No / There are 353 NHS hospitals in the United Kingdom, and within these hospitals there is wide variation in the electronic prescribing systems applied. Indeed, only one hospital uses a single system in all of its clinical areas. Medication error is the biggest issue in the health care profession in respect to patient safety—

Résumé Cette thèse est le rassemblement, par blocs homogènes, de notes d’orientation, de présentations orales, de textes variés, rédigés pour des revues scientifiques, comme chapitres de livres, pour des colloques ou des congrès, pour divers décideurs politiques, des années 80 à ce jour. Son but est de montrer leur cohérence avec un fil conducteur commun : le développement d’outils conceptuels et méthodologiques utiles pour la pratique de la médecine générale en particulier, pour le système de dispensation des soins plus globalement. L’impact espéré est une amélioration de la qualité des soins dispensés, à l’échelle individuelle (relation soignant/soigné) ou à l’échelle collective (système de santé). Les différents blocs se succèdent dans l’ordre suivant : q Chapitre 1 : Introduction. Bloc 1 : Concepts philosophiques q Chapitre 2 : La transdisciplinarité. Concept transcendant la multidisciplinarité (simple juxtaposition indépendante de différentes approches disciplinaires), l’interdisciplinarité (pénétration de différentes disciplines pour éclairer plus complètement un même phénomène) pour arriver à une compréhension globale et homogène où chaque discipline utilise des éléments des autres pour pallier ses manques et ses limites. q Chapitre 3 : La plainte, du normal au pathologique. Développements philosophiques et scientifiques, en complémentarité et en prise directe sur la réalité clinique, sur le normal et le pathologique, le moyen et le divergent, etc. q Chapitre 4 : Les quatre formes de la prévention. Prolongation du texte précédent, en définissant les trois formes classiques de la prévention (primaire au stade « normal », secondaire au stade pathologique mais pré-clinique, et tertiaire au stade clinique), et en introduisant le concept nouveau de prévention quaternaire, ou protection de la population et du système de soins de l’angoisse des soignés et des soignants. q Chapitre 5 : Critique et autocritique du principe de classification. Développement sur les nécessités contradictoires de l’homogénéité et de la complétude (donc du respect de toutes les nuances et de toutes les spécificités), et de la réduction et du traitement de l’information (donc de la prise en compte du classement et des catégorisations). Bloc 2 : Concepts politiques q Chapitre 6 : Les problèmes d’environnement en relation avec la santé. Rapport d’une recherche destinée à élaborer un outil opérationnel à l’usage des médecins généralistes, pour les aider à être sensibilisés aux problèmes d’environnement en relation avec la santé, à diagnostiquer les plus fréquents et les plus importants d’entre eux, et à les prendre en charge de manière non spécialisée. q Chapitre 7 : Faim de travail, fin de la santé. A partir de chiffres concrets, démonstration du lien entre morbidité/mortalité et statut socio-économique. Selon les temps et les lieux, les profils épidémiologiques sont différents, mais ce sont toujours les mêmes populations (position socio-économique basse dans la société, stress professionnel lié à la hiérarchie) qu’on retrouve dans le bas des échelles. q Chapitre 8 : L’éducation à la santé à la Maison Médicale de Forest. Rapport de 15 ans d’éducation et de promotion de la santé dans une maison médicale, sous différents angles (clinique, opérationnel, conceptuel, culturel etc). q Chapitres 9, 10, 11 et 12 : Les soins de santé de 1ère ligne ; Synthèse et communication, ou les fonctions de base de la médecine de famille ; Proposition « martyr » pour une restructuration de la 1ère ligne à Bruxelles ; Mise sur pied d’un centre pilote « urgences » ambulatoire. Plusieurs notes d’orientation proposant quelques modèles théoriques de systèmes de dispensation des soins, basés sur certains principes tels division en niveau de soins, filières de soins, intégration de l’ambulatoire et de l’hospitalier, prise en compte des spécificités des grandes métropoles, des problèmes liés à l’accessibilité et aux urgences. q Chapitre 13 : Les systèmes locaux de santé (SyLoS) : un élément de réponse à la crise du secteur de santé en Belgique ? Proposition, mise sur pied et évaluation de petites unités fonctionnelles de proximité, constituées de soignants intra- et extra-hospitaliers, dans un objectif commun d’amélioration de la qualité des soins, en partant de situations réellement vécues et ayant posé problème. q Chapitre 14 : Le financement forfaitaire à la capitation : une alternative au traditionnel payement à l’acte ? Revue de la littérature internationale sur les systèmes de financement des soins dans une vingtaine de pays différents. Démonstration des limites et des perversions du payement à l’acte intégral. Proposition d’un système de financement global mélangeant payement à l’acte, payement par forfait à la capitation, payement à l’objectif, payement structurel, payement par le patient. q Chapitre 15 : Les pratiques solo dispensent-elles des soins de moins bonne qualité ? Critiques et commentaires d’un article du BMJ sur le sujet. Tentative de réponses au départ d’éléments organisationnels, statistiques et épidémiologiques. Bloc 3 : Concepts relatifs à la pratique clinique q Chapitres 16 et 17 : L’assurance de qualité et le médecin de famille ; Les critères de qualité : tout le monde en parle. Synthèse théorique sur l’assurance de qualité en soins primaires. Définition des concepts de base : critères de qualité, standards et objectifs, méthodes, évaluation et indicateurs, limites et problèmes. q Chapitre 18 : Système de santé, système d’information et méthodes d’évaluation. Structuration du dossier médical global du médecin généraliste, positionnement dans les filières cliniques et de dispensation des soins, utilité pour