Antimonpräparate sind seit über 60 Jahren der Standard zur Behandlung der Leishmaniose. Immer häufiger kommt es jedoch zum Therapieversagen durch resistente Erreger. In Indien sprechen über 60 % der erstmalig mit Antimonpräparaten behandelten Patienten nicht mehr auf die Therapie an (Sundar et al., 2000). Obwohl dies ein großes Problem darstellt, ist bisher wenig über die Resistenzmechanismen der Parasiten bekannt. Durch die Aufklärung dieser Mechanismen könnten zwei Hauptziele erreicht werden: i) Es könnten optimierte Medikamente entwickelt werden, die die Resistenzmechanismen der Parasiten umgehen. ii) Es könnten diagnostische Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, um vor Beginn einer Therapie deren Erfolgschancen zu kalkulieren. So würde man dem Patienten die starken Nebenwirkungen sowie die Kosten der Antimontherapie ersparen. Desweiteren könnte sofort mit einer wirkungsvollen Therapie begonnen und somit die Zeitspanne verkürzt werden, in der der infizierte Patient ein Reservoir für die weitere Transmission der Parasiten darstellt. In Vorarbeiten wurde durch genetische Komplementation das Gen LbrM20_V2.0210 (Lbr_0210) vorläufig identifiziert, das bei Überexpression Antimonresistenz vermittelt (Dissertation A. Nuehs, 2010). Diese Arbeiten wurden mit Leishmania braziliensis durchgeführt. Direkt benachbart befindet sich ein strukturell sehr ähnliches Gen, LbrM20_V2.0200 (Lbr_0200). Beide Gene wurden bei den vorangegangenen Sb(III)-Selektionen untersucht. Hierbei konnte ausschließlich Lbr_0210 als resistenzvermittelnd identifiziert werden. Datenbankrecherchen ergaben, dass es zu Lbr_0210 je ein direktes orthologes Gen in Leishmania infantum und Leishmania major gibt. Das Ziel des ersten Teils dieser Doktorarbeit war es, die resistenzvermittelnde Funktion des zu Lbr_0210 orthologen Gens aus L. infantum, LinJ34.0220, in unterschiedlichen Leishmania-Spezies zu verifizieren. Es war vor allem wichtig die Frage zu beantworten, ob das Gen auch im pathogenen Stadium des Parasiten, also in intrazellulären Amastigoten, Resistenz gegenüber Pentostam®, einem Standardmedikament, vermittelt. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit sollte das Protein strukturell und zellbiologisch charakterisiert werden, um Hinweise auf den Resistenzmechanismus zu erhalten. Durch den Vergleich mit dem zu Lb_0200 orthologen Gen aus L. infantum, LinJ34.0210, sollten Hinweise auf die unterschiedlichen Aufgaben der Proteine gesammelt werden.

Mitt i Europas växande beroende av extern antimonproduktion har Europeiska kommissionen konsekvent betonat ett växande gap mellan utbud och efterfrågan sedan 2014. Som svar på denna utmaning riktade sig denna studie mot sekundära antimonkällor från underutnyttjade rester av guld, koppar och blymalm, som för närvarande utgör ett miljöproblem. Genom noggranna experiment, fastställde vi att optimal antimonurlakning uppnås vid 120 °C inom 2 timmar med en 250 g/L Na2S och 60 g/L NaOH-blandning. Detta tillvägagångssätt accentuerar selektiv extraktion, förbättrar antimonåtervinningen och minimerar kopparinterferens. En innovativ aspekt av denna studie var användandet utav mikrovågsassisterad urlakning, vilket visar fördelar i både utvinningseffektivitet och bevarande av mineralstrukturer jämfört med traditionella metoder. Våra resultat stöds av flera analytiska verktyg och ger en första förståelse, även om detaljerna kring mikrovågsassisterad urlakning och dess skalbarhet motiverar ytterligare utforskning. Denna studie introducerar en metod för urlakning av antimon från koppargruvavfall och föreslår ett motsvarande återvinningssystem som kan vara ekonomiskt lönsamt. Sådana ansträngningar kan ge ett blygsamt bidrag till att lindra den nuvarande situationen. / Amid Europe's growing reliance on external antimony production, the European Commission has consistently emphasized an expanding supply-demand gap since 2014. Responding to this challenge, our research targeted secondary antimony sources from underutilized residues of gold, copper, and lead ore processing, which currently pose environmental concerns. Through meticulous experimentation, we determined that optimal antimony leaching is achieved at 120°C within 2 hours, using a 250 g/L Na2S and 60 g/L NaOH mixture. This approach accentuates selective extraction, enhancing antimony recovery and minimizing copper interference. An innovative facet of this study was the adoption of microwave-assisted leaching, demonstrating advantages in both extraction efficiency and mineral structure conservation over traditional methods. Our results, backed by multiple analytical tools, provide an initial understanding, though areas like the specifics of microwave-assisted leaching and its scalability warrant further exploration. This study introduces a method for leaching antimony from copper mining waste and suggests a corresponding recycling system that may be economically viable. Such endeavors might offer a modest contribution to alleviating the present situation.

