MSCAGR (Animal Science) / Department of Animal Science / Soya bean (Glycine max) is a legume that is mostly cultivated for food grain which can be used as high-protein forage for grazing, haying or ensiling. The use of forage soya bean by small holder farmers is currently very limited. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the nutritive value of three trifoliate forage Soya bean cultivars (Locally denoted as 4-LF, PAN, and TGX). The study was carried out at the University of Venda where the soya beans were planted in 63 25L pots (21 pots for each cultivar) which were randomly placed on the floor of an open, wire-net protected house. Forage harvested at three growth stages (pre-anthesis, anthesis and postanthesis). Samples of the forage were analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) micro and macro minerals. Ruminal DM and CP degradability were evaluated in situ by incubation of samples within nylon bags (external dimension: 6 × 12 cm, pore size of 46 μm) in the rumen of three Bonsmara steers for 0, 6, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Estimates of rapidly degradable fraction “a”, slowly degradable fraction “b”, constant outflow rate ‘c’ and the DM or CP degradability (p) at time (t) were estimated by fitting the degradability data into the exponential equation P = a + b (1 - e-ct) using the NEWAY computer programme. Parameters were subjected to ANOVA for a 3 X 3 factorial treatment arrangement using the General Linear Model procedures of MINITAB software (version 17 of 2014). Effective degradability ED) was estimated asED = a + bc at fractional outflow rates of k= (k +c) 2%, 5% and 8%. In vitro enzymatic DM and CP digestibility of rumen undegradable residues collected after 24 and 48-hour incubation was determined by simulating sequential gastro-small intestinal digestion. Cultivar PAN harvested post anthesis had significantly higher (p< 0.05) CP than other cultivars. The CP content increased with growth stage. Cultivar 4LF harvested preanthesis had significantly highest (p< 0.05) NDF. The cultivar had no significant effect (p> 0.05) on DM, ash, CP, NDF, ADF and minerals. Cultivar PAN harvested pre-anthesis had significantly highest (p< 0.05) Mg. The harvest stage significantly affected (p< 0.05) mineral content other than (p> 0.05) Zn and Cu. Cultivar TGX harvested pre-anthesis had significantly highest (p< 0.05) effective degradability of dry matter at k=0.08. Fraction ‘c’ and ED at k= 0.08 were lower (p> 0.05) in cultivar * growth stage interaction in dry matter degradability. Fraction ‘a’ for CP was highest (p< 0.05) for cultivar TGX harvested post-anthesis. Fraction ‘c’ was lower (p> 0.05) for cultivar 4LF harvested at anthesis stage. There was a significant effect (p< 0.05) on crude protein soluble fraction ‘c’ and effective degradability k=0.08 in cultivar and growth stage interaction. There was no significant interaction (p> 0.05) of the cultivar X growth stage on crude protein degradability at 48 hours, IVCPD at 24 and 48 hours with significant effect on crude protein degradation at 24 hours caused by cultivar TGX at pre-anthesis growth stage. In conclusion, growth stage increases the chemical composition of soya bean but does not affect digestibility. / NRF

In durum wheat (<i>Triticum turgidum</i> L. var <i>durum</i>), grain protein concentration (GPC) and gluten quality are among the important factors influencing pasta-making quality. Semolina with high protein content produces pasta with increased tolerance to overcooking and greater cooked firmness. However, genetic improvement of GPC is difficult largely because of its negative correlation with grain yield, and a strong genotype x environment interaction. Therefore, identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for high GPC and the associated markers is a priority to enhance selection efficiency in breeding durum wheat for elevated GPC. At a physiological level, GPC is influenced by several factors including nitrogen remobilization from vegetative organs and direct post-anthesis nitrogen uptake (NUP) from the soil. Understanding the relationship between elevated GPC and nitrogen remobilization, and post-anthesis NUP will enable durum wheat breeders to develop varieties that not only produce high yield and high GPC, but also exhibit better nitrogen use efficiency. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify and validate QTL for elevated GPC in two durum wheat populations; and (2) to determine if elevated GPC is due to more efficient nitrogen remobilization and/or greater post-anthesis NUP. A genetic map was constructed with SSR and DArT® markers in a doubled haploid population from the cross Strongfield x DT695, and GPC data were collected in replicated trials in six Canadian environments from 2002 to 2005. Two stable QTL for high GPC, QGpc.usw-B3 on chromosome 2B and QGpc.usw-A3 on 7A, were identified. Strongfield, the high GPC parent, contributed the alleles for elevated GPC at both QTL. These two QTL were not associated with variation in grain weight (seed size) or grain yield. QGpc.usw-A3 was validated in a second Strongfield-derived population as that QTL was significant in all six testing environments. Averaged over five locations, selection for QGpc.usw-A3 resulted in a +0.4% to +1.0% increase in GPC, with only small effects on yield in most environments. A physiological study of grain protein accumulation revealed that regardless of the growing condition, nitrogen remobilization was the major contributor for grain nitrogen in durum genotypes evaluated, accounting for an average of 84.3% of total GPC. This study confirmed that introgression of Gpc-B1 into Langdon resulted in increased GPC, and this GPC increase was due to higher N remobilization. Strongfield expressed greater N remobilization than DT695 and the semi-dwarf cultivar Commander, but N remobilization was not the determining factor for Strongfields elevated GPC. Strongfield expressed greater post-anthesis NUP than DT695. Similarly, a selection of six high-GPC doubled haploid (DH) lines from the cross DT695 x Strongfield expressed significantly greater post-anthesis NUP than six low-GPC DH selections, supporting the hypothesis that elevated GPC in Strongfield is derived from greater post-anthesis NUP. All six high-GPC DH selections carried the Strongfield allele at QGpc.usw-A3, suggesting this QTL maybe associated with post-anthesis NUP.

In durum wheat (<i>Triticum turgidum</i> L. var <i>durum</i>), grain protein concentration (GPC) and gluten quality are among the important factors influencing pasta-making quality. Semolina with high protein content produces pasta with increased tolerance to overcooking and greater cooked firmness. However, genetic improvement of GPC is difficult largely because of its negative correlation with grain yield, and a strong genotype x environment interaction. Therefore, identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for high GPC and the associated markers is a priority to enhance selection efficiency in breeding durum wheat for elevated GPC. At a physiological level, GPC is influenced by several factors including nitrogen remobilization from vegetative organs and direct post-anthesis nitrogen uptake (NUP) from the soil. Understanding the relationship between elevated GPC and nitrogen remobilization, and post-anthesis NUP will enable durum wheat breeders to develop varieties that not only produce high yield and high GPC, but also exhibit better nitrogen use efficiency. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify and validate QTL for elevated GPC in two durum wheat populations; and (2) to determine if elevated GPC is due to more efficient nitrogen remobilization and/or greater post-anthesis NUP. A genetic map was constructed with SSR and DArT® markers in a doubled haploid population from the cross Strongfield x DT695, and GPC data were collected in replicated trials in six Canadian environments from 2002 to 2005. Two stable QTL for high GPC, QGpc.usw-B3 on chromosome 2B and QGpc.usw-A3 on 7A, were identified. Strongfield, the high GPC parent, contributed the alleles for elevated GPC at both QTL. These two QTL were not associated with variation in grain weight (seed size) or grain yield. QGpc.usw-A3 was validated in a second Strongfield-derived population as that QTL was significant in all six testing environments. Averaged over five locations, selection for QGpc.usw-A3 resulted in a +0.4% to +1.0% increase in GPC, with only small effects on yield in most environments. A physiological study of grain protein accumulation revealed that regardless of the growing condition, nitrogen remobilization was the major contributor for grain nitrogen in durum genotypes evaluated, accounting for an average of 84.3% of total GPC. This study confirmed that introgression of Gpc-B1 into Langdon resulted in increased GPC, and this GPC increase was due to higher N remobilization. Strongfield expressed greater N remobilization than DT695 and the semi-dwarf cultivar Commander, but N remobilization was not the determining factor for Strongfields elevated GPC. Strongfield expressed greater post-anthesis NUP than DT695. Similarly, a selection of six high-GPC doubled haploid (DH) lines from the cross DT695 x Strongfield expressed significantly greater post-anthesis NUP than six low-GPC DH selections, supporting the hypothesis that elevated GPC in Strongfield is derived from greater post-anthesis NUP. All six high-GPC DH selections carried the Strongfield allele at QGpc.usw-A3, suggesting this QTL maybe associated with post-anthesis NUP.