l’auto-évaluation, la formation, la connaissance scientifique, l’assurance de qualité et la décision politique. q Chapitre 19 : La CISP, concepts généraux et développements. Construction de la Classification Internationale des Soins Primaires, version initiale. Nouveaux principes classificatoires développés au départ des limites de la CIM (Classification Internationale des Maladies) de l’OMS, utilisée dans les dossiers hospitaliers. Apports de la nouvelle (2e) version, CISP-2. Extension des classifications vers les thesaurus (LOCAS et TB3), au travers du transcodage CISP/CIM. q Chapitre 20 : L’approche par problèmes et les éléments du SOAP. Description de l’approche par épisodes (en lieu et place de la notion classique de diagnostics) et de l’analyse de la relation soignant/soigné dans ses quatre dimensions (subjectif, objectif, appréciation et planification). q Chapitre 21 : Structuration du dossier médical électronique : concepts et histoire. A partir des notions cliniques de problèmes et de SOAP, élaboration et explicitation d’un nouveau modèle de dossier médical informatisé, constitué de la relation entre 7 éléments structurants (élément de soins, démarche, contact, sous-contact, service, dispensateur, temps). Ce nouveau modèle est la base du label des logiciels médicaux électronique belges. q Chapitre 22 : Casuistique appliquée. Application à vocation pédagogique du précédent modèle, à partir de deux cas cliniques exemplatifs. q Chapitre 23 : Le DUSOI/Wonca, un indice de gravité pour la médecine générale. Outil développé par la Wonca pour évaluer la gravité de l’état de santé d’un patient à un moment donné au cours de son évolution clinique, évaluation à la fois ponctuelle et diachronique. Application pratique à plusieurs situations réelles. q Chapitre 24 : Evaluation de l’état fonctionnel : les cartes COOP/Wonca. Outil également développé par la Wonca pour l’auto-évaluation fonctionnelle des patients. Il s’agit d’un jeu de 6 cartes représentant graphiquement dans un langage universel l’état de santé somatique, mentale et sociale, de manière à la fois ponctuelle et longitudinale, évalué par le patient lui-même. q Chapitre 25 : Valeurs, paradigmes et recherche en médecine générale. Comparaison des concepts fondamentaux de la recherche traditionnelle, de la recherche opérationnelle et de la recherche action. Intérêt relatif de chacun de ces types de recherche pour des questions et des situations spécifiques, de même que pour l’utilisation des méthodes quantitatives ou qualitatives. q Chapitres 26 et 27 : La CISP et le système SOAP, des outils pour bien décider dans l’incertitude (application à la clinique de la céphalée en médecine de famille) ; « Docteur, j’ai mal au genou », le point de vue du généraliste. Applications à la connaissance scientifique et à la pratique clinique des différents concepts développés dans les chapitres précédents à partir de deux situations fréquentes : les céphalées et les douleurs du genou. q Chapitre 28 et 29 : Vous vouliez des statistiques ? Statistiques Maison Médicale Santé Plurielle 2003. Méthode d’analyse des différentes données disponibles dans une maisons médicale, recueillies systématiquement en temps réel pendant l’activité clinique. Démonstration de son intérêt pour l’auto-évaluation de l’institution, son pilotage cohérent, et les rapports avec le politique. Les chiffres sont des chiffres et seulement des chiffres. Ils doivent être compris, contextualisés, critiqués, commentés et rendus utiles dans leur situation locale spécifique, mais aussi comme partie d’un paquet plus global de données épidémiologiques. q Chapitre 30 : Le bilan biologique de base, un examen inutile ? Définition critique « evidence-based medicine » des examens biologiques de routine de dépistage. q Chapitre 31 : Un projet d’assurance de qualité « diabète » à la Maison Médicale Santé Plurielle. Compte-rendu de l’expérience d’un programme d’assurance de qualité multidisciplinaire dans une maison médicale. Définition opérationnelle d’une série d’indicateurs, évaluation de ceux-ci avant et après le programme. Apports et limites de l’expérience. et q Chapitre 32 : Conclusion. Trente et un chapitres, c’est beaucoup. Et en même temps, c’est très peu : la médecine générale se pratique dans un contexte radicalement différent de ce qu’il était il y a moins de 50 ans. Si elle ne redéfinit pas clairement son rôle et ses outils, elle risque donc de se replier dans des positions défensives et passéistes qui, si elles sont nécessaires face à la médicalisation et à la spécialisation croissantes, ne suffisent cependant pas pour expliciter et faire reconnaître sa spécificité. Rappelons que celle-ci réside essentiellement dans la complexité, puisqu’il s’agit d’aborder l’humain à la fois sur le plan individuel, dans une approche bio-médicale et psychodynamique, et sur le plan collectif, en terme de santé publique, et en faisant appel à diverses disciplines telles que la sociologie, l’anthropologie, l’ethnomédecine. Au fil de ma pratique, j’ai ressenti la nécessité de construire, en dehors du champ bio-médical qui reste la référence essentielle au niveau du savoir académique, des outils spécifiques permettant d’augmenter la qualité des soins primaires. Les outils présentés au fil de cette thèse ont été élaborés dans un constant aller-retour entre la théorie et la pratique, et selon un cheminement traversant plusieurs disciplines. Certains de ces outils sont de type conceptuel, comme la transdisciplinarité, la prévention quaternaire, d’autres sont d’ordre méthodologique, la structure du dossier médical, le SyLoS, les classifications et le thésaurus, le carnet de bord. Tous ces outils visent à baliser la démarche du médecin généraliste, à lui donner des repères théoriques et pratiques à même de le guider dans la complexité des situations qu’il rencontre, le but ultime étant de soutenir une pratique de qualité respectant la singularité des histoires, des sujets rencontrés. Ces outils spécifiques ont été testés sur le