The work presented in this thesis has demonstrated that the use of elemental profiles for the quality control of herbal medicines can be applied to multiple stages of processing. A single method was developed for the elemental analysis of a variety of St John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) preparations using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The optimised method consisted of using 5 ml of nitric acid and microwave digestion reaching temperatures of 185⁰C. Using NIST Polish tea (NIST INCT-TL- 1) the method was found to be accurate and the matrix effect from selected St John’s Wort (SJW) preparations was found to be ≤22%. The optimised method was then used to determine the elemental profiles for a larger number of SJW preparations (raw herbs=22, tablets=20 and capsules=12). Specifically, the method was used to determine the typical concentrations of 25 elements (Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, In, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sb, Se, Sr, V, Y and Zn) for each form of SJW which ranged from not detected to 200 mg/g. To further interpret the element profiles, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was carried out. This showed that different forms of SJW could be differentiated based on their elemental profile and the SJW ingredient used (i.e. extract or raw herb) identified. The differences in the profiles were likely due to two factors: (1) the addition of bulking agents and (2) solvent extraction. In order to further understand how the elemental profile changes when producing the extract from the raw plant, eight SJW herb samples were extracted with four solvents (100% water, 60% ethanol, 80% ethanol and 100% ethanol) and analysed for their element content. The results showed that the transfer of elements from the raw herb to an extract was solvent and metal dependent. Generally the highest concentrations of an element were extracted with 100% water, which decreased as the concentration of ethanol increased. However, the transfer efficiency for the element Cu was highest with 60% ethanol. The solvents utilised in industry (60% and 80% ethanol) were found to preconcentrate some elements; Cu (+119%), Mg (+93%), Ni (+183%) and Zn (+12%) were found to preconcentrate in 60 %v/v ethanol extracts and Cu (+5%) and Ni (+30%). PCA of the elemental profiles of the four types of extract showed that differentiation was observed between the different solvents and as the ethanol concentration increased, the extracts became more standardised. Analysis of the bioactive compounds rutin, hyperoside, quercetin, hyperforin and adhyperforin followed by subsequent Correlation Analysis (CA) displayed relationships between the elemental profiles and the molecular profiles. For example strong correlations were seen between hyperoside and Cr as well as Quercetin and Fe. This shows potential for tuning elemental extractions for metal-bioactive compounds for increased bioactivity and bioavailability; however further work in needed in this area.

Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία ασχολείται με τη μελέτη, το σχεδιασμό και την υλοποίηση ενός συστήματος αναγνώρισης προσώπων σε ψηφιακές εικόνες. Για την υλοποίηση αυτή θα χρησιμοποιήσουμε τεχνικές του τομέα της Υπολογιστικής Νοημοσύνης όπως τα τεχνητά νευρωνικά δίκτυα και οι μηχανές υποστήριξης διανυσμάτων. / This thesis deals with the study, design and implement a face recognition system for digital images. for this implementation will use techniques in the field of Computational Intelligence such as artificial neural networks and support vector machines.

As adults age, they lose the ability to produce maximal power and speed of movement. Success in daily living is often dependent upon power and speed. Thus these age-related decrements in performance can reduce physical independence and quality of life. An active lifestyle in older adulthood is associated with more successful aging. The purpose of this research program was to define the link between habitual activity and performance, specifically in regard to activities requiring power and speed. The hypothesis was that active older adults, compared to sedentary older adults, would be characterized by greater power production in maximal- and submaximal-effort tasks. Grouping older adults by activity level, coactivation was associated with activity level. Functional tasks are performed with a range of power requirements. Coactivation was used to distinguish groups in a maximal power task (Study 1) and submaximal power tasks (Study 2). In Study 1, the young adults demonstrated a greater maximal power than the older adults. While maximal power was not different between the older active and sedentary groups, the groups did differ on how they created maximal power. The active older adults produced a greater coactivation in the lower leg muscles compared to the older sedentary adults. In Study 2, the active older adults responded to different speeds during a submaximal power task with greater coactivation in the muscles of the lower leg at slow speeds compared with the sedentary older adults. Both older adults groups increased coactivation in the thigh muscles at high speeds. The sedentary older adults responded to speed with increased coactivation in the lower leg at fast speeds. The active older adults increased proximal thigh coactivation, EMG index, at the fastest speed compared with the sedentary older adults. Both older adult groups showed muscle activation adaptation to the change in task demands. The results of this dissertation increase our understanding about the link between physical activity and performance. Age-related differences in coactivation were observed during both maximal and submaximal tasks. Activity-related differences were observed suggesting the active older adults have a greater capability to adjust muscle activity to meet the challenges of community living. / text