No studies have been conducted to explore the influence of stress caused by uncontrolled weeds on traits associated with drought tolerance. Two hypotheses were tested: 1) Delaying weed control would lengthen the anthesis-silking interval (ASI) in both a drought tolerant and non-drought tolerant maize hybrid and 2) The presence of drought tolerance genetics comes at a physiological cost, resulting in greater yield reductions under weedy conditions. Field studies were conducted to compare the response of a drought tolerant hybrid with its non-drought tolerant near-isoline to seven weed control timings. There was no treatment by hybrid interaction at any site-year for any parameters evaluated. Delaying weed control reduced height, leaf number, biomass, kernel number and grain yield and lengthened ASI for both hybrids. The drought tolerant hybrid had a shorter ASI, a lower kernel number and higher kernel weight. No yield differences were observed between hybrids at any weed control timing. / Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (File CRDPJ 425128-11), Syngenta Crop Protection Inc. and Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs

Adesmia tristis Vogel é uma espécie endêmica com potencial forrageiro nos Campos de Altitude. Objetivou-se estudar a biologia floral e as interações com os polinizadores, a morfo-fenologia da planta, os componentes do rendimento de sementes e a dinâmica do néctar; avaliar as relações pólen/óvulo e semente/óvulo na espécie; analisar a morfo-anatomia das sementes; avaliar o tamanho e distribuição do banco de sementes do solo (BSS) e a interferência da acidez no mesmo. O estudo ocorreu entre dezembro 2007 a novembro 2011, no Pró-Mata/PUCRS (29°27'-29°35'S e 50°08'-50°15'W), São Francisco de Paula, RS. A área do estudo foi de 15 x 30 m subdividida em seis parcelas, três com corte e três sem corte (4,0 plantas/m2). Para os estudos nas flores fizeram-se marcações e ensacamento com tecido “voal”, com amostras aleatórias. O néctar foi recolhido em quatro horários diários durante a antese, com utilização de micropipeta e leitura através de refratômetro. Para os cortes e levantamento dos parâmetros do rendimento de sementes, foi utilizado um retângulo metálico com 0,5 m2. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se da estatística descritiva, índice de Morisita, regressões, teste t de Student e análise de variância. A antese durou dois dias, e os principais polinizadores foram das famílias Megachilidae e Andrenidae, com pico de visitação ao meio dia. Abelhas do gênero Megachile forrageiam no estrato envolvendo o dossel, as da família Andrenidae no estrato inferior. Na base do estandarte há uma bolsa armazenadora de néctar, que começa a ser secretado na pré-antese. A planta faz reabsorção de parte do néctar, tornando as flores do segundo dia mais atraentes aos polinizadores. O regime de corte promoveu maior produção de sementes. A razão pólen/óvulo acusou alogamia obrigatória. Constatou-se déficit de polinização. Adesmia tristis possui dormência tegumentar e a semente possui adaptações para as variações de umidade no ambiente, promovendo ressemeadura natural. Em áreas naturais a planta apresenta distribuição agregada e aleatória em campos manejados. A acidez do solo contribui com a germinação de sementes de A. tristis contidas no BSS. Após o período reprodutivo ocorre perdas de plantas-mãe. / Adesmia tristis Vogel is an endemic species with forage potential in the Campos de Altitude. The aim of this research was to study the floral biology and the interactions with pollinators, the plant’s morphophenology, the components of seed yield and dynamics nectar; assess relationships pollen/ovule and seed/ovule in the species; to analyze the seeds’ morphology and anatomy; evaluate the size and distribution of the soil seed bank (SSB) and the acidity interference in it. The study was conducted between December 2007 to November 2001, in Pró-Mata/PUCRS (29º 27’ – 29º 35’S and 50º 08’ – 50º 15’ W) in the town of São Fransisco de Paula, RS. The study area had 15 x30 m subdivided into six plots. Three with cut and three no cut (4.0 plants/m2). For studies on the flowers were made marks and bagging by “voal” textile, with random samples. The nectar was collected four times daily, during anthesis, using micropipette and reading through refractometer. For cuts and taking seed yield parameters, we used a metal rectangle with 0.5 m2. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, Morisita index, regression function, Student’s t test and variance analysis. Anthesis lasted two days, and the main pollinators belong to Megachilidae and Andrenidae families, with peak visitation at noon. The genus Megachile bees foraging in the canopy, the Andrenidae family foraging in the lower levels. On the banner basis there is storage bag nectar. The nectar starts to be secreted in the pre anthesis phase. The plant reabsorbs part of the nectar, making the second day life flowers more attractive to pollinators. The cutting regime caused greater seed production. The pollen/ovule ration accused obligatory allogamy. It was observed pollination deficit. Adesmia tristis has tegument dormancy and seed has adapted to variation of moisture in the environment and promoting natural replanting. In natural area the plant has aggregated distribution, but in managed field plays random distribution. The soil acidity aim in the seed germination of A. tristis SSB. After the reproductive period occurs loss of mother plants.