terrain ; ils sont actuellement utilisés et intégrés par des médecins généralistes et d’autres professionnels des soins de santé primaires. Leur faisabilité et leur utilité pour améliorer la qualité des soins semblent donc démontrées, mais aussi certaines difficultés d’implantation puisqu’ils engagent les soignants dans une démarche réflexive, les amenant à se questionner sur le sens et l’efficacité de leurs pratiques, pour mieux les évaluer. Summary This thesis is the gathering, through homogenous blocks, of orientation’s notes, oral presentations and various texts, written for scientific journals, as book chapters, for colloquiums or conferences, for different political decision-makers, from the 1980s up until today. The goal is to demonstrate their coherence with a common direction: the development of conceptual and methodological tools for the practice of general medicine in particular, for the system of care-giving more globally. The hoped impact is an improvement of care quality, provided at the individual level (relationship care-receiver/care-giver) or at the collective level (health system). The different blocks are organized according to the following order: q Chapter 1 : Introduction. Block 1 : Philosophical concept q Chapter 2: Trandisciplinarity. Concept transcending the multidisciplinarity (simple juxtaposition independent from different disciplinary approaches) and the interdisciplinarity (penetration of different disciplines to more fully enlighten the same phenomenon) to reach a more global and homogenous understanding where disciplines use each others’ elements to overcome their own lacks and limitations. q Chapter 3: The complaint, from normal to pathological. Philosophical and scientific developments, complementing and directly connecting with the clinical reality, the normal and pathological, the average and the diverging, etc. q Chapter 4: The 4 forms of the prevention. Prolongation of the above-mentioned text, by defining the three classical forms of the prevention (primary at the “normal” stage, secondary at the pathological but pre-clinical stage and tertiary at the clinical stage), and by introducing the new concept of quaternary prevention, or protection of the population and the health system from the anguish of the care-receivers and givers. q Chapter 5: Criticism and auto-criticism of the principle of classification: Elaboration on the contradictory necessities of the homogeneity and completeness (thus of the respect of all the differences and specificities), and of the decrease and the treatment of the information (thus of the taking into account of the ranking and the categorizations). Block 2 : Political concepts q Chapter 6: The environmental problems relating to health. Report of a research aiming at elaborating an operational tool for the use of general practitioners, to help them become sensitive to environmental problems relating to health, to diagnose the most frequent and most important among those, and to take them over in a non-specialized manner. q Chapter 7: Hunger of work, end of health. From concrete numbers, demonstration of the link between morbidity/mortality and the socio-economical status. According to the times and locations, the epidemiological profiles are different but the same populations (low socio-economical position in the society, professional stress due to the hierarchy) are always found at the bottom of the ladders. q Chapter 8: Health education at the “Maison Médicale” of Forest. Report of 15 years of health education and promotion in a primary care health centre, from different angles (clinical, operational, conceptual, cultural etc.). q Chapters 9, 10, 11 and 12: First line health care; Synthesis and communication, or the basic functions of family medicine; “Martyr” proposition for the restructuring of the first line in Brussels; Establishment of a pilot ambulatory “emergency” center. Several orientation’s notes offering different theoretical models of care-providing systems, based on certain principles such as division into care levels, care networks, integration of the ambulatory and hospital, taking into account the specificities of large metropolises, of the problems related to the accessibility and to the emergencies. q Chapter 13: Local systems of health: a partial answer to the crisis of the health department in Belgium? Proposal, establishment and evaluation of small functional proximity units, consisting of intra- and extra-hospital care-givers, with the common goal of enhancing the quality of care, originating from real-life situations that have been problematic. q Chapter 14: Fixed financing by capitation: an alternative to the traditional fee for service payment? Review of the international literature about care financing systems in about twenty different countries. Demonstration of the limits and perversions of the integral fee for service payment. Proposal of a global financing system combining fee for service payment, fixed payment by capitation, target payment, structural payment, payment by the patient. q Chapter 15: Do solo practices provide less quality care? Criticisms and commentaries of a BMJ article on the topic. Attempt of an answer based on organizational, statistical and epidemiological elements. Block 3: Concepts related to clinical practice q Chapters 16 and 17: Quality insurance and the family doctor; Quality criteria: everybody speaks about it. Theoretical synthesis on quality insurance in primary care. Definition of the basic concepts: quality criteria, standards and objectives, methods, evaluation and indicators, limits and problems. q Chapter 18: Health system, information system and evaluation methods. Structuring the global medical record of general practitioners, positioning in the clinical and care-providing networks, use for the auto-evaluation, the formation, the scientific knowledge, the quality insurance and the political decision. q Chapter 19: ICPC, general concepts and developments. Construction