergonomic intervention at a chemical factory from the Campinas metropolitan area, state of São Paulo, evaluation of the general absenteeism indexes, the musculoskeletal symptoms and the workers quality of life. The present study is of the transversal type, descriptive in character, executed with 76 workers of the male gender, from the operational area of the factory. A general and occupational data questionnaire was utilized during the gathering of data, the instrument, Nordic Questionnaire, regarding musculoskeletal symptoms with an adaptation for the methodological drawing of this study and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) for quality of life. There were verified along with the factory's medicar clinic general absenteeism indexes frem the last 3 months prior to the intervention. The activities analysis was based on a form for the registration of ergonomic solutions. The participations were voluntary and the workers received information from the researcher regarding the ergonomic intervention and signed the Free and Clarified Consent Term. Descriptive analyses of the variables from the 3 instruments were performed at the treatment of the results. For the analysis of the relation between the musculoskeletal symptoms at the last 3 months and the general and occupational data the Multiple Logistic Regression was utilized. The general participants age average was that of 35 years old, with schooling at the secondary education levei being predominant (58,7%). The majority of workers (77,6%) reported not practicing any physical activity. It was observed a high percentage of workers, which reported working overtime (73%). It was found that the highest absenteeism índex in the last 3 months was caused by musculoskeletal problems (48%). Conceming the musculoskeletal symptoms it was observed that 53% of workers presented symptoms in at least one bodily area in the last 3 months. It was verified the compremising of various bodily regions, with the most stricken being the lumbar spine (19,7%), which also ranked first (6,6%) at the supporting cause for the aid of professional help from the health field. A differentiated distribution of musculoskeletal symptoms by building was noted, suggesting relationship with the worker's occupational activities. The workers at a higher age group presented less chance of developing musculoskeletal troubles, in any region of the body. The time at the activity was significant, indicating that workers with more than 36 months are 4 times more susceptible of presenting musculoskeletal problems. Comparing participants possessing and not possessing musculoskeletal symptoms, it was verified that ali the domains of the quality of life questionnaire (SF36) presented lower levels in the subjects that referred some symptom. In face of the results, suggestions such as educational actions combined with the workers, the implementation of the Ergonomics Committee and the development of a device for the sectioning of sacks were part of the first ergonomic improvements implemented. In conclusion, it is of utmost importance the continuance of such ergonomic intervention validating the suggested recommendations and measuring the contribution for the worker's health / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestre em Enfermagem
396

Huvudräkning eller strukturförändring? : integrering av jämställdhet i utvecklingspartnerskap inom Equal

Vadelius, Elin January 2008 (has links)
This licentiate thesis deals with how meanings of gender equality are constructed in development partnerships in Sweden, and how these constructions affect gender relations in working life. The study's focus is on four partnerships funded by Equal: a political programme which was conducted in the European Union between 2000-2007, in order to counteract discrimination on the labour market and in working life. In the partnerships of the study, several organizations cooperated to develop projects within education and in working life. According to the Swedish policy programme for Equal, all partnerships should work actively to give men and women equal access to education and labour and to change unequal power relations (i.e. gender mainstreaming) More specific research questions are: How do actors within the studied partnerships describe problems of differentiation and polarization on the Swedish labour market, and how do they analyse these questions from a gender perspective? Which strategies are formulated by the partnerships to increase gender equality, and what understanding of gender relations do they depart from? To what extent do the strategies question or reproduce gender structures on the labour market? The empirical base consists of documents from the studied partnerships, interviews with coordinators and project leaders, and observations made during meetings and workshops which where arranged by the partnerships. The empirical material was collected from October 2006 to February 2008 and is analysed from a critical point of view, inspired by discourse analysis and methods for deconstruction of policy proposals. The analysis shows that in the studied partnerships ‘gender equality' was reduced to quantitative aspects, i.e. to have equal numbers of men and women in projects and working groups, while qualitative aspects about power, norms and values were marginalised. Gender equality was also constructed as a question of helping women to cope and navigate more effective on the labour market, while obscuring the structures which leads to unequal working conditions. Some actors acknowledged there being unequal power relations between men and women, and ambitions to change this were expressed in documents and in interviews. But as awareness and knowledge about the gender order varied between different actors in the same partnerships, common strategies were difficult to develop. Some of the difficulties can also be explained by unequal power relations among actors within the partnerships, and resistance to challenge the gender order. As a result, this may contribute to reproduce rather than change power relations and the unequal working conditions of men and women in working life. / <p>Godkänd; 2008; 20080428 (ysko)</p>
397

Kvinnor och datorisering : en studie i försäkringsbranschen

Westerström, Anita January 1994 (has links)
<p>Godkänd; 1994; 20080119 (andbra)</p>
398