The historical series of phenological data allow the determination of the relationship of the development of species with climate and site conditions of the region. In Brazil phenological data s banks of different native species practically do not exist. Thus, it appears the importance of undertaking work in this area. The aim of this work was to determine the reproductive phenophases subperiod of native plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) and Helietta apiculata Benth, respectively aroeira-vermelha , aroeira-brava and canela-de-veado. The work was carried out in the Botanical Garden of the Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, located in the municipality of Santa Maria - RS, (29º42'S; 53o42'W; altitude: 90 m). Phenological observations from August 2010 to August 2014 were performed on ten plants aroeira-vermelha females and ten males, ten plants aroeira-brava females and ten males and four plants canela- de-veado. Were recorded for each plant dates of beginning and end of flowerbud, anthesis, green fruit and ripe fruit. It was found that the variability of the start date and end of the different phenological phases is very high, especially for plants aroeira-vermelha that is generally higher for starting dates of phenophases. It was observed, although the duration of the early and late phases was greater in aroeira-vermelha than in other species. / As séries históricas de dados fenológicos possibilita a determinação da relação do desenvolvimento das espécies com as condições climáticas do local e da região. No Brasil, bancos de dados fenológicos de plantas das diferentes espécies vegetais nativas praticamente inexistem. Constata-se, assim, a importância da realização de trabalhos nesta área. O objetivo, neste trabalho, foi determinar as fenofases do subperíodo reprodutivo das espécies vegetais nativas, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi e Schinus terebinthifolius, Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engler e Lithraea molleoides, e Helietta apiculata Benth, respectivamente aroeira-vermelha, aroeira-brava e canela-de-veado. O trabalho foi realizado no Jardim Botânico da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM, localizado no município de Santa Maria RS, (29º42 S; 53o42 W; altitude: 90 m). Foram realizadas observações fenológicas de agosto de 2010 a agosto de 2014 em dez plantas de aroeira-vermelha do sexo feminino e dez do sexo masculino, e de aroeira-brava do sexo feminino e dez do sexo masculino e em quatro plantas de canela-de-veado. Foram registradas, para cada planta as datas de início e final de botão floral, antese, fruto verde e fruto maduro. Constatou-se que a variabilidade da data de início e final das diferentes fenofases é muito elevada, principalmente para as plantas de aroeira-vermelha e que é, em geral, maior para as datas de início das fenofases. Observou-se, ainda que a duração do início e final dos subperíodos foi maior na aroeira-vermelha do que nas outras espécies.