Novel diorganoantimony(III) fluorides containing ligands with pendant arms, R2SbF (5), (R)PhSbF (6) [R = 2-(2′,6′-iPr2C6H3N[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)C6H4], R′′2SbF (7) and (R′′)PhSbF (8) [R′′ = 2-(Me2NCH2)C6H4], were prepared via the ionic derivatives [R2Sb]+[PF6]− (1), [(R)PhSb]+[PF6]− (2), [R′′2Sb]+[SbF6]− (4) and [(R′′)PhSb]+[SbF6]− (obtained in situ) by treatment with [Bu4N]F·3H2O. The ionic species used as starting materials as well as [R′2Sb]+[PF6]− (3) [R′ = 2-(2′,4′,6′-Me3C6H2N[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)C6H4] were obtained from the corresponding bromides or chlorides and Tl[PF6] or Ag[SbF6]. The compounds were investigated by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy in solution, MS and IR spectroscopy in the solid state. The molecular structures of the ionic species 1·2CH2Cl2 and 3·2CHCl3 as well as of the fluorides 5–8 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Detta examensarbete är en förundersökning till Glafos undersökning angående rening av glasbrukens processvatten från antimon med zeolit. Förundersökningen gick ut på att via experiment ta reda på hur mycket antimon som adsorberas av behandlad (för optimering: dels med NaNO3 och dels med NaCl) och obehandlad zeolit (porstorlek 0.4 nm). pH mättes och ställdes eftersom det har betydelse för adsorptionen, åtminstone vid väldigt lågt pH. När lösningarna hade filtrerats mättes den kvarvarande antimonhalten med atomabsorptionsspektrofotometri. Mätningarna visade att i genomsnitt 53 % av Sb-halten i lösningarna hade adsorberats av zeoliten. Förundersökningen visade att det inte blir någon adsorption då pH är väldigt lågt (under 1). Den visade också att när pH är över 4 verkar det inte ha någon betydelse om zeoliten är behandlad eller inte. Zeoliten bör behandlas med NaCl först i en tank med omrörning, sedan blandas i processvattnet (vars pH justerats till pH 4) i en tank eller bassäng och därefter filtreras. Tidsfaktorn för hur lång tid det tar för zeoliten att nå jämvikt och temperaturens inverkan bör även undersökas. / The aim of this diploma work is to study the removal of antimony from glassworks process water using zeolites. The experimental part of the studies were carried out to find the quantity of antimony adsorbed by the zeolite. The studies included treated (for optimization: partly with NaNO3 and partly with NaCl) and untreated zeolite. The pore size is 0.4 nm. pH was measured and adjusted because it is important for the antimony adsorption. When the solutions were filtrated the content of antimony left was measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The measurements showed an average uptake of antimony by the zeolite of 53 %.The preinvestigation indicates that with a very low pH (below 1) there is no antimony adsorption. It also indicates that with pH above 4 it does not matter if the zeolite are treated or not. In further investigations the zeolite should be treated with NaCl in a stirred tank, then be mixed in the process water (pH is set to 4) in a tank or basin and then be filtrated. The time to reach equilibrium and the influence of temperature should also be investigated.

