Denna uppsats analyserar den medvetandefilosofiska debatten mellan Donald Davidson och Jaegwon Kim rörande Davidsons tes om det mentalas superveniens på det fysiska. Tesen utgör ett element i Davidsons generella teori om relationen mellan det mentala och det fysiska; anomal monism. Författaren frågar sig om Kim har rätt i att tesen om mental superveniens inte är tillräcklig för att garantera det mentala kausal kraft. I uppsatsen analyseras de båda filosofernas ståndpunkter i debatten med speciell tonvikt på deras respektive definitioner av superveniensbegreppet. Med utgångspunkt i detta argumenterar författarinnan att Kim i viss utsträckning kan sägas ha missförstått Davidsons superveniens-begrepp. Kim har definierat "svag" respektive "stark" och velat tolka Davidsons superveniens som tillhörande den sistnämnda sorten. Uppsatsförfattaren intar en ståndpunkt motsatt Kims och menar att Davidsons superveniensbegrepp snarare bör förstås som en variant av svag superveniens, men konstaterar samtidigt att det inte är helt säkert att dennes superveniens alls kan inordnas i någon av dessa kategorier; dessa refererar till "möjliga världar", vilka Davidson vägrar acceptera. / This paper analyses the debate between Donald Davidson and Jaegwon Kim concerning Davidsons idea of the supervenience of the mental upon the physical. This thought is part of Davidson's general theory of the relation between mind and body; anomalous monism. The author asks wherther Kim is right that mental supervenience is insufficient to gurantee the mental causal power. The paper analyses the standpoints of both philosophers, especially regarding their definitions of "supervenience" and argues that Kim, to some extent, can be said to have misunderstood Davidson's notion of supervenience. Kim has offered definitons of "weak" and "strong" supervenience and interpreted Davidsons supervenience as being of the kind last mentioned. The author takes a standpoint opposite of Kim's and argues that Davidson's notion of supervenience is better understood as weak supervenience, but at the same time notes that it is by no means obvious that Davidsons supervenience can be said to belong to either of these categories since these refer to "possible worlds", which Davidson refuses to accept.

Alterations in self-experience is a relatively omitted topic in czech literature. For that reason, the following diploma thesis deals with this issue, in relation to unipolar depression and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The thesis is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical part of the research. Each chapter of the theoretical part summarizes the crucial information about schizophrenia and other disorders from schizophrenia spectrum that later appears in the research sample - as well as depression. The chapter describes symptomatology, diagnostics, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis and the treatment of the abovementioned disorders. Hereafter, the subject of alterations in self-experience is introduced and the two main phenomenologically oriented approaches to this phenomena. After that, the concrete manifestations of alterations in self-experience in schizophrenic disorders and depression are outlined. The concluding chapter of the theoretical part provides a brief account of the most famous methods in the research that focuses on alterations in self-experience. The research part of the thesis includes two sections. The first one aims to compare the changes in the experience of self in schizophrenic disorders and depression. For this purpose, the newly developed Self-disturbances Scale....

Nous étudions les propriétés des états stationnaires et de dynamiques hors-équilibre, d’un point de vue théorique et numérique. Ces dynamiques sont obtenues en perturbant la dynamique d’équilibre par forçage mécanique et/ou thermique. Dans l’approche théorique, le système considéré évolue selon une dynamique de Langevin à laquelle on ajoute une force extérieure. Nous étudions la convergence de la loi de la dynamique vers la mesure stationnaire, en donnant des estimations quantitatives du taux, dans les régimes Hamiltonien et sur amorties. Dans l’approche numérique, nous considérons une chaîne de rotateurs soumise aux deux forçages et une chaîne d’oscillateurs de Toda soumise à un forçage thermique et à une perturbation stochastique. Nous étudions les caractéristiques de l’état stationnaire et les propriétés de transport. Dans le cas de la chaîne de rotateurs nous observons en particulier que le courant d’énergie moyen est dans certains cas accru par un gradient de température opposé. / We study the properties of stationary states associated with nonequilibrium dynamics from a theoretical and a numerical point of view. These dynamics are obtained by perturbing equilibrium dynamics with mechanical and / or thermal forcings. In the theoretical approach, the system considered evolves according to a Langevin dynamics perturbed by a torque. In this framework, we study the convergence of the law of dynamics to the stationary measure, giving quantitative estimates of the exponential rate, both in the Hamiltonian and `` overdamped '' regimes.By a numerical approach, we consider a chain of rotors subjected to both forcings and a chain of Toda oscillators subject to a thermal forcing and a stochastic perturbation. We study the features of the stationary state and analyze its transport properties. In particular, in the case of the rotor chain, contrary to what is naively expected, we observe that the average energy current is in some cases increased by an opposite temperature gradient.