Adesmia tristis Vogel é uma espécie endêmica com potencial forrageiro nos Campos de Altitude. Objetivou-se estudar a biologia floral e as interações com os polinizadores, a morfo-fenologia da planta, os componentes do rendimento de sementes e a dinâmica do néctar; avaliar as relações pólen/óvulo e semente/óvulo na espécie; analisar a morfo-anatomia das sementes; avaliar o tamanho e distribuição do banco de sementes do solo (BSS) e a interferência da acidez no mesmo. O estudo ocorreu entre dezembro 2007 a novembro 2011, no Pró-Mata/PUCRS (29°27'-29°35'S e 50°08'-50°15'W), São Francisco de Paula, RS. A área do estudo foi de 15 x 30 m subdividida em seis parcelas, três com corte e três sem corte (4,0 plantas/m2). Para os estudos nas flores fizeram-se marcações e ensacamento com tecido “voal”, com amostras aleatórias. O néctar foi recolhido em quatro horários diários durante a antese, com utilização de micropipeta e leitura através de refratômetro. Para os cortes e levantamento dos parâmetros do rendimento de sementes, foi utilizado um retângulo metálico com 0,5 m2. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se da estatística descritiva, índice de Morisita, regressões, teste t de Student e análise de variância. A antese durou dois dias, e os principais polinizadores foram das famílias Megachilidae e Andrenidae, com pico de visitação ao meio dia. Abelhas do gênero Megachile forrageiam no estrato envolvendo o dossel, as da família Andrenidae no estrato inferior. Na base do estandarte há uma bolsa armazenadora de néctar, que começa a ser secretado na pré-antese. A planta faz reabsorção de parte do néctar, tornando as flores do segundo dia mais atraentes aos polinizadores. O regime de corte promoveu maior produção de sementes. A razão pólen/óvulo acusou alogamia obrigatória. Constatou-se déficit de polinização. Adesmia tristis possui dormência tegumentar e a semente possui adaptações para as variações de umidade no ambiente, promovendo ressemeadura natural. Em áreas naturais a planta apresenta distribuição agregada e aleatória em campos manejados. A acidez do solo contribui com a germinação de sementes de A. tristis contidas no BSS. Após o período reprodutivo ocorre perdas de plantas-mãe. / Adesmia tristis Vogel is an endemic species with forage potential in the Campos de Altitude. The aim of this research was to study the floral biology and the interactions with pollinators, the plant’s morphophenology, the components of seed yield and dynamics nectar; assess relationships pollen/ovule and seed/ovule in the species; to analyze the seeds’ morphology and anatomy; evaluate the size and distribution of the soil seed bank (SSB) and the acidity interference in it. The study was conducted between December 2007 to November 2001, in Pró-Mata/PUCRS (29º 27’ – 29º 35’S and 50º 08’ – 50º 15’ W) in the town of São Fransisco de Paula, RS. The study area had 15 x30 m subdivided into six plots. Three with cut and three no cut (4.0 plants/m2). For studies on the flowers were made marks and bagging by “voal” textile, with random samples. The nectar was collected four times daily, during anthesis, using micropipette and reading through refractometer. For cuts and taking seed yield parameters, we used a metal rectangle with 0.5 m2. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, Morisita index, regression function, Student’s t test and variance analysis. Anthesis lasted two days, and the main pollinators belong to Megachilidae and Andrenidae families, with peak visitation at noon. The genus Megachile bees foraging in the canopy, the Andrenidae family foraging in the lower levels. On the banner basis there is storage bag nectar. The nectar starts to be secreted in the pre anthesis phase. The plant reabsorbs part of the nectar, making the second day life flowers more attractive to pollinators. The cutting regime caused greater seed production. The pollen/ovule ration accused obligatory allogamy. It was observed pollination deficit. Adesmia tristis has tegument dormancy and seed has adapted to variation of moisture in the environment and promoting natural replanting. In natural area the plant has aggregated distribution, but in managed field plays random distribution. The soil acidity aim in the seed germination of A. tristis SSB. After the reproductive period occurs loss of mother plants.