<p>Detta examensarbete är en förundersökning till Glafos undersökning angående rening av glasbrukens processvatten från antimon med zeolit.</p><p>Förundersökningen gick ut på att via experiment ta reda på hur mycket antimon som adsorberas av behandlad (för optimering: dels med NaNO3 och dels med NaCl) och obehandlad zeolit (porstorlek 0.4 nm). pH mättes och ställdes eftersom det har betydelse för adsorptionen, åtminstone vid väldigt lågt pH. När lösningarna hade filtrerats mättes den kvarvarande antimonhalten med atomabsorptionsspektrofotometri. Mätningarna visade att i genomsnitt 53 % av Sb-halten i lösningarna hade adsorberats av zeoliten. Förundersökningen visade att det inte blir någon adsorption då pH är väldigt lågt (under 1). Den visade också att när pH är över 4 verkar det inte ha någon betydelse om zeoliten är behandlad eller inte.</p><p>Zeoliten bör behandlas med NaCl först i en tank med omrörning, sedan blandas i processvattnet (vars pH justerats till pH 4) i en tank eller bassäng och därefter filtreras.</p><p>Tidsfaktorn för hur lång tid det tar för zeoliten att nå jämvikt och temperaturens inverkan bör även undersökas.</p> / <p>The aim of this diploma work is to study the removal of antimony from glassworks process water using zeolites.</p><p>The experimental part of the studies were carried out to find the quantity of antimony adsorbed by the zeolite. The studies included treated (for optimization: partly with NaNO3 and partly with NaCl) and untreated zeolite. The pore size is 0.4 nm. pH was measured and adjusted because it is important for the antimony adsorption. When the solutions were filtrated the content of antimony left was measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The measurements showed an average uptake of antimony by the zeolite of 53 %.The preinvestigation indicates that with a very low pH (below 1) there is no antimony adsorption. It also indicates that with pH above 4 it does not matter if the zeolite are treated or not.</p><p>In further investigations the zeolite should be treated with NaCl in a stirred tank, then be mixed in the process water (pH is set to 4) in a tank or basin and then be filtrated.</p><p>The time to reach equilibrium and the influence of temperature should also be investigated.</p>

Die Methode der Reaktiven Abscheidung wurde benutzt, um zu untersuchen ob und in welcher Weise das Silicidwachstum mittels einer Monolage aus Sb, d.h. mittels eines surfactant (surface active agent), gesteuert werden kann. Hierzu wurden unter UHV-Bedingungen die Metalle Mn, Ti und Ni auf geheizte Si(001) bzw. Si(001)-Sb Substrate abgeschieden. Die Probenanalyse erfolgte durch LEED, RBS, XRD, SEM, TEM und AFM. Die Theorie zum surfactant-gesteuerten Wachstum wird vorgestellt und auf das System des reaktiven Silicidwachstums übertragen. Die Probenanalysen zeigen, dass eine Monolage von Sb in der Lage ist das Wachstum der drei untersuchten Silicide zu beeinflussen. Für das System der Höheren Mangansilicide kommt es zu einer Erhöhung der Inseldichte um bis zu zwei Größenordnungen und zu Änderungen in den Orientierungsbeziehungen der Silicidinseln. Beim Wachstum der Titansilicidschichten konnte durch das surfactant die pinhole-Bildung unterdrückt werden. Das dritte untersuchte Silicid ist das Nickeldisilicid. In diesem Fall wird der Ort der Keimbildung von der Si-Oberfläche in das Volumen des Si-Substrates verschoben, d.h. die Oberfläche wird vollständig passiviert, zusätzlich treten neue Orientierungsbeziehungen auf.