隨著醫療技術的進步、環境衛生的改善與人類追求健康生活型態的趨勢，全世界人類死亡率不斷逐年地下降中。但死亡率的下降不僅影響政府的社會福利政策，也影響到壽險公司對於未來的不確定性。例如在年金商品定價上，如果使用不適當的死亡率預測將會導致保險公司在未來現金流量上的不穩定，進而影響到公司的財務健全度。因此用來預估死亡率的模型便扮演著相當重要的角色。本研究首先透過Reduction Factor圖形觀察台灣、日本、美國、加拿大、英國與法國的歷年死亡率變動，之後再使用廣為人使用的Lee-Carter模型與其改善方法主成分分析方法(Principal Component Analysis, PCA)預估未來死亡率，最後再比較兩種方法在預測死亡率的表現。再透過計算年金商品與壽險商品的純保費部份，了解忽略死亡率變動趨勢所可能產生的影響。最後利用上述年金商品與壽險商品對於死亡率帶來的影響，討論保險公司在上述情形之下可以採取的最佳自然避險策略。

The study of facial expressions in humans dates back to the 19th century and the study of the emotions that these facial expressions portray dates back even further. It is a natural part of non-verbal communication for humans to pass across messages using facial expressions either consciously or subconsciously, it is also routine for other humans to recognize these facial expressions and understand or deduce the underlying emotions which they represent. Over two decades ago and following technological advances, particularly in the area of image processing, research began into the use of machines for the recognition of facial expressions from images with the aim of inferring the corresponding emotion. Given a previously unknown test sample, the supervised learning problem is to accurately determine the facial expression class to which the test sample belongs using the knowledge of the known class memberships of each image from a set of training images. The solution to this problem building an effective classifier to recognize the facial expression is hinged on the availability of representative training data. To date, much of the research in the area of Facial Expression Recognition (FER) is still based on posed (acted) facial expression databases, which are often exaggerated and therefore not representative of real life affective displays, as such there is a need for more publically accessible spontaneous databases that are well labelled. This thesis therefore reports on the development of the newly collected Loughborough University Spontaneous Expression Database (LUSED); designed to bolster the development of new recognition systems and to provide a benchmark for researchers to compare results with more natural expression classes than most existing databases. To collect the database, an experiment was set up where volunteers were discretely videotaped while they watched a selection of emotion inducing video clips. The utility of the new LUSED dataset is validated using both traditional and more recent pattern recognition techniques; (1) baseline results are presented using the combination of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis (FLDA) and their kernel variants Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA), Kernel Fisher Discriminant Analysis (KFDA) with a Nearest Neighbour-based classifier. These results are compared to the performance of an existing natural expression database Natural Visible and Infrared Expression (NVIE) database. A scheme for the recognition of encrypted facial expression images is also presented. (2) Benchmark results are presented by combining PCA, FLDA, KPCA and KFDA with a Sparse Representation-based Classifier (SRC). A maximum accuracy of 68% was obtained recognizing five expression classes, which is comparatively better than the known maximum for a natural database; around 70% (from recognizing only three classes) obtained from NVIE.

Regression Wavelet Analysis (RWA) is a novel wavelet-based scheme for coding hyperspectral images that employs multiple regression analysis to exploit the relationships among spectral wavelet transformed components. The scheme is based on a pyramidal prediction, using different regression models, to increase the statistical independence in the wavelet domain For lossless coding, RWA has proven to be superior to other spectral transform like PCA and to the best and most recent coding standard in remote sensing, CCSDS-123.0. In this paper we show that RWA also allows progressive lossy-to-lossless (PLL) coding and that it attains a rate-distortion performance superior to those obtained with state-of-the-art schemes. To take into account the predictive significance of the spectral components, we propose a Prediction Weighting scheme for JPEG2000 that captures the contribution of each transformed component to the prediction process.

Fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination in agricultural products are a serious food safety issue. The detection of fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination in food products should be in a rapid way. A Near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging system was used to detect fungal infection in 2013 crop year canola, wheat, and barley at different periods after inoculation and different concentration levels of ochratoxin A in wheat and barley. Artificially fungal infected (Fungi: Aspergillus glaucus, Penicillium spp.) kernels of canola, wheat and barley, were subjected to single kernel imaging after 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks post inoculation in the NIR region from 1000 to 1600 nm at 61 evenly distributed wavelengths at 10 nm intervals. The acquired image data were in the three-dimensional hypercube forms, and these were transformed into two-dimensional data. The two-dimensional data were subjected to principal component analysis to identify significant wavelengths based on the highest principal component factor loadings. Wavelengths 1100, 1130, 1250, and 1300 nm were identified as significant for detection of fungal infection in canola kernels, wavelengths 1280, 1300, and 1350 nm were identified as significant for detection of fungal infection in wheat kernels, and wavelengths 1260, 1310, and 1360 nm were identified as significant for detection of fungal infection in barley kernels. The linear, quadratic and Mahalanobis statistical discriminant classifiers differentiated healthy canola kernels with > 95% and fungal infected canola kernels with > 90% classification accuracy. All the three classifiers discriminated healthy wheat and barley kernels with > 90% and fungal infected wheat and barley kernels with > 80% classification accuracy. The wavelengths 1300, 1350, and 1480 nm were identified as significant for detection of ochratoxin A contaminated wheat kernels, and wavelengths 1310, 1360, 1480 nm were identified as significant for detection of ochratoxin A contaminated barley kernels. All the three statistical classifiers differentiated healthy wheat and barley kernels and ochratoxin A contaminated wheat and barley kernels with a classification accuracy of 100%. The classifiers were able to discriminate between different durations of fungal infections in canola, wheat, and barley kernels with classification accuracy of more than 80% at initial periods (2 weeks) of fungal infection and 100% at the later periods of fungal infection. Different concentration levels of ochratoxin A contamination in wheat and barley kernels were discriminated with a classification accuracy of > 98% at ochratoxin A concentration level of ≤ 72 ppb in wheat kernels and ≤ 140 ppb in barley kernels and with 100% classification accuracy at higher concentration levels. / May 2016

