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Clinical evaluation of fixation characteristics and visual acuity outcomes in human amblyopiaCleary, Marie January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
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Understanding the neural basis of amblyopia.Barrett, Brendan T., Bradley, A., McGraw, Paul V. January 2004 (has links)
No / Amblyopia is the condition in which reduced visual function exists despite full optical correction and an absence of observable ocular pathology. Investigation of the underlying neurology of this condition began in earnest around 40 years ago with the pioneering studies conducted by Hubel and Wiesel. Their early work on the impact of monocular deprivation and strabismus initiated what is now a rapidly developing field of cortical plasticity research. Although the monocular deprivation paradigm originated by Hubel and Wiesel remains a key experimental manipulation in studies of cortical plasticity, somewhat ironically, the neurology underlying the human conditions of strabismus and amblyopia that motivated this early work remains elusive. In this review, the authors combine contemporary research on plasticity and development with data from human and animal investigations of amblyopic populations to assess what is known and to reexamine some of the key assumptions about human amblyopia.
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Impacto da ambliopia estrabísmica e anisometrópica na visão de cores e de contraste espacial com diferentes níveis de complexidade / Impact of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia in color vision and contrast sensitivity of different levels of complexityZagui, Roberta Melissa Benetti 24 May 2019 (has links)
Introdução: Ambliopia é uma alteração neurológica cortical causada por experiência visual anormal durante o período crítico do desenvolvimento visual. Trabalhos recentes vêm demonstrando que além das conhecidas alterações visuais classicamente descritas na ambliopia, como a acuidade visual, inúmeras funções perceptuais da visão (locais e globais) estão afetadas. Objetivo: Analisar e comparar o impacto de diferentes tipos de ambliopia no processamento visual de cor e sensibilidade ao contraste (SC). Material e métodos: Foram estudados 42 indivíduos amblíopes de 7-40 anos (estrabismo n=16, anisometropia n=18 e de causa mista n=8) e 33 controles pareados por idade. Testou-se a visão de cores pela medida de limiar de cromaticidade para os eixos protan, deutan e tritan com o Cambridge Color Test (CCT-v.02), a sensibilidade ao contraste (SC) espacial de luminância de primeira ordem para as frequências espaciais 0,4; 1,6; 3,2; 6,4; 12,8 cpg, segunda ordem para as frequências 0,4; 1,6; 3,2; 6,4 cpg e contraste radial para as frequências espaciais 0,4; 1,6; 3,2; 6,4; 12,8 cpg com o sistema Psyknematix (v.1.4.3. Kybervision Consulting R&D). Resultados: Não houve alteração na discriminação de cores em amblíopes; mas redução de sensibilidade ao contraste para estímulo linear de primeira ordem para a frequência espacial 0,4 cpg (F= 3,24, p= 0,027) nos olhos dominantes dos amblíopes estrábicos e 12,8 cpg (F= 6,71, p= 0,002) nos olhos não dominantes de indivíduos amblíopes por anisometropia e de causa mista; redução da SC de segunda ordem para a frequência espacial 6,4 cpg (F =5,30, p= 0,002) nos olhos não dominantes dos amblíopes anisométropes e mista e redução de SC radial para a frequência espacial 1,6cpg (F= 3,79; p= 0,014), 3,2cpg (F= 2,84; p= 0,044), 6,4cpg (F= 5,19; p= 0,003) e 12,8 cpg (F= 9,80; p< 0,001) nos olhos não dominantes do grupo de ambliopia mista e para a frequência espacial 12,8cpg para todos os grupos de ambliopia em relação aos controles. Conclusão: Não há impacto na discriminação de cores para nenhum tipo de ambliopia. Existem diferentes impactos para a sensibilidade ao contraste de distintos níveis de complexidade entre diferentes tipos de ambliopia, e o tipo mista apresenta pior desempenho para todas as funções, desde as mais elementares às mais complexas / Introduction: Amblyopia is a cortical neural disfunction caused by abnormal visual experience during critical period of visual development. Recent work has shown that beyond deficits on visual acuity many other perceptual visual functions (local and global) are affected. Purpose: To analyze and compare the impact of different types of amblyopia on visual processing of color vision and contrast sensitivity. Methods: We studied 42 amblyopes aged 7-40 years (strabismus n=16, anisometropia n=18 and mixed n=8 ) and 33 age-matched controls. We tested color vision by chromaticity threshold measurement for