The determination of inorganic speciations of arsenic, antimony, selenium and tellurium in natural waters demands often separation and preconcentration. Solid phase extraction is a very effective method for these purposes. In this paper the separation and preconcentration of these microelements is realised on the basis of modified silica Separon SGX C18, SGX C8, SGX CN, SGX NH2, SGX Phenyl and strongly basic anion Exchanger SGX AX. The sorption was provided in the presence of cationic surfactants such as benzyldimethyl dodecylammonium bromide (Ajatin), benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (Zephyramine), 1-ethoxycarbonylpentadecyltrimetrhylammonium bromide (Septonex) and selected complexing agents 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR), 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acide (8-HQS), 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (PYR), amonium 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate (APDC), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) or thiourea(Thur). The interactions of the formed ion associate with the sorbent shows a complicated character which has not been cleared as yet. The previous conditioning of the sorbent plays an outstanding role. Thus, the sorption efficiency was studied in the presence and absence of surfactant and of selected organic complexing agents. Moreover, the influence of pH of the sorbed solution as well as the speed and the volume of the solution running through the sorbent and the type and volume of the eluent on the resulting sorption efficiency was evaluated. The sorption was successfully carried out from 50-1000 ml of solution which allows the 100 fold increase of the preconcentration factor and the determination of the microelements in g.l-1 instead of mg.l-1 by using the common ICP-AES. The influence of macroelements occurring in waters as well as B, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn in comparable concentrations involve less than 5% error. After the quantitative elution of microelements, the organic solvents were evaporated under IR lamps prior to the determination by ICP-AES and |ICP-MS. The conditions for the direct determination of arsenic, antimony, selenium and tellurium in g.l-1 with ICP-MS were also described in detail in the absence and presence of internal standards Ge and Bi. However, even in this case the preconcentration on silica in the presence of surfactant and selected organic complexants was also tested. When the sorption was followed from 500 ml a 50 fold enrichment factor is reached and the sensitivity for the microelements is improved. The direct determination and the sorption of microelements were applied on synthetic and real waters (dirinking, surface, mineral and sea waters). Instrumental and practical detection limits for various water samples were evaluated according to IUPAC. The results from 1000 ml solution of real waters after sorption on modified silica and the final determination of microelements with ICP-AES were compared with those from ICP-MS without sorption using the method of standards addition in the presence of suitable internal standards. By comparison of results for synthetic and real water samples the error of the determination of microelements was evaluated.

As the UN summit in September 2015 addressed with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), our planet faces great challenges.[1] Not only since then has the role of synthetic materials chemistry been discussed in this context.[2–16] This not only concerns the development of new materials with outstanding properties such as catalysts, materials for energy conversion, and cost-efficient energy converting and storage materials, but also a reduction of the energy consumption of established functional material syntheses. Therefore, new approaches addressing the three main categories to promote the potential for energy and resource efficiency have been proposed: lowering the temperature of the synthetic processes, improving the yield and purity of the materials, and reducing the amount of waste materials. In this context a number of low-temperature processes have been established, in which mainly solvents, i.e. amines and alcohols, are used in combination with previously synthesised precursors as the solubility of the starting materials limits their usability and most elements are not soluble in these solvents. Novel solvents like ionic liquids (ILs) showcase growing interest as they are considered particularly resource-efficient.[17,18] ILs are defined as liquids that are comprised entirely of ions, with melting points below 100 °C. Continuing on from the reported work in this field, this thesis focuses on investigating the ability of ILs in the syntheses for known chalcogenides at lower temperatures and the synthesis of new materials. The main focus lies on conversions with high atom economy, especially by starting from the elements and completely recycling the IL afterwards, and mechanistic studies elucidating the intermediate dissolved species. Furthermore, as imidazolium based ILs, and their derived LEWIS-acidic ILs [BMIm]Cl/nAlCl3 mixtures, have proven to be good crystallisation media in inorganic syntheses, and the class of mostly room-temperature liquid ILs (RTILs) based on phosphonium cations [P66614]Cl showcased the ability to dissolve red phosphorous, Pred, and the heavier chalcogens S, Se, and Te, this work mainly focuses on these two IL systems. This was also chosen as an in-depth understanding of the activation and resource-efficient synthesis of these chalcogenides