Les neurones dans les zones corticales sup´erieures, telles que le cortex pr´efrontal, r´epondent `a unelarge gamme de variables sensorielles et motrices et affichent donc ce qu’on appelle une s´electivit´emixte. L’information repr´esent´ee par ces zones, ainsi que la fa¸con dont elles la repr´esentent, sonttr`es mal comprises du fait de la diversit´e et de la complexit´e des r´eponses unicellulaires. Dansla premi`ere partie de la pr´esente th`ese, nous introduisons une nouvelle technique de r´eductionde dimensionnalit´e, l’analyse en composantes principales dissoci´ees (demixed principal componentanalysis, dPCA). Cette m´ethode permet une extraction automatique des caract´eristiques essentiellesde l’activit´e complexe d’une population. Nous r´eanalysons quatre ensembles de donn´eesenr´egistr´ees dans des esp`eces diff´erentes (rats et macaques), des zones corticales diff´erentes (cortexpr´efrontal et cortex orbitofrontal), et lors de tˆaches exp´erimentales diff´erentes (m´emoire de travailtactile et visuo-spatiale, discrimination et cat´egorisation d’odeurs). Dans chacun de ces cas, ladPCA permet de fournir une visualisation compacte des donn´ees qui synth´etise les caract´eristiquespertinentes de la r´eponse de la population neuronale dans une seule figure. L’activit´e de la populationest d´ecompos´ee en peu de composantes dissoci´ees qui repr´esentent la plus grande partiede la variance des donn´ees et r´ev`elent l’accord dynamique de la population aux stimuli, d´ecisions,r´ecompenses etc. Par rapport aux approches traditionnelles, la dPCA simplifie nettement la visualisationdes donn´ees et r´ev`ele des caract´eristiques essentielles souvent masqu´ees, comme descomposantes majeur de l’activit´e neuronale ind´ependantes de la tˆache sp´ecifique, et le passagesuccessif de composantes en composantes de l’information essentielle `e la tˆache tout au long del’essai.La dPCA confirme donc la pr´esence de r´eponses neuronales fortement structur´ees. Pourtant,il reste `e d´emontrer comment de telles r´eponses peuvent ´emerger de grands r´eseau de neuronesbruyants et non-lin´eaires. Dans la seconde partie, nous nous appuyons sur l’hypoth`ese que lecode de population optimal soit robuste par rapport aux perturbations (comme le mort neuronalou l’´echec de la g´en´eration de potentiels d’action) autant qu’il soit m´etaboliquement efficace. Cecode optimal peut tre r´ealis´e dans des r´eseaux ´equilibrant finement les courants excitatoires etinhibitoires. Nous fixons cet ´equilibre comme cible d’apprentissage et d´erivons alors des r`eglesde plasticit´e synaptique biologiquement plausibles pour les connexions r´ecurrentes ainsi que feedforward,autant dans les r´eseaux avec codage par taux de d´echarge que dans ceux avec codagetemporel. De ces r`egles d’apprentissage, nous obtenons des r´eseaux r´ecurrents auto-organis´es avecune r´eponse de population structur´ee et robuste `e de fortes perturbations. Ces r´eseaux pr´esententnotamment de nombreuses propri´et´es qui sont caract´eristiques d’enregistrements physiologiquesdans les zones corticales sup´erieures, y compris l’irregularit´e des d´echarges selon la loi de Poisson.Cette variabilit´e, loin d’tre du bruit, permet en fait, grˆace `e une coop´eration optimale entreneurones, que les stimuli soient repr´esent´es le mieux possible au niveau de la population. Cesr´esultats sugg`erent que l’´equilibre entre excitation et inhibition, l’hom´eostasie, la plasticit´e enfonction du temps d’occurrence des impulsions, et les statistiques de d´echarge selon Poisson sonttous interd´ependants, et qu’il s’agit de traits caract´eristiques d’un codage optimal et non-redondantprenant en compte chacun des potentiels d’actions sans exception. / Neurons in higher cortical areas, such as the prefrontal cortex, are known to be tuned to avariety of sensory and motor variables, and are therefore said to display mixed selectivity.The diversity and complexity of the respective single-cell responses often obscures whatinformation these areas represent, or how it is represented. The first half of this thesisintroduces a novel dimensionality reduction technique, demixed principal componentanalysis (dPCA), which automatically discovers and highlights the essential features ofcomplex population activities. We reanalyse population data from four datasets comprisingdifferent animals (rats and monkeys), different higher cortical areas (prefrontal cortex,orbitofrontal cortex) and different experimental tasks (tactile and visuospatial workingmemory tasks, odour discrimination and categorization tasks). In each case, dPCA providesa concise way of data visualization that summarizes the relevant features of thepopulation response in a single figure. The population activity gets decomposed into afew demixed components that capture most of the variance in the data, and that highlightthe dynamic tuning of the population to stimuli, decisions, rewards, etc. Comparedwith traditional approaches, dPCA considerably simplifies the visualization of the data.Moreover, dPCA reveals important, but inconspicuous, features that remained unnoticedwith more conventional approaches: these include strong, condition-independent componentsof the neural activity, and the shifting of task-relevant information between differentcomponents, i.e. between firing rate subspaces.How such highly structured population responses, as exposed by dPCA, can emerge inlarge populations of noisy and non-linear single cells is still an open question. In the secondhalf of this thesis we start with the assumption that the optimal neural population code isboth robust to perturbations (like neuronal death or spike failures) and computationallyefficient. Such optimal codes can emerge in networks that exhibit a tight balance betweenexcitatory and inhibitory currents. We use this balance as a target for learning and derivebiologically plausible synaptic plasticity rules in rate- and spiking neural networks for boththe feed-forward and recurrent synaptic connections. The resulting self-organized recurrentneural networks display a highly structured population response, are robust to largedegrees of perturbations and show many signatures of physiological recordings in highercortical areas, including irregular spike-trains with Poisson-like statistics. This variability,however, is not noise: optimal cooperation within the network ensures that input stimuliare perfectly tracked, spike-by-spike, at the level of the population. This result suggeststhat excitatory/inhibitory balance, homeostasis, spike-time dependent plasticity rules andPoisson firing statistics go hand in hand and are signatures of an optimal, non-redundantpopulation code where each single spike counts.

