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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Použití RNA interference pro ovlivnění hladin DNA topoisomerasy II v nádorových buňkách a její vliv na protinádorový účinek antracyklinových cytostatik. / The use of RNA interference for the modification of DNA topoisomerase II levels in cancer cells and its influence on the antineoplastic effect of anthracyclines.

Klieber, Robin January 2019 (has links)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department od Biochemical Sciences Candidate: Bc. Robin Klieber Supervisor: PharmDr. Anna Jirkovská, Ph.D. Title of thesis: The use of RNA interference for the modification of DNA topoisomerase II levels in cancer cells and its influence on the antineoplastic effect of anthracyclines. Topoisomerase II (TOP II) is an enzyme that alters the topological state of the DNA double helix during physiological processes through the formation of transient DNA double strand breaks. Two TOP II isoforms are known: TOP IIα is essential for proper separation of chromosomes in mitotic cells, whereas TOP IIβ is primarily associated with gene transcription. Anthracycline antibiotics (ANT) belong to the group of topoisomerase poisons that stabilize the covalent complex of TOP II and DNA. This prevents the religation of the DNA double strand breaks and thus causes irreversible DNA damage leading to programmed cell death. Although ANTs are frequently administered in various antineoplastic protocols (hematooncological malignancies, hormone-dependent tumors and others), the therapy still possess a high risk of irreversible cardiotoxicity. The mechanism of cardiotoxicity remains unraveled. However, it has been previously discussed that TOP IIβ inhibition could play a...
42

Determination of Antibiotics in the Swedish Environment with Emphasis on Sewage Treatment Plants