protan, deutan and tritan axes with Cambridge Color Test (CCT-v.2.0) and spatial contrast sensitivity of luminance (SC) of first order for spatial frequencies (sf) 0.4; 1.6; 3.2; 6.4; 12.8 cpd; second order for frequencies 0.4; 1.6; 3.2; 6.4 cpd and radial contrast for frequencies 0.4; 1.6; 3.2; 6.4; 12.8 cpd with Psyknematix System (v.1.4.3. Kybervision Consulting R&D). Results: Our results demonstrate no alterations on colour discrimination in amblyopes. Decrease of contrast sensitivity for first order stimuli for frequency 0.4 cpd (F = 3.24, p = 0.027) in dominant eyes of strabismic amblyopia and for 12.8 cpd (F = 6.71, p = 0.002) in nondominant eyes of amblyopic individuals with anisometropia and mixed cause; decrease of CS for second order stimuli for 12,8 cpd (F = 5.30, p = 0.002) in nondominant eyes of anisomotropic and mixed amblyopia and decrease of radial SC for frequency 1.6cpd (F = 3.79 , p = 0.014), 3.2cpd (F = 2.84, p = 0.044), 6.4cpd (F = 5.19, p = 0.003) and 12.8 cpd (F = 9.80, p <0.001 ) in non-dominant eyes of mixed amblyopia and for frequency 12.8 cpd for all amblyopia groups compared to control. Conclusion: There is no impact in color discrimination of any group of amblyopia. There are different impacts between types of amblyopia on contrast sensitivity of different levels of complexity. Mixed type presents the worst performance for all functions from the most elementary to the most complex stimuli
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Comparação entre o PERG e o PEVP de crianças com ambliopia estrábica e anisometrópicaLima, Luiz Cláudio Santos de Souza January 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017 / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Centro de Ciência Médicas / A ambliopia é uma desordem neurológica do desenvolvimento visual que se manifesta com a
redução de capacidades sensoriais em ambos os olhos ou mais comumente de forma monocular,
diante da total correção óptica e na ausência de anormalidades do exame clínico. Está associada
ao estrabismo e a anisometropia e menos frequentemente à privação visual. As ambliopias
estrábica e anisometrópicas apresentam diferenças nas suas fisiopatologias. Comparamos as
respostas eletrofisiológicas das ambliopias estrábica e anisometrópicas com o
eletroretinograma padrão (PERG) e o potencial evocado visual padrão (PVEP). Cinquenta e
seis pacientes, 18 crianças amblíopes anisometrópicas hipermetrópicas (idade média e desviopadrão
9,7 ± 2,5); 19 crianças com ambliopia estrábica esotrópica (idade média e desvio padrão
10,3 ± 2,6) e 19 crianças emétropes normais (idade média e desvio-padrão 10,1 ± 2,2) foram
divididos em três grupos. Após o exame oftalmológico de rotina, o eletroretinograma padrão
(PERG) e o potencial evocação visual padrão (PVEP) foram registrados em respostas a um
estímulo de padrão reverso à taxa de duas reversões/segundo. A diferença entre ambliopia
anisometrópica hipermetrópica e ambliopia estrábica em relação às latências das ondas P100 /
P50 / N95 (p = 0,055 / 0,855 / 0,132) e as amplitudes P100 / P50 / N95 (p = 0,980 / 0,095 /
0,045) não foi estatisticamente significante. No entanto, houve uma diferença estatística
significante entre a ambliopia estrábica e os controles com relação às latências das ondas P100
/ P50 / N95 (p = 0,000 / 0,006 / 0,004). Nossos achados indicam que, apesar das diferenças
clínicas e fisiopatológicas entre pacientes amblíopes estrábicos esotrópicos e os pacientes com
ambliopia anisometrópica hipermetrópica, não foram encontradas diferenças nas respostas de
PVEP e PERG. Os componentes anormais do PVEP e PERG em crianças amblíopes podem
refletir uma disfunção da retina e da via visual. / Amblyopia is a neurological disorder of visual development manifested by the reduction of
sensory abilities in both eyes or more commonly monocular in the face of total optical
correction and absence of clinical examination abnormalities. It is associated with strabismus
and anisometropia, and less often with visual deprivation. Strabismus amblyopia and
anisometropic amblyopia present clinical differences and their pathophysiology. We compared
the electrophysiological responses of the strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia with the
pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and the pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP). Fifty-six
patients, 18 hypermetropic anisometropic amblyopic children (mean age and standard deviation
9.7 ± 2.5); 19 children with esotropic strabismus amblyopia (mean age and standard deviation
10.3 ± 2.6) and 19 normal emetopic children (mean age and standard deviation 10.1 ± 2.2) were