of the International Classification of Primary Care, initial version. New classifying principles developed out of the limits of the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) of the WHO, used in hospital records. Contributions of the new (2nd) version, ICPC-2. Extension of the classification towards the thesaurus (LOCAS and TB3), through transcoding ICPC/ICD. q Chapter 20: Approach by problems and elements of the SOAP. Description of the approach by episodes (instead of the classical notion of diagnostics) and the analysis of relationship care-receiver/care-giver in the four dimensions (subjective, objective, appreciation and planning). q Chapter 21: Structuring of the electronic medical record: concepts and history. From the clinical notions of problems and SOAP, elaboration and clarification of a new model of computerized medical record, consisting of the relationship between 7 structuring elements (element of care, approach, contact, sub-contact, service, provider, time). This new model is the base for the label of Belgian electronic medical softwares. q Chapter 22: Applied casuistic. Application with pedagogical vocation of the former model, based on two exemplary clinical cases. q Chapter 23: The DUSOI/Wonca, a gravity index for the general practice. Tool developed by the Wonca to evaluate the gravity of a patient’s health status at a given moment in the course of his/her clinical evolution, evaluation both punctual and diachronic. Practical application to several real-life situations. q Chapter 24: Evaluation of the functional state: The COOP/Wonca cards. Tool also developed by the Wonca for the functional auto-evaluation of patients. It consists of a game of 6 cards graphically representing in a universal language the somatic, mental and social health state, both punctually and longitudinally, evaluated by the patient him/herself. q Chapter 25: Values, paradigms and research in general practice. Comparison of the fundamental concepts of the traditional research, the operational research and the action research. Relative interest of each of these research types for specific questions and situations, as well as for the use of quantitative and qualitative methods. q Chapter 26 and 27: The ICPC and the SOAP system, tools to well decide in uncertainty (application to the headache in family medicine); “Doctor, my knee hurts”, the view point of the general practitioner. Applications to the scientific knowledge and to the general practice of the different concepts developed in the previous chapters based on two frequent situations: the cephalalgia and the knee pains. q Chapters 28 and 29: Did you want statistics? Statistics “Maison Médicale Santé Plurielle 2003”. Method of analysis of the various data available in a primary care health centre, systematically collected in real-time during the clinical activity. Demonstration of its interest for the institution’s auto-evaluation, its coherent piloting, and the relationship with the politics. Numbers are numbers and only numbers. They have to be understood, contextualized, criticized, commented and made useful in their specific local situation, but also as part of a more global package of epidemiological data. q Chapter 30: The basic biological assessment, a useful exam? Critical definition evidence-based medicine of the routine screening biological exams. q Chapter 31: A project of “diabetic” quality insurance at the “Maison Médicale Santé Plurielle”. Report of the experience of a multidisciplinary insurance quality program in a primary care health centre. Operational definition of a series of indicators, evaluation of the latter before and after the program. Contributions and limits of the experience. and q Chapter 32 : Conclusion. Thirty-one chapters, it is a lot. And at the same time it is very little: general practice is carried out in a radically different context than it was less than 50 years ago. If it does not clearly redefine its role and tools, there is a risk for it to fall back to defensive and passeist positions which, even though they are necessary facing the increasing medicalization and specialization, are nevertheless not enough to explain its specificity and make it acknowledged. Let us remember that the latter resides essentially in complexity, since it consists of dealing with the human being at the individual level, in a bio-medical and psychodynamic approach, and at the collective level, in terms of public health, and by bringing in various disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, ethno-medicine. In the course of my practice, I felt the need to construct, outside of the bio-medical field which remains the essential reference at the level of the academic knowledge, specific tools allowing to increase the quality of primary care. The tools presented throughout this thesis have been elaborated through a constant back and forth between theory and practice, and according to a path crossing several disciplines. Some of these tools are conceptual, such as the transdisciplinarity and the quaternary prevention, others are methodological, such as the structure of the medical record, the SyloS, the classifications and the thesaurus, the logbook. All these tools are meant to mark out the approach of the general practitioner, to give him some theoretical and practical points of reference able to guide him in the complexity of the situations he encounters, the ultimate goal being to maintain a practice of quality respectful of the singularity of encountered stories and subjects. These specific tools have been tested in the field; they are currently used and integrated by general practitioners and other professionals of primary health care. Their feasibility and use to enhance the quality of care seemed therefore demonstrated, as well as some implantation difficulties, since it engages the care-providers in a reflexive approach, leading them to question the meaning and efficacy of their practices, to better evaluate them.