Adesmia tristis Vogel é uma espécie endêmica com potencial forrageiro nos Campos de Altitude. Objetivou-se estudar a biologia floral e as interações com os polinizadores, a morfo-fenologia da planta, os componentes do rendimento de sementes e a dinâmica do néctar; avaliar as relações pólen/óvulo e semente/óvulo na espécie; analisar a morfo-anatomia das sementes; avaliar o tamanho e distribuição do banco de sementes do solo (BSS) e a interferência da acidez no mesmo. O estudo ocorreu entre dezembro 2007 a novembro 2011, no Pró-Mata/PUCRS (29°27'-29°35'S e 50°08'-50°15'W), São Francisco de Paula, RS. A área do estudo foi de 15 x 30 m subdividida em seis parcelas, três com corte e três sem corte (4,0 plantas/m2). Para os estudos nas flores fizeram-se marcações e ensacamento com tecido “voal”, com amostras aleatórias. O néctar foi recolhido em quatro horários diários durante a antese, com utilização de micropipeta e leitura através de refratômetro. Para os cortes e levantamento dos parâmetros do rendimento de sementes, foi utilizado um retângulo metálico com 0,5 m2. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se da estatística descritiva, índice de Morisita, regressões, teste t de Student e análise de variância. A antese durou dois dias, e os principais polinizadores foram das famílias Megachilidae e Andrenidae, com pico de visitação ao meio dia. Abelhas do gênero Megachile forrageiam no estrato envolvendo o dossel, as da família Andrenidae no estrato inferior. Na base do estandarte há uma bolsa armazenadora de néctar, que começa a ser secretado na pré-antese. A planta faz reabsorção de parte do néctar, tornando as flores do segundo dia mais atraentes aos polinizadores. O regime de corte promoveu maior produção de sementes. A razão pólen/óvulo acusou alogamia obrigatória. Constatou-se déficit de polinização. Adesmia tristis possui dormência tegumentar e a semente possui adaptações para as variações de umidade no ambiente, promovendo ressemeadura natural. Em áreas naturais a planta apresenta distribuição agregada e aleatória em campos manejados. A acidez do solo contribui com a germinação de sementes de A. tristis contidas no BSS. Após o período reprodutivo ocorre perdas de plantas-mãe. / Adesmia tristis Vogel is an endemic species with forage potential in the Campos de Altitude. The aim of this research was to study the floral biology and the interactions with pollinators, the plant’s morphophenology, the components of seed yield and dynamics nectar; assess relationships pollen/ovule and seed/ovule in the species; to analyze the seeds’ morphology and anatomy; evaluate the size and distribution of the soil seed bank (SSB) and the acidity interference in it. The study was conducted between December 2007 to November 2001, in Pró-Mata/PUCRS (29º 27’ – 29º 35’S and 50º 08’ – 50º 15’ W) in the town of São Fransisco de Paula, RS. The study area had 15 x30 m subdivided into six plots. Three with cut and three no cut (4.0 plants/m2). For studies on the flowers were made marks and bagging by “voal” textile, with random samples. The nectar was collected four times daily, during anthesis, using micropipette and reading through refractometer. For cuts and taking seed yield parameters, we used a metal rectangle with 0.5 m2. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, Morisita index, regression function, Student’s t test and variance analysis. Anthesis lasted two days, and the main pollinators belong to Megachilidae and Andrenidae families, with peak visitation at noon. The genus Megachile bees foraging in the canopy, the Andrenidae family foraging in the lower levels. On the banner basis there is storage bag nectar. The nectar starts to be secreted in the pre anthesis phase. The plant reabsorbs part of the nectar, making the second day life flowers more attractive to pollinators. The cutting regime caused greater seed production. The pollen/ovule ration accused obligatory allogamy. It was observed pollination deficit. Adesmia tristis has tegument dormancy and seed has adapted to variation of moisture in the environment and promoting natural replanting. In natural area the plant has aggregated distribution, but in managed field plays random distribution. The soil acidity aim in the seed germination of A. tristis SSB. After the reproductive period occurs loss of mother plants.