divided into three groups. After routine ophthalmologic examination, the pattern
electroretinogram (PERG) and standard visual evoked potential (PVEP) were recorded in
responses to a reverse pattern stimulus at the rate of two reversions/second. The difference
between hypermetropic anisometropic amblyopia and strabismus esotropic amblyopia in
relation to P100 / P50 / N95 wave latencies (p = 0.055 / 0.855 / 0.132) and P100 / P50 / N95
amplitudes (p = 0.980 / 0.095 / 0.045) was not statistically significant. However, there was a
statistically significant difference between strabismic amblyopia and controls with respect to
P100 / P50 / N95 wave latencies (p = 0.000 / 0.006 / 0.004). Our findings indicate that, despite
clinical and pathophysiological differences between esotropic strabismus-amblyopic patients
and patients with hypermetropic anisometropic amblyopia, no differences in PVEP and PERG
responses were found. Abnormal PVEP and PERG components in amblyopic children may
reflect retinal and visual pathway dysfunction.
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The functional impact of amblyopia and its associated conditions : an investigation of the potential disability associated with amblyopia and its associated conditionsPanesar, Gurvinder K. January 2010 (has links)
In the past decade, considerable attention has been paid to examination of the impact of amblyopia, and strabismus, upon the lives of the individuals. Although an extensive amount of literature exists regarding amblyopia and its associated visual defects, little is known about the contribution of the amblyopic eye in the habitual viewing condition (i.e. both eyes viewing). The purpose of these studies was to determine whether amblyopes are disadvantaged in the performance of tasks under habitual viewing conditions, highlighting any functional differences which may exist as a consequence of amblyopia. Secondly, the work aimed to investigate whether the amblyopic eye contributes to the habitual performance of these tasks. A simple light detection task, in a dichoptic arrangement based upon blue/yellow stimuli viewed through yellow filters, was used to investigate the above two aims and investigate the degree of interocular suppression in amblyopic participants. Using a 3D motion analysis system performance was assessed for an obstacle crossing task (adaptive gait) and a task of reaching for and grasping of an isolated object and in a 'cluttered' environment. Fine motor skills were assessed in a threading a needle task. On the whole it was found that amblyopes are not disadvantaged under habitual viewing conditions, and in cases where differences were found to exist this appeared to be in tasks requiring speed and accuracy. Consistently across all studies it was found that the amblyopic eye contributed in a positive manner, thus, as in visual normals, two eyes are better than one.
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Psychophysical studies of binocular and spatial vision in humans with anisometropic and strabismic amblyopiaAgrawal, Ritwick. January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 49 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-47).
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The functional impact of amblyopia and its associated conditions : an investigation of the potential disability associated with amblyopia and its associated conditions.Panesar, Gurvinder K. January 2010 (has links)
In the past decade, considerable attention has been paid to examination of the impact of
amblyopia, and strabismus, upon the lives of the individuals. Although an extensive
amount of literature exists regarding amblyopia and its associated visual defects, little is
known about the contribution of the amblyopic eye in the habitual viewing condition
(i.e. both eyes viewing). The purpose of these studies was to determine whether
amblyopes are disadvantaged in the performance of tasks under habitual viewing
conditions, highlighting any functional differences which may exist as a consequence of
amblyopia. Secondly, the work aimed to investigate whether the amblyopic eye
contributes to the habitual performance of these tasks.
A simple light detection task, in a dichoptic arrangement based upon blue/yellow
stimuli viewed through yellow filters, was used to investigate the above two aims and
investigate the degree of interocular suppression in amblyopic participants. Using a 3D
motion analysis system performance was assessed for an obstacle crossing task
(adaptive gait) and a task of reaching for and grasping of an isolated object and in a
¿cluttered¿ environment. Fine motor skills were assessed in a threading a needle task.