La démarche d'accréditation JACIE est une démarche volontaire à laquelle se soumettent des programmes de greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH), couvrant les trois activités partenaires (clinique, prélèvement de cellules et ingénierie cellulaire) et leurs interfaces. L'objectif est d'assurer un niveau minimal de qualité, de gestion des risques et d'harmonisation dans la mise en oeuvre des programmes de greffe de CSH en onco-hématologie. La construction et l'exploitation des indicateurs qualité doivent démontrer des progrès objectifs en matière de qualité et de sécurité des soins en retour des investissements consentis pour la mise en place de la démarche JACIE. Dans ce travail, nous proposons d'identifier et d'évaluer la pertinence des indicateurs mis en place dans le cadre de la démarche JACIE à mesurer des bénéfices tangibles (matériels et immatériels) tant pour les patients receveurs d'une greffe, que pour l'établissement de santé qui contribue à leur prise en charge. Pour cela, une enquête a été diffusée auprès de 82 centres accrédités JACIE en France puis dans les autres pays d'Europe. Dans le cadre de l'évaluation des soins pour laquelle la mis en place d'indicateurs est une approche de gestion des risques, nous avons cherché à déterminer si d'une part la construction des indicateurs dans les centres avait suivi une méthodologie de référence et d'autre part si tous les processus à risque de la greffe de CSH faisaient l'objet d'une surveillance / JACIE relies on transplant programs voluntarily applying for accreditation: it is important to understand that programs, rather than centres, apply meaning that all three infrastructures and teams (cell collection, cell processing and patient care unit) jointly engage in the accreditation process. The purpose of JACIE standards is to ensure a minimal level of quality, and harmonize laboratory and clinical practices in the field of onco-hematology. Implementation and follow-up of indicators do not necessarily reflect on quality and safety of patient care. The first aim of this study is to identify indicators set in place by the programs and to assess how their measure could be translated in qualitative benefit or quantitative benefit for the patient or the hospital. A survey was launched to 82 programs that were holding a valid accreditation, starting with French centres, and then extending to accredited programs in other European countries. Quality indicator is a tool for assessing healthcare delivery and indicator approach is commonly employed for risk management in healthcare systems. Thus, the second aim of this study is to understand whether a method was used to implement efficiently the indicators and to evaluate if all the HSCT processes are monitored

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-07-02T12:50:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Ferreira Arrieche Lopez.pdf: 1432775 bytes, checksum: 4eecaefa9d4fccd4d37ec474366634d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-02T12:50:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Ferreira Arrieche Lopez.pdf: 1432775 bytes, checksum: 4eecaefa9d4fccd4d37ec474366634d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-19 / Nenhuma / A temática da segurança do paciente vem sendo discutida sob diferentes abordagens e significados, entre elas, as questões que caracterizam a ocorrência de eventos adversos nos serviços de saúde. Objetivo: rastrear a ocorrência de eventos adversos utilizando a ferramenta Global Trigger Tool proposta pelo Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) em uma Unidade de Internação Pediátrica de um hospital de ensino na cidade de Porto Alegre-RS. Método: estudo retrospectivo de abordagem transversal e analítica realizado na Unidade de Internação Pediátrica (UIP) do Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS). A amostra foi constituída de 209 prontuários de pacientes que tiveram alta da UIP durante o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2013. A coleta dos dados foi realizada através da metodologia proposta pelo Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI). Para análise dos dados foi criado um banco de dados em planilha Excel e foi utilizado o software SPSS versão 13.0. Os dados foram analisados através de tabelas, gráficos, porcentagens, médias e desvio padrão. Resultados: Houve uma predominância de crianças do sexo masculino sendo 124 (59,3%), além disto, foram encontradas 111 (53,1%) lactentes e 60 (28,7%) escolares. Observa-se que a média de internação foi de 6,9 + 18 dias. Aproximadamente 51% das crianças permaneceu hospitalizada por até sete dias e 22,0% por mais de sete dias. Os pacientes eram em sua grande maioria provenientes da emergência pediátrica (63,1%) e dos postos de saúde (18,6%). Dos gatilhos rastreados, dois (1,0%) casos foram do C4 (Hemocultura positiva), um (0,5%) do C14 (complicação relacionada a procedimento) e nenhum caso referente ao gatilho infecções causadas pelos cuidados em saúde. Todos os gatilhos rastreados nos prontuários se enquadraram na categoria de dano E (contribuiu para o dano temporário e necessitou de intervenção). Não foi evidenciado registro referente à ocorrência de evento adverso e nenhum dos danos identificados teve seu desfecho como evento adverso. O desfecho hospitalar de 208 (99,5%) pacientes foi o domicílio e um paciente (0,5%) foi transferido para a emergência