Lindberg, Richard January 2006 (has links)
Metoder har utvecklats för att kunna bestämma tolv antibiotikasubstanser, vanliga inom human medicin, i miljöprover. Fokus lades på trimetoprim samt substanser från följande grupper: fluorokinoloner, sulfonamider, penicilliner, cefalosporiner, nitroimidazoler, tetracykliner samt makrolider. Vid extraktion användes fast-fas extraktion för vattenprover och ultraljuds-assisterad fast-fas/vätske extraktion för fasta prover. För separering och bestämning användes vätskekromatografi tandemmasspektrometri. Interna standarder nyttjades för att öka noggrannhet och precision. Extraktionsutbyte låg mellan 50% och 100% för vattenfaser och 14% och 100% för fasta faser. Koncentrationer och massflöden bestämdes för antibiotikasubstanser i inkommande och utgående vatten och slam, från fem avloppreningsverk i Sverige, samt i avloppsvatten från ett sjukhus. I sjukhusavloppsvattnet så påträffades ciprofloxacin (en fluorokinolon) och metronidazol (en nitroimidazol) i höga halter (µg/L nivå). Screening-studien vid de fem avloppsreningsverken visade att norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin och doxycyklin ofta förekom i inkommande och utgående vatten och slam. Trimetoprim och sulfametoxazol påvisades inte i slam men förekom i snarlika koncentrationer i det utgående vattnet relativt det inkommande. I vattenfasen så förekom de sex antibiotikasubstanserna i ng/L nivån och i slam förekom norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, och doxycyklin i låga mg/kg nivån. En studie genomfördes där beteendet hos antibiotikasubstanser under avloppsrening studerades. De två fluorokinolonerna, norfloxacin och ciprofloxacin, adsorberade till slam och mindre än 5% av den totala mängd som kommer till avloppsreningsverket påvisades i det utgående vattnet. I slam var motsvarande andel 70%. Resultat från en process som värmebehandlar rötat avvattnat slam antyder att cirka 50% av de två fluorokinolonerna bryts ner. Trimetoprim adsorberade inte till slam och 100% av total mängd återfanns i det utgående vattnet. Teoretiska beräkningar av koncentrationer och massflöden visade god korrelation till kvantitativa resultat. Ökad noggrannhet i beräkningarna fås genom att beakta stabilitet och fasfördelning. Effekten av antibiotikasubstanser i miljön är idag okänd. Resultat från testprotokoll där deras toxicitet bedöms är i många fall irrelevanta. Tester där organismer är kroniskt exponerade av biologiskt aktiva substanser vid låga koncentrationer är få. Dessutom så fokuserar de ej på de stora potentiella effekterna såsom utveckling eller bevaring av resistenta stammar av bakterier i miljön. Ytterligare studier av förekomst, öde och effekt av antibiotikasubstanser i miljön är nödvändiga. / Methods were developed for determining levels in environmental samples of twelve antibiotics that are commonly used in human medicine: trimethoprim and substances from the following groups: fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporines, nitroimidazoles, tetracyclines and macrolides. These substances were extracted from liquid and solid samples by solid phase extraction and ultrasonic-assisted liquid/solid extraction, respectively. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was then used to separate and quantify them, and internal standards were added to improve the accuracy and precision of the determinations. Extraction yields from aqueous and solid phases were in the ranges 50 - 100% and 14 - 100%, respectively. Concentrations and mass flows of antibiotic substances were determined in a hospital effluent and in the raw sewage water, final effluent, and sludge from five sewage treatment plants (STPs) scattered across Sweden. High levels (in the µg/L range) of ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone) and metronidazole (a nitroimidazole), were found in the hospital effluent. The screening study of the five sewage treatment plants revealed that norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were frequently present in the raw sewage water, final effluent and sludge. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were not detected in the sludge, but these substances were present in the final effluents at concentrations close to those of the raw sewage water. In the aqueous phase, these six antibiotics were present in the ng/L range and in the solid phase, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were present in the low mg/kg range. The behaviour of the antibiotic substances during sewage water treatment was also investigated in one of the STPs. The two fluoroquinolones, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, sorbed to sludge, and less than 5% of the total amounts that entered the STP were found in the final effluent. In sludge, the corresponding figure was 70%. Results from a process in which digested dewatered sludge was treated with heat (producing pellets) indicated that approximately 50% of the two fluoroquinolones had been degraded. Trimethoprim did not sorb to sludge and 100% of its total amount was found in the final effluent. Theoretical calculations of concentrations and mass flows correlated well with quantitative results for the antibiotics that were frequently detected, but not for the others. In order to increase the accuracy of the calculations, the stability and phase distribution of the antibiotics should be considered. The effects of antibiotics present in the environment are currently unknown. Results of test protocols to assess their toxicity are often irrelevant, and there have been few tests in which organisms have been chronically exposed to biologically active substances at low concentrations. In addition, these tests have not addressed the immense potential of antibiotics in the environment to induce the development of resistant strains of bacteria and to maintain populations of resistant strains. Further studies of the occurrence, fate, and, effects of antibiotic substances in the environment are required.
43