On the whole it was found that amblyopes are not disadvantaged under habitual viewing
conditions, and in cases where differences were found to exist this appeared to be in
tasks requiring speed and accuracy. Consistently across all studies it was found that the
amblyopic eye contributed in a positive manner, thus, as in visual normals, two eyes are
better than one.
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Tratamento da aniseiconia induzida na correção óptica de anisometropia em crianças / Treatment of aniseikonia induced by optical correction of anisometropia in childrenPrimiano Júnior, Hélio Paulo 30 April 2019 (has links)
OBJETIVOS: Comparar a aniseiconia e a estereopsia em escolares anisometropes do primeiro ano do ensino fundamental corrigidos com lentes oftálmicas de estoque com curvas-base selecionadas para minimizar a diferença de tamanho interocular das imagens retínicas e com lentes iseicônicas sugeridas pelo software Aniseikonia Inspector 3 e verificar a preferência dos escolares por uma destas formas de correção. MÉTODOS: Dezenove escolares com anisometropia >= 1,5 D em meridianos correspondentes no uso de óculos com lentes oftálmicas de estoque e com lentes iseicônicas foram avaliados para aniseiconia (software niseikonia Inspector 3) e estereopsia (teste Stereo Fly test com símbolos LEA. A preferência por uma das formas de correção foi verificada após 40-50 dias de uso dos óculos. RESULTADOS: As médias e os desvios-padrão das aniseiconias vertical e horizontal no uso de óculos com lentes oftálmicas de estoque e com lentes iseicônicas foram, respectivamente, -1,05% ± 2,20% e -1,37% ± 2,36% (p=0,82739) e -0,895% ± 2,23% e -1,16% ± 2,03% (p=0,77018). Os optotipos que sugerem estereopsia < 100 segundos de arco foram identificados por por 31,6% dos escolares corrigidos com lentes iseicônicas e por 21,1% dos escolares corrigidos com lentes oftálmicas de estoque (p= 0,475). Em relação à preferência, 4/15 (26,7%) escolheram os óculos com lentes iseicônicas, 2/15 (13,3%) escolheram os óculos com lentes oftálmicas de estoque e para 9/15 (60%) a escolha foi indiferente. CONCLUSÃO: A aniseiconia induzida nos escolares anisometropes corrigidos com lentes iseicônicas sugeridas pelo software Aniseikonia Inspector 3 foi similar à obtida na correção com lentes oftálmicas de estoque com curvas-base selecionadas para minimizar a diferença de tamanho interocular das imagens retínicas / OBJECTIVES: To compare the aniseikonia and the stereopsis in children of the first-year of elementary school with anisometropia corrected with stock ophthalmic lenses with base curve selected to minimize the interocular size difference of retinal images and with size lenses suggested by the software Aniseikonia Inspector 3, and to check the preference of them for one of these forms of correction. METHODS: Nineteen school children with anisometropia >= 1.5 D in corresponding meridians, in the use of glasses with stock ophthalmic lenses and with size lenses were evaluated for aniseikonia (software Aniseikonia Inspector 3) and stereopsis (Stereo Fly test with LEA symbols). The preference for one of the forms of correction was verified after 40-50 days of wearing glasses. RESULTS: The mean and standard deviations of the vertical and horizontal aniseikonia in the use of glasses with stock ophthalmic lenses and with size lenses were, respectively,-1.05% ± 2.20% and -1.37% ± 2.36% (p = 0,82739) and -0.895% ± 2.23% and -1.16% ± 2.03% (p = 0,77018). 31.6% of the school children corrected with size lenses and 21.1% of the students corrected with stock ophthalmic lenses identified the optotypes that suggest stereopsis less than 100 seconds of arc (p = 0.475). Regarding the preference, 4/15 (26.7%) of the students chose the glasses with size lenses, 2/15 (13.3%) chose the glasses with stock ophthalmic lenses, and for 9/15 (60%) the choice was indifferent. CONCLUSION: The induced aniseikonia in school children with anisometropia corrected with size lenses suggested by the software Aniseikonia Inspector 3 was similar to that obtained in the correction with stock ophthalmic lenses with base curves selected to minimize the difference of interocular size of retinalimages
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Componentes oculares em anisometropia / The ocular components in anisometropiaTayah, David 06 December 2007 (has links)