pediátrica por agravamento do quadro clínico. Conclusão: A metodologia de revisão retrospectiva de prontuários como método para mensuração de eventos adversos é uma ferramenta de grande utilidade pensando na Segurança do Paciente, porém é necessário adaptá-la para populações pediátricas. A segurança do paciente ainda é um desafio para as instituições de saúde, o maior desafio dessas instituições é transformar o ambiente de saúde para a cultura de segurança do paciente. / The patient safety issue has been discussed under different approaches and meanings, among them the issues that characterize the occurrence of adverse events in health care. Objective: To track the occurrence of adverse events using the Global Trigger Tool proposed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) in a pediatric inpatient unit of a teaching hospital in the city of Porto Alegre – RS. Method: Retrospective study in a comprehensive and analytical approach performed in the Pediatric Inpatient Unit (UIP) of the Hospital São Lucas of PUCRS. The sample consisted of 209 records of patient who were discharged from the UIP during the period of January to December/2013. Data collection was performed using the methodology proposed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI). Data analysis was created a database into an Excel spreadsheet and used the SPSS software version 13.0. Data were analyzed using tables, graphs, percentages, means and standard deviations. Results: There was a predominance of male children and 124 (59.3%), moreover, found 111 (53.1%) infants and 60 (28.7%) students. It is observed that the average hospital stay was 6.9 + 18 days. Approximately 51% of children hospitalized remained for up to seven days and 22.0% for more than seven days. The patients were mostly from the pediatric emergency (63.1%) and primary care units in health (18.6%). The traced triggers, two (1.0%) cases were of C4 (positive blood culture), one (0.5%) of C14 (complication related procedure) and no cases related to trigger infections caused by health care. All triggers traced in the records fit in the category of damage E (contributed to the temporary damage and required intervention). There is no evidence record for the occurrence of adverse events and none of the identified damage had its outcome as an adverse event. The hospital outcome of 208 (99.5%) patients was the home and one patient (0.5%) was transferred to the pediatric emergency for worsening of clinical status. Conclusion: The retrospective review of medical records of methodology as a method for measurement of adverse events is a very useful tool in thinking Patient Safety, however it is necessary to adapt it to pediatric populations. Patient safety is still a challenge for health institutions, the biggest challenge of these institutions is to transform the healthcare environment for patient safety culture.

Medicaid Disproportionate Share Hospital (DSH) payment is one of the major funds supporting health care providers as they treat low-income patients. However, Medicaid DSH payments have been targeted for major budget cuts in many health policy reforms. This study examines the association between the changes in Medicaid DSH payments resulting from the BBA policy changes and hospital outcomes, in terms of hospital provision of uncompensated care and quality of care. Economic theory of non-profit hospital behavior is used as a conceptual framework, and longitudinal data for California short-term, non-federal general acute care hospitals for 1996-2003 are examined. California was especially affected by DSH changes because it is one of the states with highly concentrated DSH payments and high uninsured rate. Economic theory suggests that hospitals would change their uncompensated care provision as well as quality of care when confronted with a reduction in public payments. Hospital uncompensated care costs and percent of operating costs devoted to uncompensated care are used to measure the provision of hospital uncompensated care. Six AHRQ’s Patient safety indicators (PSIs) and one composite measure are selected to measure hospital quality of care provided for Medicaid and uninsured patients as well as privately insured patients. The key independent variable is Medicaid DSH payments received by individual hospitals. This study also includes control variables such as other governmental financial subsidies, market characteristics, and hospital characteristics. The primary data sources include the detailed hospital annual financial data and Medicaid annual report data at the county level from California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) state inpatient data (SID), American Hospital Association Annual Survey, Area Resource File, Interstudy HMO Data and Medicare cost report data. After controlling for different factors, the study findings suggest that not-for-profit hospitals may reduce their provision of uncompensated care in response to reductions of Medicaid DSH payments. The results, however, do not support the hypotheses that for-profit hospitals may reduce uncompensated care by a smaller degree than not-for-profit hospitals for a comparable DSH decline. With respect to quality of care model, the overall study findings do not strongly support there is an association between net Medicaid DSH payments and patient adverse events for both Medicaid/uninsured and privately insured.