has still not been established. As they are RTILs, they also made the characterisation of the reactive and dissolved species by liquid state NMR, Raman, UV/Vis spectroscopy and electrochemical characterisation possible. This expands the knowledge of which main group elements and ore-like starting materials can be used in ionothermal synthesis. As a starting point the thermoelectrically interesting materials class of tellurides is addressed. The under normal conditions hard to dissolve element tellurium readily dissolves in phosphonium ILs with the cations [P66614]+ and [P4444]+. In ILs with carboxylate anions a deep purple hue of the IL already occurred by dissolving tellurium at temperatures of 60 °C. Investigations on the solutions in the acetate ILs revealed the formation of tellurium anions (Ten)2– with chain lengths up to at least n = 5, which are in a dynamic equilibrium with each other. Since external influences could be excluded and no evidence of an IL reaction was found, disproportionation of the tellurium is the only possible dissolution mechanism. However, the spectroscopic detection of tellurium cations in these solutions is difficult, but the coexistence of tellurium cations, such as (Te4)2+ and (Te6)4+, and tellurium anions could be proven by cyclic voltammetry and electrodeposition experiments. DFT calculations indicate that electrostatic interactions with the ions of the ILs are sufficient in stabilizing both types of tellurium ions in solution.[19] In contrast, the acetate ILs show insufficient conversion in reactions of coin metals (Cu, Ag, Au) with tellurium to the corresponding tellurides, especially at low temperatures, however the chloride ILs successfully synthesise Cu2–xTe, CuTe, AuTe2 and Ag2Te. As the synthesis of the tellurides in neat ILs at temperatures down to 60 °C was only sufficient for the system Ag-Te, with a full conversion of the elements to Ag2Te, this was chosen as a model system for further investigations. Even at room temperature, a quantitative yield was achieved by using either 2 mol% of [P66614]Cl in dichloromethane or a planetary ball mill. The unexpected finding that phosphane-free [P66614]Cl also allows the quantitative synthesis of Ag2Te at 60°C implies an additional activation mechanism independent from the phosphane, which is yet unknown.[20] Subsequently, the manifoldly-used lighter chalcogen sulphur is tested for the synthesis of sulphides. Direct synthesis of binary sulphides of B, Bi, Ge, Mo, Cu, Au, Sn, In, Ti, V, Fe, Co, Ga, Ni, Al, Zn, and Sb in [P66614]Cl was tested at 100 °C, i.e. below the melting point of sulphur. Under these conditions, substantial sulphide formation occurred only for nickel (Ni3S4, Ni3S2, NiS) and copper (Cu2S, CuS). Sb showed no formation of crystalline sulphide, but after addition of EtOH, an orange material precipitated which was identified as amorphous metastibnite.[21] As generating these elements from their ores is highly energy consuming, direct dissolution experiments of the crystalline stibnite in [P66614][OAc] and Cl– were investigated and resulted in yellow solutions, from which the amorphous form can be precipitated upon exposure to EtOH air without any sign of decomposition of the IL. In particular, follow-up investigations were conducted on the solubility of Sb2S3 for follow-up chemistry in the LEWIS-acidic IL [BMIm]Cl · 4.7 AlCl3 at 160 °C which resulted in the formation of the novel chloride-terminated [Sb13S16Cl2]5+ quadruple-heterocubane cation-containing compound [Sb13S16Cl2][AlCl4]5.[21] Addition of CuCl in a slightly modified reaction resulted in the formation of the layered semiconductor Cu(Sb2S3)[AlCl4]. From this the AlCl3 can be leached by treatment with 0.1 molar hydrochloric acid, yielding a compound with the presumed composition Cu(Sb2S3)Cl.[22] As ILs showed to be able to activate elements that are insoluble in common solvents, and the formation of Sb2S3 from reactions mixtures of the elements raised the question of whether only the sulphur forms a mobile species or if antimony could additionally activated, the synthesis of binary antimony compounds directly from elements was explored as they are highly discussed as replacements for silicon-based semiconductors. Therefore the 12 elements Ti–Cu, Al, Ga, In, and Te, which are known to form binary compounds with Sb, were reacted with Sb in [P66614]Cl under inert conditions in a simple closed glass flask with vigorous stirring for 16 h at 200 °C. This resulted in the formation of NiSb, InSb, Cu2Sb and Sb2Te3. The applied reaction temperature is several hundred degrees below the temperatures required for solvent-free conversions. Compared to reactions based on diffusions in the solid state, reaction times are much shorter. The IL is not consumed and can be recycled. Since the reaction with Cu showed almost complete conversion, the influences of reaction time, temperature and medium were further investigated. In a diffusion experiment, Cu2Sb formed on the copper, which indicates that antimony forms mobile species in these ILs. These systematic studies hence deliver a contribution to how ILs can help in the synthesis of new materials and how they can make a difference in the synthesis of inorganic materials as well in the context of “GREEN CHEMISTRY”. This can help in developing a more educated choice/toolbox of IL systems for reducing energy costs by reducing the temperature from high temperature inorganic syntheses to syntheses near room-temperature by using the elements as starting materials, with a high atom economy for the synthesis of known and new materials.