Population dynamics of bacterial persistence

Patra, Pintu January 2013 (has links)
The life of microorganisms is characterized by two main tasks, rapid growth under conditions permitting growth and survival under stressful conditions. The environments, in which microorganisms dwell, vary in space and time. The microorganisms innovate diverse strategies to readily adapt to the regularly fluctuating environments. Phenotypic heterogeneity is one such strategy, where an isogenic population splits into subpopulations that respond differently under identical environments. Bacterial persistence is a prime example of such phenotypic heterogeneity, whereby a population survives under an antibiotic attack, by keeping a fraction of population in a drug tolerant state, the persister state. Specifically, persister cells grow more slowly than normal cells under growth conditions, but survive longer under stress conditions such as the antibiotic administrations. Bacterial persistence is identified experimentally by examining the population survival upon an antibiotic treatment and the population resuscitation in a growth medium. The underlying population dynamics is explained with a two state model for reversible phenotype switching in a cell within the population. We study this existing model with a new theoretical approach and present analytical expressions for the time scale observed in population growth and resuscitation, that can be easily used to extract underlying model parameters of bacterial persistence. In addition, we recapitulate previously known results on the evolution of such structured population under periodically fluctuating environment using our simple approximation method. Using our analysis, we determine model parameters for Staphylococcus aureus population under several antibiotics and interpret the outcome of cross-drug treatment. Next, we consider the expansion of a population exhibiting phenotype switching in a spatially structured environment consisting of two growth permitting patches separated by an antibiotic patch. The dynamic interplay of growth, death and migration of cells in different patches leads to distinct regimes in population propagation speed as a function of migration rate. We map out the region in parameter space of phenotype switching and migration rate to observe the condition under which persistence is beneficial. Furthermore, we present an extended model that allows mutation from the two phenotypic states to a resistant state. We find that the presence of persister cells may enhance the probability of resistant mutation in a population. Using this model, we explain the experimental results showing the emergence of antibiotic resistance in a Staphylococcus aureus population upon tobramycin treatment. In summary, we identify several roles of bacterial persistence, such as help in spatial expansion, development of multidrug tolerance and emergence of antibiotic resistance. Our study provides a theoretical perspective on the dynamics of bacterial persistence in different environmental conditions. These results can be utilized to design further experiments, and to develop novel strategies to eradicate persistent infections. / Das Leben von Mikroorganismen kann in zwei charakteristische Phasen unterteilt werde, schnelles Wachstum unter Wachstumsbedingungen und Überleben unter schwierigen Bedingungen. Die Bedingungen, in denen sich die Mikroorganismen aufhalten, verändern sich in Raum und Zeit. Um sich schnell an die ständig wechselnden Bedingungen anzupassen entwickeln die Mikroorganismen diverse Strategien. Phänotypische Heterogenität ist eine solche Strategie, bei der sich eine isogene Popolation in Untergruppen aufteilt, die unter identischen Bedingungen verschieden reagieren. Bakterielle Persistenz ist ein Paradebeispiel einer solchen phänotypischen Heterogenität. Hierbei überlebt eine Popolation die Behandlung mit einem Antibiotikum, indem sie einen Teil der Bevölkerung in einem, dem Antibiotikum gegenüber tolerant Zustand lässt, der sogenannte "persister Zustand". Persister-Zellen wachsen unter Wachstumsbedingungen langsamer als normale Zellen, jedoch überleben sie länger in Stress-Bedingungen, wie bei Antibiotikaapplikation. Bakterielle Persistenz wird experimentell erkannt indem man überprüft ob die Population eine Behandlung mit Antibiotika überlebt und sich in einem Wachstumsmedium reaktiviert. Die zugrunde liegende Popolationsdynamik kann mit einem Zwei-Zustands-Modell für reversibles Wechseln des Phänotyps einer Zelle in der Bevölkerung erklärt werden. Wir untersuchen das bestehende Modell mit einem neuen theoretischen Ansatz und präsentieren analytische Ausdrücke für die Zeitskalen die für das Bevölkerungswachstums und die Reaktivierung beobachtet werden. Diese können dann einfach benutzt werden um die Parameter des zugrunde liegenden bakteriellen Persistenz-Modells zu bestimmen. Darüber hinaus rekapitulieren wir bisher bekannten Ergebnisse über die Entwicklung solch strukturierter Bevölkerungen unter periodisch schwankenden Bedingungen mithilfe unseres einfachen Näherungsverfahrens. Mit unserer Analysemethode bestimmen wir Modellparameter für eine Staphylococcus aureus-Popolation unter dem Einfluss mehrerer Antibiotika und interpretieren die Ergebnisse der Behandlung mit zwei Antibiotika in Folge. Als nächstes betrachten wir die Ausbreitung einer Popolation mit Phänotypen-Wechsel in einer räumlich strukturierten Umgebung. Diese besteht aus zwei Bereichen, in denen Wachstum möglich ist und einem Bereich mit Antibiotikum der die beiden trennt. Das dynamische Zusammenspiel von Wachstum, Tod und Migration von Zellen in den verschiedenen Bereichen führt zu unterschiedlichen Regimen der Populationsausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit als Funktion der Migrationsrate. Wir bestimmen die Region im Parameterraum der Phänotyp Schalt-und Migrationsraten, in der die Bedingungen Persistenz begünstigen. Darüber hinaus präsentieren wir ein erweitertes Modell, das Mutation aus den beiden phänotypischen Zuständen zu einem resistenten Zustand erlaubt. Wir stellen fest, dass die Anwesenheit persistenter Zellen die Wahrscheinlichkeit von resistenten Mutationen in einer Population erhöht. Mit diesem Modell, erklären wir die experimentell beobachtete Entstehung von Antibiotika- Resistenz in einer Staphylococcus aureus Popolation infolge einer Tobramycin Behandlung. Wir finden also verschiedene Funktionen bakterieller Persistenz. Sie unterstützt die räumliche Ausbreitung der Bakterien, die Entwicklung von Toleranz gegenüber mehreren Medikamenten und Entwicklung von Resistenz gegenüber Antibiotika. Unsere Beschreibung liefert eine theoretische Betrachtungsweise der Dynamik bakterieller Persistenz bei verschiedenen Bedingungen. Die Resultate könnten als Grundlage neuer Experimente und der Entwicklung neuer Strategien zur Ausmerzung persistenter Infekte dienen.
44