Objetivo: Em anisométropes, comparar os valores médios individuais dos componentes oculares de ambos os olhos (poder da córnea, profundidade da câmara anterior, poder equivalente do cristalino e comprimento axial), correlacionar as diferenças dos componentes oculares com as diferenças de refração de ambos os olhos; verificar a contribuição total e a seqüência geral de influência das variáveis na diferença refrativa; e identificar o menor número de fatores que contenham o mesmo grau de informações expressas no conjunto de variáveis que influenciam na diferença refrativa. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal analítico em população de 77 anisométropes de duas ou mais dioptrias, atendida no ambulatório de Oftalmologia do Hospital Universitário da Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas. Os anisométropes foram submetidos à refração estática objetiva e subjetiva, ceratometria e biometria ultra-sônica A-scan. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio dos seguintes modelos estatísticos: análise univariada, multivariada, de regressão múltipla e fatorial. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas na comparação dos valores médios individuais dos componentes oculares entre os olhos. Houve correlação negativa média entre a diferença refrativa e a diferença de comprimento axial (r=-0,64) (P<0,01) e correlação negativa fraca entre a diferença refrativa e a diferença de poder do cristalino (r=-0,34) (p<0,01). As variáveis analisadas responderam, no seu conjunto, por 78% da variação total para a diferença refrativa. A seqüência geral de influência das variáveis na diferença refrativa foi a seguinte: comprimento axial, poder do cristalino, poder da córnea e profundidade da câmara anterior. Foram identificados três fatores para a diferença refrativa: a) fator 1 (refração, comprimento axial); b) fator 2 (profundidade da câmera anterior, poder da córnea) e c) fator 3 (poder do cristalino). Conclusões: O estudo conduzido em 77 indivíduos com anisometropias variando de 2,00 a mais de 19,00 dioptrias, realizado para avaliar a influência dos componentes oculares, mostrou que o comprimento axial foi o principal fator causador das anisometropias, seguido pelo cristalino que contribuiu menos, depois pela córnea e profundidade da câmara anterior, com contribuições ainda menores. A investigação sugere falência no mecanismo adaptativo normal em anisometropia, o que poderia produzir não só descontrole do alongamento do comprimento axial (fator 1), mas também falência no controle do aplanamento da córnea e do aprofundamento da câmara anterior (fator 2) e no achatamento do cristalino (fator 3). / Purpose: To compare the individual means of ocular components of both eyes (corneal power, anterior chamber depth, crystalline lens power and axial length) in patients with anisometropia; to correlate the differences of the ocular components with refractive differences in both eyes; to verify total contribution and the sequence of influence that variables have in refractive differences, and to identify the smallest number of factors that contain the same level of information expressed in the set of variables that influence refractive difference. Methods: An analytical transversal study was carried out in 77 patients with anisometropia of two or more dioptres seen at the Ophthalmologic Clinic, University Hospital, Medical School Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazon state. All participants were submitted to ophthalmologic exam which included objective and subjective cycloplegic refractometry, keratometry and ultrasonic biometry. Data analysis comprised the following statistical models: univariate, multivariate, multiple and factorial regression analyses. Results: There were no significant differences in the comparison of the individual means of the ocular components. There was negative correlation between refractive difference and difference of axial length (r=- 0.64; p<0.01) and weak negative correlation between refractive difference and crystalline lens power difference (r=-0.34; p< 0.01). The analyzed variables amounted to 78% of the total variation of refractive difference. The general sequence of variables influencing refractive difference was: axial length, crystalline lens power, cornea power, and anterior chamber depth. There were three factors identified for refractive differences: a) factor 1 (refraction, axial length); b) factor 2 (anterior chamber depth, cornea power), and c) factor 3 (crystalline lens power). Conclusions: Seventy-seven cases of anisometropia ranging from 2,00 to over 19,00 dioptres, examined for the individual components of refraction, showed that axial length was the major causative factor; crystalline lens have contributed less, followed by cornea and anterior chamber length. This study has suggested deficit of the normal adaptive mechanism in anisometropia that could produce not only axial elongation (factor 1), but also failure to control flattening of the cornea, deepening of the anterior chamber length (factor 2) and flattening of crystalline lens (factor 3).