The subject of this thesis was creating of teaching material for an interactive whiteboard using ActivInspire program. The material was created in a form of interactive presentations designed to be used in chemistry lessons at secondary schools. The theme of these presentations was the 15th group of the periodic table of elements. The thesis also includes a description of the way the presentations were made and instructions for teachers how to work with them.

I det svenska samhället tillför diffusa och direkta föroreningskällor metaller till avloppsreningsverk, metaller som sedan hamnar i avloppsslam och recipient. Avloppsslam innehåller höga halter av växtnäringsämnen som bör återföras till jordbruksmark, men om detta ska ske får inte metallhalterna i slammet vara för höga. REVAQ är ett certifieringssystem vars syfte är att utveckla och systematisera avloppsreningsverkens uppströmsarbete och därmed möjliggöra en återföring av det växtnäringsrika slammet till jordbruksmark. Flera REVAQ-certifierade avloppsreningsverk prioriterar antimon, guld, kadmium, silver och vismut i uppströmsarbete på grund av att ackumulationshastigheten för dessa spårelement är hög i jordbruksmark som gödslas med avloppsreningsverkens slam. Source Finder (SoFi) är ett verktyg som kan användas vid uppströmsarbete för att kvantifiera identifierade källor till utsläpp av kadmium, koppar, krom, kvicksilver och zink. Syftet med examensarbetet var att vidareutveckla och anpassa verktyget SoFi till att göra beräkningar på spårelementen antimon, guld, silver och vismut samt att utveckla källan hushåll så att emissioner inom hushåll kartläggs för spårelementen och kadmium. Källor till spårelementen i avloppssystem identifierades genom litteratur och schablonvärden bestämdes för de källor det var möjligt. För att testa verktyget och kontrollera dess säkerhet utfördes en fallstudie över Käppalaverkets upptagningsområde samt en resultatkontroll. Resultaten visade att verktyget uppskattar mängden kadmium som inkommer till avloppsreningsverk bra och att inkommande mängder av antimon, silver och vismut underskattas stort. För antimon, silver och vismut var det inte möjligt att kvantifiera alla identifierade källor på grund av att kunskapen om emissioner av spårelementen är bristfällig. För guld kunde inga emissioner kvantifieras och därför beräknades inte spårelementet i verktyget. På grund av att alla stora källor inte har kvantifierats går det inte att avgöra huruvida identifieringen av källor har lyckats. Verktyget kan användas vid uppströmsarbete redan idag men genom att kvantifiera flera av de identifierade källorna kan verktyget göra större nytta och för att möjliggöra detta krävs nya studier. / Metals are transported to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from diffuse and point sources in the Swedish society, these metals will end up in sewage sludge or receiving water. Sewage sludge contains a lot of plant nutrients, like phosphorus and nitrogen, which should be returned to arable land. But sludge also contains metals and if the metal content is too high the sewage sludge cannot be returned to the arable land. REVAQ is a certification system and the objective with it is to develop and systematize the WWTPs work to improve the wastewater and by that enable the return of plant nutrients to arable land. The accumulation rate of antimony, gold, cadmium, silver and bismuth are high in arable land fertilized by sewage sludge and because of that these trace elements are prioritized in WWTPs, certified by REVAQ, work to improve wastewater. Source Finder (SoFi) is a tool that can be used by the WWTPs to quantify emissions of cadmium, copper, chrome, mercury and zink from identified sources. The objectives of this master thesis were to develop and adapt the tool SoFi to estimate the trace elements antimony, gold, silver and bismuth and to develop the source household by survey the emissions of the trace elements and cadmium in it. Sources of the trace elements in the sewage system were identified by literature and emission coefficients were compiled for those sources that were possible. The new version of Source Finder was tested in the municipal WWTP Käppala and an estimation of the reasonableness of the results was made. The results showed that a good estimation of cadmium flow is made by the tool and that antimony, silver and bismuth flows are underestimated. It was not possible to determine emission coefficients for all identified sources to antimony, silver and bismuth because of the lack of knowledge about these trace elements. No emissions of gold could be quantified and the trace element was therefore not calculated by the tool. Since all identified sources have not been quantified it is not possible to determine whether all sources have been identified or not. The tool is ready to be used by the WWTPs in their work to improve the wastewater, though by quantifying further identified sources the tool will be of better use. To make that possible new studies have to be done. / Flödesanalys av spårelement från källa till slam