Hur leder dålig djurhållning till antibiotikaresistens?

Thedvall, Sara January 2014 (has links)
I takt med att allt mer antibiotika används och att världen blir allt mer globaliserad ökar och sprids antibiotikaresistensen. Djurhållningen i världen kantas av stressgivande miljöer som för små utrymmen och för många djur per yta. Det får djuren att drabbas av infektioner som vi botar med antibiotika. Antibiotika används även inom djurhållning i tillväxtfrämjande syfte och för att förebygga sjukdom och minska stress. Denna fel- och överbehandling av antibiotika i kombination med att vi använder samma sorts antibiotika inom human sjukvård som inom djurhållning gör att våra livsmedelsproducerande djur utgör en smittorisk för resistenta bakterier som hotar att nå oss via bland annat livsmedelskedjan. I och med att djuren medicineras via tillägg i foder och vatten och att upp till 90% av antibiotikan följer med fekalierna ut, sprids resistensen i naturen då stor del av fekalierna distribueras på jordbruksåkrar i fertiliserande syfte. Det ökar på spridningsrisken samt utgör ytterligare en risk för oss när vi äter grödorna. Från akvakulturer hamnar ungefär 80% av antibiotikan i det omgivande vattnet och i sedimentet och kan därifrån spridas till havets mikrober, vidare till fisk- och skaldjurspatogener och sedan till terrestra bakterier. Åtgärder till dessa problem innefattar att minska spridningen och förhindra uppkomsten av resistenta bakterier. Man bör forska fram fler antibiotika exklusivt för en sektor, i första hand vaccinera och när man måste använda antibiotika bör det vara en smalspektrumsvariant. Man måste också förbättra den globala djurhållningsstandarden, så att risken för spridning minskar vid resor och handel. Det krävs också ett ökat kunskapsläge och ett gemensamt internationellt samarbete för minskad och mer restriktiv antibiotikaanvändning. / As more antibiotics are being used in the world, and as the world gets more globalized, antibiotic resistance is a problem that is growing and spreading. Animal husbandry all over the world provides animals with stressful environments such as too small spaces and too many animals per area. The stress makes the animals suffer from infections that we cure with antibiotics. Antibiotics are also used in animal husbandry as a growth promoter and to prevent illness and decrease stress. This mis- and overuse of antibiotics and the fact that we are using the same type of antibiotics for human health care as well as for animal husbandry, makes our livestock a threat - we can get infected with antibiotic resistant bacteria through the food chain. As a result of us medicating the animals by putting antibiotics in their feed and water (where up to 90% of the antibiotics ends up in the faeces), the resistance is spread in nature, since the faeces often are used as fertilizers in agriculture. This increases the risk of spreading and is another threat for us when we eat the crops from the fields. From aquacultures about 80% of the antibiotics ends up in the nearby water and sediment and can spread through the microbes of the ocean, via fish and shellfish pathogens to terrestrial bacteria. Measuring steps includes decreasing the spread and preventing the rise of resistant bacteria. More research is needed to find new antibiotics, that should be used exclusively for one sector. We should also vaccinate more and when antibiotics are needed, use narrow spectrum antibiotics. Another step is to improve the global animal husbandry standards, so the risk for spreading decreases when travelling and importing/exporting. More education and international teamwork for reduced and more strict antibiotic usage is also needed.
45

Sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om risker vid arbete med intravenös antibiotika

Bengtsson, Fatou, Reis, Karin January 2014 (has links)
Bakgrund: Inom hälso- och sjukvården kan personal råka ut för olika arbetsrelaterade besvär. Sjuksköterskan kommer i kontakt med många olika typer av läkemedel. Alla läkemedel är inte harmlösa för dem som iordningställer och administrerar dem. Då företagssköterskan ska arbeta hälsofrämjande och preventivt är det intressant att belysa sjuksköterskors arbete med intravenös antibiotika. KASAM kan vara till hjälp, på en arbetsplats, för att ta reda på vad som krävs för att kunna bevara men också förbättra hälsan hos medarbetarna.  Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om risker vid arbete med intravenös antibiotika. Metod: Vald metod var kvalitativ metod. Fenomenografisk ansats användes vid analys av nio intervjuer. Resultat: Resultatet sammanfattades i tre beskrivningskategorier: Påverkan på kroppen, Utrustningens betydelse och Synliggöra risker. Slutsatser: Studiens resultat visar att sjuksköterskor är i behov av information om risker vid arbete med intravenös antibiotika. En ökad medvetenhet om riskerna kan bidra till att minska utvecklingen av både känd och icke känd överkänslighet samt minska resistensutvecklingen.
46

Forsigtig antibiotikabrug i Norden. Hvordan kan den fremmes? Fokus er antibiotikas påvirkning af tarmfloraen / Antibiotics and intestinal flora: improving the prudent antibiotic use in Scandinavia