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-07-19T15:05:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Lismaíra Gonçalves Caixeta Garcia - 2017.pdf: 2339192 bytes, checksum: 8eafbf8b875a28ace87e8f4ccc8608eb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-07-19T15:23:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Lismaíra Gonçalves Caixeta Garcia - 2017.pdf: 2339192 bytes, checksum: 8eafbf8b875a28ace87e8f4ccc8608eb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-19T15:23:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Lismaíra Gonçalves Caixeta Garcia - 2017.pdf: 2339192 bytes, checksum: 8eafbf8b875a28ace87e8f4ccc8608eb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Jabuticaba fruit is known and appreciated all over the world. Despite its recognized functional properties, it has a limited market due to its high perishability. The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characterization of jabuticaba fruits variety Pingo de mel during its physiological development, and the effect of different calcium chloride concentrations on the post-harvest conservation of jabuticaba at different storage temperatures. To evaluate the physiological development, the fruits were collected ten days after the anthesis (DAA) until complete maturation, with intervals of four days between the collections. The period between anthesis and maturation was 34 days. For the post-harvest analysis, the fruits were collected 30 days after the anthesis and immersed into calcium chloride solution at different concentrations (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) for 30 minutes at room temperature. Then, the fruits were dried and packed in polypropylene bags and stored at different temperatures (6°C, 12°C, and 25°C). Samples were analyzed at time 0 and every two days, up to 12 days of storage. In the physiological development, the mean diameter, mass, soluble solids, and anthocyanins content increased up to 30 DAA, while the soluble pectin increased up to 34 DAA. A reduction in respiratory rate was observed up to 30 DAA, as well as the firmness and total chlorophyll indices up to 34 DAA, and pH up to 18 DAA, which increased up to 34 DAA. In contrast, an opposite behavior was observed for acidity values. Higher levels of phenolic compounds, hydrolyzed tannins, and antioxidant activity were observed at 10 DAA, while the vitamin C content was higher throughout the maturation stage. An increase in moisture, protein, and lipids was observed up to 18 DAA, with reduction until maturation, with opposite behavior for ash and carbohydrates levels. In general, minerals decreased throughout the development stage. In relation to the carbohydrate profile, higher fructose contents were observed with an increase during maturation. In the post-harvest evaluation, the different calcium chloride concentrations had no effect on the maintenance of fruit characteristics over time, at different storage temperatures. Throughout the storage, there was an increase in pectin, antioxidant activity, CO2, total sugars, acidity, and mass loss. Higher storage temperatures affected both the increase in mass loss, pH, and O2 production, and the reduction of vitamin C content Therefore, to obtain better quality fruits concerning the degree of maturation, it is of great importance to harvest jabuticaba between 30 and 34 DAA. Refrigeration was important for the post-harvest conservation of the jabuticaba fruits variety Pingo de mel, once the fruits stored at 6 ° C suffered minor variations, with improvements or little changes during the 12 days. / A jabuticaba é um fruto conhecido e apreciado em praticamente todo o mundo, além disso, possui alegadas propriedades funcionais. No entanto o fruto apresenta comércio limitado, devido a sua alta perecibilidade. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho caracterizar física e quimicamente os frutos de jabuticaba variedade ‘Pingo de mel’ ao longo do seu desenvolvimento fisiológico, bem como analisar a influencia da aplicação de diferentes concentrações de cloreto de cálcio, associado a diferentes temperaturas de armazenamento na conservação pós-colheita de jabuticaba. Para a caracterização do desenvolvimento fisiológico, os frutos foram coletados aos dez dias após a antese (DAA) e prorrogou-se até o completo amadurecimento, com intervalos de quatro dias entre as coletas. O período compreendido entre a antese e o amadurecimento foi de 34 dias. Para a análise pós-colheita os frutos foram coletados aos trinta dias após a antese e submetidos à imersão em solução de cloreto de cálcio, com diferentes concentrações (0%, 2%, 4% e 6%), durante 30 minutos, à temperatura ambiente. Posteriormente, foram secas e embaladas em potes de polipropileno e armazenadas em diferentes temperaturas (6°C, 12°C e 25°C). As amostras foram analisadas no tempo 0 e a cada dois dias, até os 12 dias de armazenamento. No desenvolvimento fisiológico observou-se que os valores de diâmetros, massa e sólidos solúveis e antocianinas, aumentaram até os 30 DAA, enquanto que os teores de pectina solúvel elevaram-se até os 34 DAA. A taxa respiratória apresentou resultado oposto com redução até os 30 DAA, os teores de firmeza e clorofila total apresentaram redução até os 34 DAA, o pH reduziu até os 18 DAA, com posterior elevação até os 34 DAA, enquanto que a acidez apresentou comportamento contrário. Níveis elevados de compostos fenólicos, taninos hidrolisados e atividade antioxidante foram observados aos 10 DAA, enquanto o conteúdo de vitamina C foi maior ao