A NMR study of the structure-dynamics relationships in heterogeneous materials is presented. In the first part, transport in soft-matter systems is studied using the pulsed field gradient NMR technique (PFG NMR). The molecular crowding effect in biological matter has been addressed using polymer solutions as model systems. By performing ensemble-based diffusion studies, the earlier obtained data on anomalous diffusion have been complemented. The transition to normal diffusion on a larger time scale has been shown. Taking advantages of the NMR approach, transport properties of microemulsions consisting of micellar colloids dissolved in liquid crystals have been investigated. The self-diffusivities measured under equilibrium conditions have shown weak correlations with microscopic ordering and macroscopic phase transitions occurring in the systems under study. The formation of micelles is shown to be decisive for macroscopic separation at the isotropic-nematic transition. The second part of the thesis covers heterogeneous effects in diffusion for fluids in porous solids, as probed using a combination of NMR diffusometry and structure characterization methods. Ionic liquids have been investigated, revealing a complex behavior under confinement. The attempts to correlate the observed characteristics of the ionic liquids with their internal chemical structure were undertaken. Finally, the series of nanoporous glasses with tunable pore structure characteristics were studied. Strong correlations between their structure and the preparation conditions as well as between the resulting transport properties have been shown.

Title: Cosmic Ray Showers with Anomalous Longitudinal Profile Author: Jiří Blažek Department: Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University Supervisor: RNDr. Petr Trávníček, Ph.D., Institute of Physics ASCR Abstract: The aim of this work was to study high-energy cosmic ray showers with anomalous longitudinal profiles generated by Monte-Carlo simulation and subse- quently use the acquired analysis techniques on results from the Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO) in Argentina. Firstly, a short introduction of various de- scriptions of the extensive air showers was given. Then a systematic analysis was performed on approx. 7 × 105 simulated showers with three different tech- niques. A brief explanation of the functionality of the PAO was given, then the importance of monitoring the immediate state of the atmosphere using the Shoot- the-Shower program was elucidated and the FRAM telescope was described in detail. FRAM enabled an identification of showers with a clear atmospheric back- ground, this sample of showers was then analyzed and several interesting events warranting a further study were chosen. Keywords: Pierre Auger Observatory, Extensive Air Showers, Chemical Compo- sition, Anomalous Longitudinal Profile, Gaisser-Hillas Function

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo mejorar el proceso de Monitoreo de Accesos y Comportamiento de Usuarios en Entorno Cloud de la gerencia de Seguridad Tecnológica, este proceso es uno de los principales controles en el programa de seguridad de la información y ciberseguridad de Mibanco por contribuir en la detección oportuna de eventos de seguridad, evitar incidentes que pudieran afectar a la organización y por el cumplimiento de estándares de seguridad que debe cumplir toda entidad financiera. El trabajo de investigación se desarrolló en seis capítulos donde en primer lugar, se detalla el Marco Teórico utilizado; luego en el capítulo de Desarrollo de Proyecto, se realiza el análisis de la arquitectura empresarial y la identificación de los problemas objetivos que se deben trabajar para la mejora del proceso. Asimismo, en los demás capítulos se desarrolló la arquitectura de software de solución y la gestión del proyecto. / The objective of this research work is to improve the process of Monitoring Accesses and User Behavior in the Cloud Environment of the Technological Security management, this process is one of the main controls in the information security and cybersecurity program of Mibanco by contribute to the timely detection of security events, avoid incidents that could affect the organization and for the fulfillment of security standards that every financial entity must comply with. The research work was developed in six chapters where, first, the Theoretical Framework used is detailed; Then, in the Project Development chapter, the analysis of the business architecture and the identification of the objective problems that must be worked on to improve the process is carried out. Likewise, in the other chapters the solution software architecture and project management were developed. / Tesis