Leitz, Christine January 2014 (has links)
BAGGRUND: Antibiotikaresistens udgørentrussel mod folkesundheden. Antibiotikabruger hoveddrivekraften bag resistensudviklingen.Restriktiv antibiotikabrugi overens-stemmelse med de gældende retningslinjerer derfornødvendig. Tarmfloraenpåvirkes af antibiotika oghar betydning for helbredet.Den salutogene teori er et veletableretkonceptindenfor Public Health. Oplevelse af sammenhæng (OAS)udgør et centralt koncept indenfor den salutogene teori, afspejler en persons syn på livet og kapacitet til at respondere på stressfyldte situationerog indeholder komponenterne begribelighed, håndterbarhed og meningsfuldhed.OASudgøret værdifuldt værktøj ved problemstillinger, hvor målet er ”compliant”adfærd.Det kunne tænkes,at hvis befolkningen og lægerne manglede OAS vedrestriktiv antibiotikabrug, kunne dette bidrage til at derescompliance til retningslinjerne, der anbefaler forsigtig antibiotikabrug ikke var optimal. FORMÅL: At formulere forslag til, hvordan forsigtig antibiotikabrug kunne fremmes ved at optimere OAS. Baggrundener litteratur, der belyser (i) befolkningens og lægernesholdninger overfor antibiotika og antibiotikaresistens i Norden og (ii) antibiotikas påvirkning af tarmfloraen og mulige helbredsmæssige konsekvenser.Det undersøges om der er grund til at ændre holdning overfor antibiotika,hvilke faktorerderfremmer og hæmmer forsigtig antibiotikabrug og hvordan OASkunne optimeres. METODE: Litteraturstudie efter struktureret litteratursøgning i PubMed og PsychINFO. RESULTATER: Antibiotika betragtes som noget beskyttende. Det kan ikke udelukkes, at antibiotika ved at påvirke tarmfloraen, kan have negative konsekvenser for helbredet.Viden, vaner og kommunikation har betydning for hvordan antibiotika bruges og hvorvidt forsigtig antibiotikabrug opleves begribelig og håndterbar.Læger kan ved ordination af antibiotika opleve en konflikt mellem patienten,der skal behandles bedst muligtog samfundet, hvor tiltagende antibiotikaresistens skal begrænses. Dette kan være én grund til at forsigtig antibiotikabrug ikke opleves meningsfuld. KONKLUSION: Forsigtig antibiotikabrug kunne fremmes ved atfremme velfungerende kommunikationog ved atbruge antibiotikas påvirkning af tarmfloraenog mulige helbredsmæssige konsekvenser som motivation. Hensigtsmæssige vaneri sammen-hæng med antibiotikabrug skal støttes og uhensigtsmæssige vaner om lægges. Her kunnelæger følges af en mikrobiolog for en dag / BACKGROUND:Drug resistance resulting from the overuse of antibiotics poses a threat to public health. Consequently, antibiotics must be used more cautiously.Intestinal flora is important to health and antibiotics can disrupt intestinal flora. Salutogenic theory is a well-established concept in public health. Sense of coherence (SOC), which is a key concept insalutogenic theory, reflects a person ́s lifeviewand capacity to respond to stressful situations, includes three components: comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. SOC is a valuable tool for problems that target “compliant” behavior. Lack of SOC in both physicians and the general public may contribute to poor compliance to current guidelines that recommend restricting the use of antibiotics. AIM: The study aimed to formulate proposals for promoting the prudent use of antibiotics by optimizing SOCbased on literature that illustrates(i) the attitudes of the general public and doctors regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in Scandinavia and (ii) the influence and possible health consequences of antibiotics on intestinal flora. It is discussed whether there are reasons for looking at antibiotics in a different way, which factors that facilitate or hinder prudent antibiotic use and how SOC could be optimized. METHODS: A literature study aftera structured search of the PubMed and Psych INFOdatabases. RESULTS: Although antibiotics are generally considered protective, their effect on intestinal flora may have adverse health consequences. Knowledge, habits and communication affect how antibiotics are used and whether prudent antibiotic use is experienced comprehensible and manageable. Doctors may experience conflict when prescribing antibiotics between treating the patient in the best possible manner and the need to limit such treatment to protect the community from increased resistance to antibiotics. Doctors ́wish to guarantee that their patients receive the best possible treatment might be one reason why they do not adhere to guidelines that recommend more restrictive use of antibiotics. Doctors do not consider the cautious use of antibiotics as meaningful. CONCLUSION: Careful antibiotic use could be promoted by using the influence of antibiotics on intestinal flora as motivational strategy;promoting effective communication and supporting appropriate and unlearn undesirable habits related to antibiotic use. A possible approach would be teaming physicians with a microbiologist for a day / <p>ISBN 978-91-982282-8-1</p>
47

In vitro screening nových, potenciálně antibakteriálně účinných sloučenin / In vitro screening of novel potentially active antibacterial compounds

Davidová, Lucie January 2018 (has links)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Study program: Specialist in Laboratory Methods Candidate: Bc. Lucie Davidová Supervisor: PharmDr. Ondřej Janďourek, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: In vitro screening of novel potentially active antibacterial compounds. The diploma thesis deals with the antibiotics policy and is focused on resistance and mechanism of action of the antibiotics. A great attention is also paid to novel substances testing in terms of their impact on the selected bacteria. Theoretical part of thesis describes the system of antibiotic policy including its structure and organization in the Czech Republic. It also briefly summarizes this issue globally as well as individual organizations involved in the organization of the antibiotic policy. The theoretical part is also concerned with the history, classification, effects and significance of the antibiotics. A particular attention is paid to the chapter describing the macromolecular mechanism of action of 2 selected groups of substances (antibiotics) on bacteria, including physiological functions of some bacterial structures. And, last but not least, the theoretical part summarizes principles of bacterial resistance including its origin and development. The diploma thesis...
48

Výuka prevence infekčních chorob v českém školském systému / The teaching prevention of infectious diseases in Czech education system

JOSKOVÁ, Jitka January 2013 (has links)
The major goal of the thesis "Teaching prevention of infectious diseases in Czech school system" is to determine whether and to what extent is the curriculum of elementary schools incorporated lessons prevention of infectious diseases. Part of the curriculum in primary schools should be framework of basic education, prevention of infectious diseases, because it is the only way that the children instill awareness of the basic types of microorganisms, various ways of transmission, the difference between viral and bacterial diseases as well as the different treatment of these diseases. Only in such a way, the teaching of the issue touches the vast majority of primary schools (6-15years). The thesis consists of two parts, the theoretical part and the practical part.
49