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Componentes oculares em anisometropia / The ocular components in anisometropiaDavid Tayah 06 December 2007 (has links)
Objetivo: Em anisométropes, comparar os valores médios individuais dos componentes oculares de ambos os olhos (poder da córnea, profundidade da câmara anterior, poder equivalente do cristalino e comprimento axial), correlacionar as diferenças dos componentes oculares com as diferenças de refração de ambos os olhos; verificar a contribuição total e a seqüência geral de influência das variáveis na diferença refrativa; e identificar o menor número de fatores que contenham o mesmo grau de informações expressas no conjunto de variáveis que influenciam na diferença refrativa. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal analítico em população de 77 anisométropes de duas ou mais dioptrias, atendida no ambulatório de Oftalmologia do Hospital Universitário da Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas. Os anisométropes foram submetidos à refração estática objetiva e subjetiva, ceratometria e biometria ultra-sônica A-scan. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio dos seguintes modelos estatísticos: análise univariada, multivariada, de regressão múltipla e fatorial. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas na comparação dos valores médios individuais dos componentes oculares entre os olhos. Houve correlação negativa média entre a diferença refrativa e a diferença de comprimento axial (r=-0,64) (P<0,01) e correlação negativa fraca entre a diferença refrativa e a diferença de poder do cristalino (r=-0,34) (p<0,01). As variáveis analisadas responderam, no seu conjunto, por 78% da variação total para a diferença refrativa. A seqüência geral de influência das variáveis na diferença refrativa foi a seguinte: comprimento axial, poder do cristalino, poder da córnea e profundidade da câmara anterior. Foram identificados três fatores para a diferença refrativa: a) fator 1 (refração, comprimento axial); b) fator 2 (profundidade da câmera anterior, poder da córnea) e c) fator 3 (poder do cristalino). Conclusões: O estudo conduzido em 77 indivíduos com anisometropias variando de 2,00 a mais de 19,00 dioptrias, realizado para avaliar a influência dos componentes oculares, mostrou que o comprimento axial foi o principal fator causador das anisometropias, seguido pelo cristalino que contribuiu menos, depois pela córnea e profundidade da câmara anterior, com contribuições ainda menores. A investigação sugere falência no mecanismo adaptativo normal em anisometropia, o que poderia produzir não só descontrole do alongamento do comprimento axial (fator 1), mas também falência no controle do aplanamento da córnea e do aprofundamento da câmara anterior (fator 2) e no achatamento do cristalino (fator 3). / Purpose: To compare the individual means of ocular components of both eyes (corneal power, anterior chamber depth, crystalline lens power and axial length) in patients with anisometropia; to correlate the differences of the ocular components with refractive differences in both eyes; to verify total contribution and the sequence of influence that variables have in refractive differences, and to identify the smallest number of factors that contain the same level of information expressed in the set of variables that influence refractive difference. Methods: An analytical transversal study was carried out in 77 patients with anisometropia of two or more dioptres seen at the Ophthalmologic Clinic, University Hospital, Medical School Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazon state. All participants were submitted to ophthalmologic exam which included objective and subjective cycloplegic refractometry, keratometry and ultrasonic biometry. Data analysis comprised the following statistical models: univariate, multivariate, multiple and factorial regression analyses. Results: There were no significant differences in the comparison of the individual means of the ocular components. There was negative correlation between refractive difference and difference of axial length (r=- 0.64; p<0.01) and weak negative correlation between refractive difference and crystalline lens power difference (r=-0.34; p< 0.01). The analyzed variables amounted to 78% of the total variation of refractive difference. The general sequence of variables influencing refractive difference was: axial length, crystalline lens power, cornea power, and anterior chamber depth. There were three factors identified for refractive differences: a) factor 1 (refraction, axial length); b) factor 2 (anterior chamber depth, cornea power), and c) factor 3 (crystalline lens power). Conclusions: Seventy-seven cases of anisometropia ranging from 2,00 to over 19,00 dioptres, examined for the individual components of refraction, showed that axial length was the major causative factor; crystalline lens have contributed less, followed by cornea and anterior chamber length. This study has suggested deficit of the normal adaptive mechanism in anisometropia that could produce not only axial elongation (factor 1), but also failure to control flattening of the cornea, deepening of the anterior chamber length (factor 2) and flattening of crystalline lens (factor 3).
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