Como a volatilidade é a única variável não observada nas fórmulas padrão de apreçamento de opções, o mercado financeiro utiliza amplamente o conceito de volatilidade implícita, isto é, a volatilidade que ao ser aplicada na fórmula de apreçamento resulte no preço correto (observado) das opções negociadas. Por isso, entender como as volatilidades implícitas das diversas opções de dólar negociadas na BM&F, o objeto de nosso estudo, variam ao longo do tempo e como estas se relacionam é importante para a análise de risco de carteiras de opções de dólar/real bem como para o apreçamento de derivativos cambiais exóticos ou pouco líquidos. A proposta de nosso estudo é, portanto, verificar se as observações da literatura técnica em diversos mercados também são válidas para as opções de dólar negociadas na BM&F: que as volatilidades implícitas não são constantes e que há uma relação entre as variações das volatilidades implícitas e as variações do valor do ativo objeto. Para alcançar este objetivo, aplicaremos a análise de componentes principais em nosso estudo. Com esta metodologia, reduziremos as variáveis aleatórias que representam o processo das volatilidades implícitas em um número menor de variáveis ortogonais, facilitando a análise dos dados obtidos. / Volatility is the only unobserved variable in the standard option pricing formulas and hence implied volatility is a concept widely adopted by the financial market, meaning the volatility which would make the formula yield the options real market price. Therefore, understanding how the implied volatility of the options on dollar traded at BM&F, the subject of our study, vary over time is important for risk analysis over dollar option books and for pricing of exotic or illiquid derivatives Our works proposal is to verify if the observations made by the technical literature over several markets could also be applied to the options on dollar traded at BM&F: implied volatilities do vary over time and there is a relation between this variation and the variation of the underlying asset price. In order to fulfill these goals, we will apply principal component analysis in our study. This methodology will help us analyze the data by reducing the number of variables that represent the implied volatility process into a few orthogonal variables.

Em um contexto atual de busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável, surge a necessidade de alteração de mentalidades e práticas. A Produção mais Limpa figura como um dos exemplos de iniciativa compatível com essa demanda. Seu objetivo é que sejam considerados previamente os efeitos negativos dos processos produtivos, fazendo com que seja reduzido o desperdício e a geração de poluentes. Mesmo estando de acordo com as aspirações atuais de busca por uma produção industrial mais sustentável, sua disseminação não ocorreu de forma satisfatória. Esta dissertação visa contribuir para a compreensão das barreiras para a aplicação da Produção mais Limpa, bem como identificar quais fatores devem estar presentes para que se atinja o sucesso na sua adoção, possibilitando a geração de uma proposta de framework. Para atingir os objetivos propostos um instrumento de pesquisa foi criado com base na literatura e entrevistas com profissionais. Com esse instrumento foi executada uma survey com profissionais que possuem envolvimento com a temática de Produção mais Limpa, atingindo-se um total de 185 respondentes. A partir dos resultados da análise de componentes principais, ficou evidenciado que os fatores mais cruciais dizem respeito à organização, estando relacionados com a visão, a cultura, o planejamento estratégico e os subsídios para a implantação da Produção mais Limpa, que constituíram na primeira e segunda componentes da análise. No caso das barreiras, destaca-se a existência de uma visão e cultura organizacional inadequadas (primeira componente), seguido da falta de apoio externo (segunda componente). Também foram encontrados indícios de que pode haver uma má compreensão do conceito de Produção mais Limpa, além de uma educação ambiental inadequada. Ao analisarem-se as medidas que podem ser tomadas para que a Produção mais Limpa tenha sua aplicação de forma mais efetiva, percebe-se que o principal é o reposicionamento do ambiente externo como um forte incentivador da aplicação da Produção mais Limpa, abandonando a posição de destaque ao serem observadas as barreiras. / In t In the present context of pursuit for sustainable development, the need to alter mentalities and practices arises. Cleaner Production is an example of initiative compatible with this demand. Cleaner Production aims at considering beforehand negative effects of the productive process, reducing wastes and pollutant generation. This concept is aligned with current aspirations of pursuing for a more sustainable industrial production, but its dissemination did not occur in a satisfactory way. This dissertation seeks to contribute for comprehension of barriers to Cleaner Production application, as well as identify critical success factors that exist to achieve success in its adoption, making possible the conception of a framework proposal. To reach the proposed objectives a research instrument was created based on literature and interviews with professionals. With this instrument a survey was performed with professionals that work with Cleaner Production; a total of 185 responses were obtained. Results of the Principal Component Analysis made evident that critical factors are related with organization aspects, such as vision, culture, strategic planning and subsides for Cleaner Production implementation, that composed the first and second components. Regarding the barriers, it was emphasized the existence of an inadequate organizational vision and culture (first component), followed by lack of external support (second component). It was also found evidences that a mistaken comprehension of the Cleaner Production concept might exist, as well as an inappropriate environmental education. Considering measures that might be taken in order to disseminate Cleaner Production more effectively, it was noticed that is important to repositioning the external environment, making it a strong support in Cleaner Production applications, leaving behind a position of highlight when barriers are observed.