Informovanost veřejnosti o rezistenci mikroorganismů k antibiotikům / Public awareness of microorganisms resistance to antibiotics

ŠEVČÍKOVÁ, Tereza January 2018 (has links)
This diploma thesis deals with resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics and public awareness of this topic. The aim of the thesis was to find out what the public awareness of the given topic is and what knowledge the public has about the possibilities of prevention of creation and spreading of resistant microorganisms. Three main hypotheses have been set: Hypothesis 1: The public has no deeper knowledge of antibiotic treatment. Hypothesis 2: The public will in most cases get information on antibiotic treatment from a doctor. Hypothesis 3: Most people are unaware that they can contribute by rational use of antibiotics to prevent antibiotic resistance. In order to achieve the stated goals of the diploma thesis, a quantitative method of research was used. Data collection was conducted through anonymous questionnaire survey of the public population using the Click4Survey.cz web server and distribution of paper questionnaires in FN Plzeň. Results of the questionnaire survey were evaluated based on statistical data processing in Microsoft Office Excel 2007, and a Chi-squared test of independence in the pivot table and a relative frequency test were used to verify the hypotheses. Based on the evaluation of the results, it was found that among the groups of respondents, depending on whether they filled in a questionnaire on the Internet or a printed questionnaire at the hospital, there are fundamental statistical differences in knowledge and awareness of the problem. That is why it was necessary to further evaluate these two groups separately. Antibiotic resistance nowadays is a very important medical issue. The main cause is inconsistent use or overuse of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine, as well as insufficient awareness of the extent of the problem and the consequences of antibiotic resistance. For this reason, I have chosen this issue as a topic for my diploma thesis to highlight the risks of antibiotic resistance and to provide information primarily to the general public.
50

Classi : Bakterieklassificerare för minskad antibiotikaanvändning inom mjölkindustrin / ClaSSi : Bacteria classifier for reduced use of antibiotics in the dairy industry

Riddarhaage, Teodor, Ayoub, Ilian, Gefvert, Anton, Van Gheel, David, Habib, Christian, Rosén, Carl, Sievert, Rolf January 2018 (has links)
Kor inom mjölkindustrin drabbas ofta av juverinflammationen mastit, som orsakas av en mängd olika bakterier. Eftersom olika bakterier kräver olika behandlingsplaner finns ett behov att identifiera vilken bakterie som har orsakat mastiten. I nuläget finns två sätt att göra detta på, skicka in prover till en veterinär eller utbilda personal på plats för att analysera prover. Båda dessa alternativ är tids- och resurskrävande och kan leda till att mjölkföretagarna väljer att försöka behandla sina kor med antibiotika eller andra onödiga och potentiellt ohållbara metoder. Denna rapport beskriver det arbete som utförts av sju studenter under vårterminen 2018 i samband med kursen TDDD96 - Kandidatprojekt i programvaruutveckling. I projektet utvecklades en prototyp för ett system som med hjälp av ett neuralt nätverk klassificerar bakterier hos mastitdrabbade kor utifrån bilder på bakterieodlingar. Som gränssnitt mellan mjölkföretagare och klassificerare utvecklades en Android-applikation där slutanvändaren lätt kan ta bilder och mata in relevant information för att sedan skicka dessa till en server. Under implementationen av produkten delades projektgruppen in i tre delgrupper, varje delgrupp arbetade på ett av de tre delsystemen applikation, server och klassificerare. Projektgruppen använde sig av en Scrum-liknande arbetsmetodik där utvecklingsfasen delades upp i olika sprints. Den klassificerare som tagits fram har lyckats få en klassifikationssäkerhet som är i underkant med veterinärerna. Dock har klassificeraren stor potential och kan utvecklas till att vara en bra lösning till det presenterade problemet inom mjölkindustrin.

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