Magnetic materials are of great research interest because of their potential applications. Most Mn-based compounds exhibit magnetic ordering, being antiferromagnetic or ferromagnetic depending on their crystal structure. Many of these compounds have complex non-collinear magnetic structures that can give rise to exotic and robust phenomena. The scope of this thesis encompasses two independent projects on exploring single-crystalline Mn-based compounds with magnetic properties: (i) the study of the thickness-dependent magnetic textures in ferromagnetic Mn1.4PtSn by means of Focused Ion Beam (FIB) for sample shaping and Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) for imaging, and (ii) the experimental demonstration of an anomalous Hall effect in non-collinear antiferromagnetic Mn3Pt, revealed with the aid of uniaxial pressure tuned in-situ. The first chapter motivates the study of magnetic materials and introduces the theoretical framework on which they are understood. In particular, refers to the energy contributions of magnetic origin and gives an overview of the Hall effect and how it is used to probe magnetic properties, from ferromagnetism to non-collinear antiferromagnetism and non-coplanar spin textures (such as the so-called skyrmions). The second chapter is dedicated to the ferromagnetic compound Mn1.4PtSn. It starts by introducing concepts important in the context of magnetic domains. A variety of magnetic textures are discussed, in particular antiskyrmions which differ from regular skyrmions by their internal structure. A material-specific introduction is given, starting by its discovery as the first antiskyrmion-hosting compound (when in thin-plate shape) and including recent literature showing by means of neutron scattering how magnetic domains in bulk single crystals are best described as anisotropic fractals. This study complements our first observations in real-space MFM images of the magnetic texture in this material. The detailed study of the dependence of the magnetic domains as a function of sample thickness is presented and analyzed. The third and final chapter focuses on antiferromagnetic Mn3Pt. To motivate the experiment, the theoretical study that predicts the presence of an intrinsic zero-field anomalous contribution to the Hall effect for this material is introduced. Next, the experimental investigation of single crystals of Mn3Pt is presented, where a Hall effect dominated by the ordinary contribution in the temperature range from 10 to 300 K is found. Thereafter, the response of the Hall effect to uniaxial pressure tuned in-situ is explored. When the sample is compressed, a hysteresis is observed to open up. The magnitude of this anomalous Hall conductivity (when compressing the sample by ∼0.2 GPa) is estimated to be at least ∼ 10 Ω-1cm-1 at room temperature and ∼ 40 Ω-1cm-1 at 100 K, and it is demonstrated that the measured value originates in the antiferromagnetic structure, rather than in a stress-induced ferromagnetism.:1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of elemental properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Notes on Mn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 Notes on Pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.3 Notes on Sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Magnetic Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.1 Zeeman interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.2 Magnetostatic energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.3 Magnetic anisotropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.4 Magnetoelastic coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.5 Exchange interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2.6 Antisymmetric exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3 Antiferro-, ferri- and helimagnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4 Hall effect in magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.4.1 Geometrical phase in quantum mechanics . . . . . . . 14 In the context of the anomalous Hall effect . . . . . . 16 1.4.2 Complementary anomalous Hall theories . . . . . . . . 18 Skew scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Inelastic scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Side jump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Spin chirality mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 I The uniaxial ferromagnet Mn1.4PtSn 21 2 Mn1.4PtSn 23 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2 Background physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2.1 Topology in magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2.2 Domain theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Domain refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.2.3 Literature overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 SANS studies on bulk Mn1.4PtSn . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3 Experimental methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.3.1 Sample preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.3.2 Lamellae fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.3.3 Magnetic Force Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Operating principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Specifications for our experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.4 Results and discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.4.1 Bulk samples characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Mn1.4Pt0.9Pd0.1Sn polycrystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Mn1.4PtSn single crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Mn1.4PtSn single crystal in applied field . . . . . . . . 45 Mn1.4PtSn single crystal below TSR . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.4.2 Lamellae characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Thickness dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Temperature dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Magnetic field dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.5 Conclusions and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 II The non-collinear antiferromagnet Mn3Pt under strain 65 3 Mn3Pt 67 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.2 Background physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.2.1 Thin film study of Mn3Pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.2.2 Our contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.3 Experimental methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.4 Results and discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.4.1 Characterization of unstrained crystals . . . . . . . . . 75 3.4.2 Elastic response of Mn3Pt single crystals . . . . . . . . 79 Electrical transport response to strain . . . . . . . . . 81 3.4.3 Onset of AHE in single crystals under uniaxial pressure 84 Sample III4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Sample IV1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Sample IV2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.4.4 Temperature dependence of the AHE . . . . . . . . . . 94 3.4.5 Elastic limit of Mn3Pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 A On Mn3Pt resistivity 101 B On Mn3Pt sample mounting 103