Integration på arbetsmarknaden : en studie av personer med utländsk bakgrund

Alici, Güler January 2007 (has links)
I denna licentiatuppsats redovisar erfarenheter från åtta fallstudier som alla har haft målsätt¬ningen att underlätta arbetsmarknadsintegrationen för personer med utländsk bakgrund. De åtta studierna har alla olika inriktning och innehåller olika aktiviteter som t.ex "starta eget"-program, nätverksbyggande, yrkesutbildning eller praktik. Syftet med licentiatuppsatsen är att identifiera hinder och gynnsamma faktorer i de åtta studier samt identifiera vilka faktorer som underlättar respektive motverkar integrationsprocessen. Studien bygger på ett rikt empiriskt material och metoden har valts beroende på vilket fall som studerats. Fem metoder har varit aktuella, studier av dokument, enkäter, individuella intervjuer, gruppintervjuer och deltagande observationer. En slutsats som kan dras här är att de flesta personer av utländsk bakgrund och som startar eget, blir objektivt integrerade på arbetsmarknaden. Deras företagande är inte en direkt integrationsfrämjande handling, men en bieffekt av företagandet är just att de känner sig integrerade i arbetslivet, även om yrket i sig inte råkar vara det bästa eller mest eftersträvans¬värda alternativet i deras perspektiv. Företagarna visade sig ha tillgång till ett omfattande etniska och informell nätverk bestod av släkt och familj, vänner och både inom och utom den etniska eller nationella gruppen. Däremot fanns inte ett fungerande formellt nätverk i lokalsamhället bland företagare och andra organisationer och näringsliv. Utan att förringa betydelsen av en social och kulturell integration så är i ett första steg en ekonomisk integration av största vikt för den invandrade. En annan slutsats är att är att många aktörer på det lokala planet erbjuder personer med utländsk bakgrund utbildning och praktik som ska gynna deras integrering i det svenska samhället. Valmöjligheterna mellan olika utbildningsalternativ och praktikplatser är dock tämligen begränsade. Man tvingas således till ett mer instrumentellt förhållningssätt som innebär att man väljer sådant som eventuellt kan gynna möjligheterna att få ett arbete utan att man för den skull är intresserad av yrket i sig. Detta påverkar deltagarna att uppleva sina egna val som otillfredsställande vilket också påverkar deras motivation att genomföra utbildningar och praktik och i förlängningen förutsättningarna att integreras, både i arbetsliv och i samhället som helhet. Trots att praktik lett till arbete för flera personer hamnade många deltagare efter utbildning och praktik utanför arbetsmarknaden, vilket ledder till att man går tillbaka till arbetslöshet eller nya utbildningar. Slutligen kan man konstatera att det fanns en stor potential i att engagera engagerade individer och ideella organisationer i arbetet att integrera individer med utländsk bakgrund i det lokala samhället, men det var svårt att finna former för ett konstruktivt samarbete med olika myndigheter. / <p>Godkänd; 2007; 20070528 (ysko)</p>
399

Ung och arbetssökande : en studie av ungdomars erfarenheter / Young and unemployed : A study of the experiences of young adult's