<p>The overall aim of this thesis was to gain a deeper understanding about parents’ perceptions of quality of care and their own involvement in pediatric hospital care.</p><p>Parental involvement in the care of hospitalized children has gained increased attention in recent years. The aim of this thesis was to study parental involvement in pediatric hospital care and investigate its association to the work conditions of pediatric hospital staff. </p><p>The first study validated a parent questionnaire that measured parents’ views of the quality of care. The questionnaire measures quality of care by means of eight indices and an overall quality grade. Results showed that the questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability. </p><p>Study 2 examined whether there were differences in quality ratings between respondents and non-respondents to the parent questionnaire. The main parent questionnaire was distributed in hospital and a follow-up questionnaire was sent home to a random sample of parents three week after the hospital visit. This study pinpointed a number of difficulties that need to be considered when conducting investigations of non-response.</p><p>The third study aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of factors that influence parents’ views of their own involvement in pediatric care. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents of chronically ill children. Four themes emerged from the interviews: support, professionalism, work environment and responsibility. Underlying these four themes is a need for a clear communication between staff and parents.</p><p>The fourth study examined hospital staff’s perceptions of parental involvement and possible consequences for staff work environment. A questionnaire was sent out to hospital staff at oncology, neurology and surgery units at three university children’s hospitals. Hospital staff on oncology units gave higher ratings to their workplace routines for involving parents in the child’s care, and experienced less work strain from parental demands, compared to staff on the other units. </p><p>The results of this thesis indicate a clear association between parental involvement in pediatric care and the work conditions of pediatric hospital staff. </p>

<p>Insufficient competence among nursing staff is a major concern in elderly care worldwide as the healthcare needs of the elderly become increasingly complex. In previous research, insufficient competence has been associated with work dissatisfaction and stress among elderly care nurses, and with lower quality of care. This thesis describes the development, implementation and evaluation of an educational intervention for nursing staff in elderly care. In a prospective, controlled study, evaluation of the educational toolbox was based on nursing staff ratings of their competence and psychosocial work environment, as well as on care recipients’ and family relatives’ ratings of the quality of elderly care.</p><p>Paper I validated a questionnaire measuring care recipient relatives’ perceptions of quality of care. Paper II compared self-rated competence, work strain, stress, and work satisfaction between staff working in home-based care and nursing homes. Papers III and IV evaluated the impact of the educational intervention on staff perceptions of their competence and psychosocial work environment (Paper III) and on care recipients’ and relatives’ perceptions of the quality of care (Paper IV).</p><p>The results showed that staff ratings of their competence and psychosocial work environment, including work satisfaction and work stress, improved significantly over time in the intervention municipality, compared to the reference group. Neither care recipients’ nor relatives’ ratings of the quality of care changed significantly over time in the intervention organization. Furthermore, there were no significant interaction effects over time between the intervention and reference groups for quality ratings. These results indicate that an educational toolbox that can be used according to local workplace needs may be an effective and sustainable intervention for improving staff competence and the psychosocial work environment. However, further studies are needed to investigate whether, and under what conditions, improved staff competence and work environment have an impact on quality of care.</p>

The overall aim of this thesis was to describe experiences of emergency treatment among people injured in traffic accidents, and to test and evaluate the effects of follow-up telephone calls from a nurse during the subsequent phase. The thesis is based on four sub-studies of motorists, bicyclists, and pedestrians who had fallen in traffic during the years 2002-2005. The participants were aged 18 to 70 years old and had minor (MAIS 1) or nonminor (MAIS 2+) injuries. Sub-study I was a qualitative study in which individual narrative interviews were conducted with nine persons who had sustained traffic injuries. The aim of this study was to describe the injured individuals’ experiences of pre-hospital and hospital care and subsequent rehabilitation. The interviews were analysed using content analysis, and the experiences of the interviewees were formulated into four themes: facing commotion, experiencing trust and security, lacking security and support, and struggling to return to everyday life. The results showed that a sensitive caregiver who provides comprehensible information facilitates both the emergency treatment and the subsequent period of care and rehabilitation. Sub-study II was a cross-sectional study in which the participants (n=565) estimated their perceptions of the quality of care in the accident and emergency department (A&amp;E) after an injury event. The Mini-KUPP (“Quality from the Patient’s Perspective”) questionnaire was used to estimate quality of care at the A&amp;E. The questionnaire was posted to the subjects’ home addresses three weeks after the visit to the A&amp;E. The results showed that the quality of care was scored on the top half of the scale by all three road user categories. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, significant connections emerged between good quality of care and a short waiting time, non-minor injuries (MAIS2+), higher age, and higher levels of education. The factor most closely associated with the perception of good quality of care was a short waiting time. Sub-study III was a stratified and randomised intervention study including 568 injured persons. In addition to modern trauma care, the intervention group received follow-up via telephone, three weeks after the injury, by a nurse who provided advice and support during the rehabilitation period. The control group received modern trauma care but no follow-up. Both groups estimated their health-related quality of life two weeks (baseline) and six months after the injury. After six months, estimates of health-related quality of life were generally higher in the intervention group than in the control group. A sub-group analysis found that the differences were most pronounced for the group who had received adequate advice in connection with the telephone follow-up. Of the three road user categories, the motorists gained the greatest benefit from the telephone intervention, with milder problems with regard to pains/difficulties and essential activities. Sub study IV was a health economic study. The calculations were built on the results from study III (n=568). A cost utility analysis was performed, including the costs for the intervention and the QALYs gained. The results showed that the telephone intervention was cost-effective. The total gain in the intervention group was 2.60 QALYs, while the car occupants gained 1.54 QALYs. The cost per QALY gained was 16 000 SEK overall and 8 500 SEK for car occupants. Conclusion: A sensitive caregiver who also provides good information can instil security and trust in the patient. For the purposes of generally improving the quality of care in an A&amp;E, the aim above all should be a short waiting time, but the treatment of minor injuries should also be improved. Access to a supportive nurse who is able to provide advice during the subsequent phase has the potential to improve health-related quality of life in a cost-effective way.

The overall aim of this thesis was to gain a deeper understanding about parents’ perceptions of quality of care and their own involvement in pediatric hospital care. Parental involvement in the care of hospitalized children has gained increased attention in recent years. The aim of this thesis was to study parental involvement in pediatric hospital care and investigate its association to the work conditions of pediatric hospital staff. The first study validated a parent questionnaire that measured parents’ views of the quality of care. The questionnaire measures quality of care by means of eight indices and an overall quality grade. Results showed that the questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability. Study 2 examined whether there were differences in quality ratings between respondents and non-respondents to the parent questionnaire. The main parent questionnaire was distributed in hospital and a follow-up questionnaire was sent home to a random sample of parents three week after the hospital visit. This study pinpointed a number of difficulties that need to be considered when conducting investigations of non-response. The third study aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of factors that influence parents’ views of their own involvement in pediatric care. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents of chronically ill children. Four themes emerged from the interviews: support, professionalism, work environment and responsibility. Underlying these four themes is a need for a clear communication between staff and parents. The fourth study examined hospital staff’s perceptions of parental involvement and possible consequences for staff work environment. A questionnaire was sent out to hospital staff at oncology, neurology and surgery units at three university children’s hospitals. Hospital staff on oncology units gave higher ratings to their workplace routines for involving parents in the child’s care, and experienced less work strain from parental demands, compared to staff on the other units. The results of this thesis indicate a clear association between parental involvement in pediatric care and the work conditions of pediatric hospital staff.

Insufficient competence among nursing staff is a major concern in elderly care worldwide as the healthcare needs of the elderly become increasingly complex. In previous research, insufficient competence has been associated with work dissatisfaction and stress among elderly care nurses, and with lower quality of care. This thesis describes the development, implementation and evaluation of an educational intervention for nursing staff in elderly care. In a prospective, controlled study, evaluation of the educational toolbox was based on nursing staff ratings of their competence and psychosocial work environment, as well as on care recipients’ and family relatives’ ratings of the quality of elderly care. Paper I validated a questionnaire measuring care recipient relatives’ perceptions of quality of care. Paper II compared self-rated competence, work strain, stress, and work satisfaction between staff working in home-based care and nursing homes. Papers III and IV evaluated the impact of the educational intervention on staff perceptions of their competence and psychosocial work environment (Paper III) and on care recipients’ and relatives’ perceptions of the quality of care (Paper IV). The results showed that staff ratings of their competence and psychosocial work environment, including work satisfaction and work stress, improved significantly over time in the intervention municipality, compared to the reference group. Neither care recipients’ nor relatives’ ratings of the quality of care changed significantly over time in the intervention organization. Furthermore, there were no significant interaction effects over time between the intervention and reference groups for quality ratings. These results indicate that an educational toolbox that can be used according to local workplace needs may be an effective and sustainable intervention for improving staff competence and the psychosocial work environment. However, further studies are needed to investigate whether, and under what conditions, improved staff competence and work environment have an impact on quality of care.