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Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es eine Toolbox zur Charakterisierung der anomalen Diffusion von Tracerpartikeln in dicht gepackten Systemen mit Fluoreszenz-Korrelationsspektroskopie (FCS) zur Verfügung zu stellen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die robusten Informationen über die Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichtefunktion (PDF) der Verschiebung des Tracers im asymptotischen Verhalten der FCS-Kurven auf langen, sowie auf kurzen Zeitskalen enthalten sind. So liefert die Analyse des Kurzzeitverhaltens zuverlässige Aussagen über die Werte des Exponenten der anomalen Diffusion, des Diffusionskoeffizienten und der niedrigeren Momente der PDF. Dies erlaubt es eine Gaußverteilung zu bestätigen oder zu widerlegen. Der Test auf Gaußverteilung könnte als Index verwendet werden, um die richtige Form der PDF aus einer Reihe von konkurrierenden Ergebnissen zu erraten. Darüber hinaus untersuchen wir die Konsequenz der nicht skalierenden PDF auf Ergebnis der FCS-Kurven. Wir berechnen die FCS für ein Continuous Time Random Walk Modell mit Wartezeiten gemäß einer Lévy-stabilen Verteilung mit exponentiellem cut-off. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass obwohl die Abweichungen vom Gauß’schen Verhalten bei der asymptotischen Analyse erkannt werden können, ihre Körper immer an Formen für die normale Diffusion perfekt angepasst werden können. Schließlich schlagen wir einen alternativen Ansatz für die Durchführung von Spot Variation FCS mit dem gewöhnlichen FCS-Setup vor. Wir führen eine nicht-lineare Transformation ein, die auf das mit Binning oder Kernel smoothing method geglättete Intensitätsprofil der detektierten Fluoreszenzphotonen angewendet wird. Ihre Autokorrelation imitiert die FCS-Kurven für die Größen des Laserspots, die im Experiment effektiv kleiner als die anfängliche Größe sind. Die erhaltenen FCS-Kurven werden verwendet, um künstliche dicht gepackte Systeme sowie lebende Zellen auf Nano-Domänen oder Barrieren hin zu untersuchen. / The objective of this thesis is to provide a toolbox for characterization of anomalous diffusion of tracer particle in crowded systems using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). We discuss that the robust information about the probability density function (PDF) of the particle’s displacement is contained in the asymptotic behaviour of the FCS curves at long and short times. Thus, analysis of the short-time behaviour provides reliable values of exponent of anomalous, diffusion coefficient and lower moments of the PDF. This allows one to to confirm or reject its Gaussian nature. The Gaussianity test could be then used to guess the correct form of the PDF from a set of competing models. We show the applicability of the proposed analysis protocol in artificially crowded systems and in living cell experiments. Furthermore, we investigate the consequence of non-scaling PDF on the possible results of the FCS data. As an example of such processes, we calculate the FCS curve for a continues time random walk model with waiting times delivered from Lévy-stable distribution with an exponential cut-off in equilibrium. The results indicate that, although the deviations from Gaussian behaviour may be detected when analyzing the short- and long-time asymptotic of the corresponding curves, their bodies are still perfectly fitted by the fit form used for normal diffusion. Finally, we propose an alternative approach for performing spot variation FCS using an ordinary FCS set-up. We introduce a non-linear transformation which applies on the smoothed intensity profile of the detected fluorescence photons with binning or smoothing kernel method. Autocorrelation of the generated intensity profiles mimic the FCS curves for the sizes of laser spots which are effectively smaller than the initial one in the experiment. The obtained FCS curves are used to investigate the presence of nano-domains or barriers in artificially crowded systems and in living cells.

The anomalous origin of coronary arteries has been extensively documented in the literature. Most of the anomalies are incidentally found either during coronary angiography or imaging studies and are usually benign; however, malignant outcomes have been reported in the literature. Here, we present the case of a 76-year-old male with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction who was found to have an asymptomatic anomalous origin left anterior descending artery from the right sinus of Valsalva.