Josefsson, Barbro January 2007 (has links)
The main purpose of this licentiate thesis is to describe and analyse young adult's experience of unemployment; how young adults form strategies and relate to their unemployment as well as how they perceive their possibilities of establishing their selves in the labour market. The two main questions for this study are; how do adolescents cope and relate to being unemployed? And; what do they think about the possibilities of securing employment in the future?This licentiate thesis began as a labour market project where interviews with nineteen adolescents, 14 male(s) and 5 female(s), aged between 18 and 25 years were carried out. These interviews provide a description of the adolescent experience of being unemployed as well as subjects in labour market action programmes. The adolescents describe their meeting with different organizations in society from a labour market perspective. Through the project description it is understood that the background to this project was the experience of shortcomings of authorities to identifying and cooperating with young jobseekers during the early stage and not providing sufficient support to make their establishment on the labour market easier.A central impression is that these adolescents legitimise their unemployment by relating it to the unrealistic demands of employers and authorities. Another impression is that these young people also create strategies and space to deal with their situation. This may be visible in the daily life through activities that give the day structure such as physical activities or spending time with friends. These strategies reveal that these young people consider social activities as important, that participation in different labour market projects means that they are active in their unemployment and give their life structure. The most important strategy is however the struggle to secure employment as this makes them economically independent and social status. The majority are not interested in the social political system and consider it difficult to influence, one reason for this is that they perceive themselves as passive victims.In the process of establishing their selves in the labour market young people meet the representatives of society's different authorities that act as social support. However, what the authorities consider as support most young people consider as control in that they must routinely adapt to existing measures of actions instead of the actions being adapted to the individual. / Det övergripande syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva och analysera hur ungdomar skapar mening i sin vardag i sitt sökande efter arbete, hur ungdomar utarbetar strategier och förhåller sig till sin livssituation som arbetssökande samt hur de uppfattar sina möjligheter att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden. Två övergripande frågeställningar för denna licentiatuppsats är; Hur hanterar och förhåller sig ungdomar till situationen att vara arbetssökande? Vilka uppfattningar har de om möjligheterna till ett arbete ur ett framtidsperspektiv? Licentiatuppsatsen tar sin utgångspunkt i ett arbetsmarknadsprojekt där intervjuer har genomförts med 19 ungdomar, 14 män och 5 kvinnor, i åldern 18-25 år. Genom intervjuer med ungdomarna beskrivs deras erfarenheter av att vara arbetssökande och föremål för arbetsmarknadsinsatser. Ungdomarna beskriver sitt möte med samhällets olika organisationer utifrån ett arbetsmarknadsperspektiv. Av projektbeskrivningen framgick att bakgrunden till projektet var upplevelsen av brist hos myndigheter att i ett tidigt stadium identifiera och samverka för att ge unga arbetssökande tillräckligt stöd för att underlätta etablering på arbetsmarkanden. Ett centralt intryck är att de legitimerar sin situation utan arbete genom att relatera den till att det ställs orealistiska krav från både arbetsgivare och myndigheter. Ett annat intryck är att ungdomarna även skapar strategier och handlingsutrymme för att hanterar sin situation. Det kan ta sig uttryck i det vardagliga livet genom aktiviteter som ger struktur åt dagen, som kan handla om fysiska aktiviteter och umgänge med kompisar. Strategierna visar att de anser att det är viktigt med sociala aktiviteter överlag och deltagande i olika arbetsmarknadsprojekt är en strategi som samtidigt ger en struktur i livet och innebär att de är aktiva i sin situation som arbetssökande. Den viktigaste strategin är dock att anstränga sig för att få ett arbete som gör dem ekonomiskt självständiga och de anser att arbete även har en social betydelse. De flesta är ointresserade av det samhällspolitiska systemet och anser sig ha svårt att påverka dessa, där en orsak är att de upplever sig själva som passiva offer. I processen att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden möter ungdomarna aktörer från samhällets olika instanser som ska verka som socialt stöd. Men det myndigheterna anser vara stöd upplever flera av ungdomar som kontroll. De upplever att de till stor del får anpassa sig till existerande åtgärder istället för att åtgärderna anpassas efter individen. / <p>Godkänd; 2007; 20071119 (ysko)</p>
400

The effect of haptic feedback in visual-manual human-machine interaction

Rydström, Annie January 2007 (has links)
Humans use all their senses when they explore and interact with the environment. In human-machine interaction (HMI) vision is the dominant sense, followed by audition. Haptic information - information concerning the sense of touch - is not commonly available. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate how haptic feedback affects visual-manual HMI. In the experiment presented in paper I the spatial haptic properties shape and location were compared. Shape encoding often relies on users sequentially exploring differently shaped knobs, levers or buttons. The experiment revealed that physical shapes available through a shape-changing device can be as efficient as adjacently located push-buttons to encode functions in an interface. The experiment presented in paper II investigated the extent to which interface information can be transferred between the haptic and visual modalities. The feedback - rendered textures - was displayed haptically through a rotary device and visually through a computer monitor. There was a cross-modal transfer between the modalities, although not effortless, and the transfer from haptics to vision seemed to be easier than the transfer from vision to haptics. The asymmetry of the cross-modal transfer and the enhanced visual performance might be a result of the visual information being more useful for the task at hand. Paper III presents an experiment carried out in a car simulator. The experiment was conducted to investigate how haptic feedback in an in-car interface affects driver behaviour. Visual feedback was provided on a screen at the centre panel of the simulator. Haptic feedback was provided through the interaction device - a rotary device. The results revealed that, although driving performance degradation did not differ between the different haptic and visual feedback conditions, all conditions caused a degradation in driving performance. Visual behaviour did not differ between conditions including visual feedback. It is therefore apparent that the haptic feedback was not actively used when visual interface information was provided. Using haptic feedback only was shown to be more time-consuming. In addition it was revealed that tasks with only haptic feedback induce a cognitive load on the driver. It was apparent in studies II and III that the haptic information is not actively used if the visual information is more easily achieved. / <p>Godkänd; 2007; 20070919 (biem)</p>

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