longo do amadurecimento. Observou-se aumento na umidade, proteína e lipídios até 18 DAA, com redução até a maturação, e notou-se comportamento oposto para os níveis de cinzas e carboidratos. Em geral, os minerais diminuíram ao longo do desenvolvimento. Em relação ao perfil de carboidratos, a frutose apresentou maior concentração, com aumento durante a maturação. Na análise pós-colheita as diferentes concentrações de cloreto de cálcio não apresentaram efeito na conservação das características dos frutos nas diferentes temperaturas de armazenamento e nem mesmo ao longo do tempo. No decorrer dos dias de armazenamento houve aumento dos teores de pectinas, da atividade antioxidante, do CO2, dos açúcares totais, da acidez e da perda de massa. Maiores temperaturas influenciaram no aumento da perda de massa, do pH e da produção de O2 e redução da vitamina C. Portanto para se obter frutos de melhor qualidade em relação ao grau de maturação é de grande importância realizar a colheita entre 30 e 34 DAA. Na pós-colheita a refrigeração foi importante para a conservação pós-colheita dos frutos de jabuticaba variedade ‘Pingo de mel’, visto que as frutas submetidas à temperatura de 6°C de armazenamento sofreram menores variações e/ou mantiveram condições semelhantes ou melhores nos frutos durante os 12 dias.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-11-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:45:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nicodemo_d_dr_jabo.pdf: 529924 bytes, checksum: 436115f2f4f07ab45288d9c5ed7c0e35 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O cultivo em estufas propicia a obtenção de produtos de excelente qualidade, porém, os agentes polinizadores que contribuem na maximização da produção não são adaptados a ambientes fechados. Utilizando três cultivares tipo Japonês e duas tipo Aodai de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) foram realizados dois experimentos em três estufas localizadas na USP/Ribeirão Preto. Os objetivos foram estudar a biologia floral das cultivares no que se refere ao número de flores produzidas por planta, período de antese, porcentagem de açúcares do néctar, produção e viabilidade dos grãos de pólen, receptividade do estigma e atratividade de flores e, a importância das abelhas Jataí (Tetragonisca angustula), Iraí (Nannotrigona testaceicornis) e Africanizadas (Apis mellifera) quanto a freqüência das abelhas nas flores, tempo e tipo de coleta e produção de frutos quanto ao peso, comprimento e diâmetro. O manejo das abelhas africanizadas foi estudado e um modelo de núcleo com dois alvados desenvolvido. As flores das cultivares avaliadas têm antese de, aproximadamente, 10 horas. A viabilidade dos grãos de pólen e a receptividade do estigma não são limitantes na polinização de pepino Japonês e Aodai. Os índices de frutificação de pepino Japonês por partenocarpia são altos (78 %), porém há aumento de 19% quando ocorre polinização por abelhas. A cultivar Aodai depende dos insetos para produção de frutos, sendo que flores visitadas até às 10h30 originaram frutos mais pesados. As abelhas Africanizadas se adaptaram a colméia com dois alvados, visitando flores em parte do dia dentro da estufa, promovendo a polinização, e o restante fora, ambiente com maior oferta de recursos. / The cultivation in greenhouses allows obtaining products of excellent quality, however, the pollinators that contribute maximizing the production are not adapted to the indoor environment. Using three Japanese and two Aodai cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were conducted two experiments in three greenhouses located in USP / Ribeirão Preto. The aims were to study the cultivars floral biology with regard to the number of flowers produced per plant, anthesis period, the percentage of sugars in nectar, production and viability of pollen grains, stigma receptivity and attractiveness of flowers, and the importance of Jataí (Tetragonisca angustula), Iraí (Nannotrigona testaceicornis) and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) with regard to the frequency of bees in the flowers, time and type of collection and fruit weight, length and diameter. The management of Africanized bees has been studied and a hive with two entrances was developed. The anthesis period was approximately of 10 hours. The viability of pollen grains and the receptivity of stigma did not limit the pollination of Japanese cucumber and Aodai. The parthenocarpy fruit set of Japanese cucumber was high (78%), but there is an increase of 19% in fruit set when the flowers were pollinated by bees. The cultivar Aodai depends on the insects for production of fruits. Flowers visited until 10h30 originated the heaviest ones. Africanized bees adapted itself to the hive with two entrances, visiting flowers in part of the day inside the greenhouse, promoting pollination, and the rest outside, the environment with greater supply of resources.