No description available.

No description available.

To determine the level of salt tolerance of the medicinal plant Echinacea, the physiological and biochemical characteristics of E. purpurea, E. pallida and E. angustifolia exposed to different NaCl levels (0, 50, 75, and 100 mM) were evaluated under hydroponic culture. Dry weights of shoots and roots were not affected by salinity; however E. purpurea and E. pallida exhibited higher survival rate than E. angustifolia, which also showed high salt injury index and electrolyte leakage compared to the other two species. Gas exchange (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate) showed a decline with increasing salt concentrations in all species with a more pronounced reduction in E. angustifolia. E. purpurea was able to retain more Na+ in the roots than the other two species showing its capacity to regulate Na+ translocation to shoots (Na+ exclusion). Moreover, the activities of two major antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were increased by salinity in E purperea, while the activities were decreased in E. angustifolia. The characteristic phytochemical profiles of caffeic acid derivatives (CADs) and alkamides/ketones were obtained for the three species, and quantitative changes were determined. Cichoric acid, the major CAD in E. purpurea, was increased with salinity up to 75 mM NaCl. A relative increase in alkamides and CADs was recorded in E. angustifolia, while in E. pallida, the level of echinacoside and major ketones (22 and 24) decreased, suggesting that the medicinal value of this species was compromised by salt stress. First evidence of salt-induced changes in alkamides and ketones in Echinacea was demonstrated in this study. Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the major enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of CADs, was increased only in the roots of E. purpurea, further reflecting the differences in salt tolerance between species. It can be concluded that Echinacea species exhibited a limited degree of salt tolerance; however, E. purpurea showed a higher tolerance than E. pallida and E. angustifolia. This tolerance was mainly attributed to the increase in Na+ exclusion capacity, antioxidant activities and PAL activity.

To determine the level of salt tolerance of the medicinal plant Echinacea, the physiological and biochemical characteristics of E. purpurea, E. pallida and E. angustifolia exposed to different NaCl levels (0, 50, 75, and 100 mM) were evaluated under hydroponic culture. Dry weights of shoots and roots were not affected by salinity; however E. purpurea and E. pallida exhibited higher survival rate than E. angustifolia, which also showed high salt injury index and electrolyte leakage compared to the other two species. Gas exchange (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate) showed a decline with increasing salt concentrations in all species with a more pronounced reduction in E. angustifolia. E. purpurea was able to retain more Na+ in the roots than the other two species showing its capacity to regulate Na+ translocation to shoots (Na+ exclusion). Moreover, the activities of two major antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were increased by salinity in E purperea, while the activities were decreased in E. angustifolia. The characteristic phytochemical profiles of caffeic acid derivatives (CADs) and alkamides/ketones were obtained for the three species, and quantitative changes were determined. Cichoric acid, the major CAD in E. purpurea, was increased with salinity up to 75 mM NaCl. A relative increase in alkamides and CADs was recorded in E. angustifolia, while in E. pallida, the level of echinacoside and major ketones (22 and 24) decreased, suggesting that the medicinal value of this species was compromised by salt stress. First evidence of salt-induced changes in alkamides and ketones in Echinacea was demonstrated in this study. Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the major enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of CADs, was increased only in the roots of E. purpurea, further reflecting the differences in salt tolerance between species. It can be concluded that Echinacea species exhibited a limited degree of salt tolerance; however, E. purpurea showed a higher tolerance than E. pallida and E. angustifolia. This tolerance was mainly attributed to the increase in Na+ exclusion capacity, antioxidant activities and PAL activity.

Herbal medicines are an important part of the African culture and tradition and about 80% of Africa’s population relies on traditional remedies for their primary health care needs (WHO, 2008). Athrixia phylicoides is widely used as a traditional remedy, but despite its substantial use, literature on its chemical composition and biological activities is limited. In this study, the chemical composition of the essential oil was determined using gas chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and analysis resulted in the identification of 182 compounds. The major compounds identified in selected samples were α-pinene, β-pinene, caryophyllene oxide, β-caryophyllene, myrcene and spathulenol. Based on the traditional uses of A. phylicoides, various in vitro biological activities were investigated. The extensive use of A. phylicoides for the treatment of boils, sores, bad acne, infected wounds and cuts, prompted the antimicrobial (bacterial and fungal) study using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The methanol extract and essential oil were more selective for the Grampositive bacteria than the Gram-negative bacteria. The extract exhibited stronger activity against all micro-organisms tested compared to the essential oil, with the highest activity against S. aureus, B. cereus and B. subtilis (MIC = 1 mg/ml). The bioactive compound, (4-hydroxyphenyl) propyl coumaroate was isolated from the extract and proved to be most active against S. aureus (MIC = 19.5 μg/ml). Using the DPPH• assay, a comparative antioxidant study was performed. The anti-oxidant activity of the aqueous extract of A. phylicoides (IC50 = 14.01 ± 2.68 μg/ml) was greater than rooibos and Ceylon (black) tea (IC50 > 25.00 μg/ml); comparable to green rooibos and honeybush tea (IC50 = 18.01 ± 4.06 μg/ml; 18.02 ± 4.27 μg/ml, respectively), but less active than green tea (IC50 = 9.64 ± 0.96 μg/ml). The antimalarial activity was determined using the [3H] hypoxanthine incorporation method. The essential oil exhibited greater antimalarial activity against the chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (FCR-3) strain (IC50 = 1.006 ± 0.06 μg/ml) than the methanol extract. The 5-lipoxygenase assay was used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol extract and essential oil. Only the essential oil displayed anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 = 25.68 μg/ml). Low safety indices were reported for both the methanol extract (SI = 2.28) and essential oil (SI = 1.77). The in vitro biological activities may validate the use of A. phylicoides in traditional medicine.

Sinapic acid derivatives and tocopherols in refining byproducts of commercially produced expeller-pressed canola oils were characterized and isolated. Additionally, the antioxidant activities of the phenolics were examined by three systems including an in vitro non-biological related assay, a cellular assay and a deep-fat frying model. Sinapic acid (SA： 42.9 µg/g), Sinapine (SP: 199 µg/g), and Canolol (CAN: 344 µg/g) were found in different byproducts of canola oil refining, namely, soapstock, spent bleaching clay, and wash-water, respectively. Tocopherols (3.75 mg/g) and other non-identified phenolic compounds (2.7 mg /g) were found in deodistillates (DDL). CAN and DDL revealed significant protection effect (p<0.05) against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidation in two mammalian cell lines. The results of deep-fat frying studies indicated positive effects of CAN and DDL in preventing lipid oxidation. The canola oils fortified with DDL and CAN showed a considerable reduction (p < 0.05) in oxidation products of lipid after frying.

Submitted by Isaac Francisco de Souza Dias (isaac.souzadias@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-04T17:03:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE DIGITAL FINAL.pdf: 1975953 bytes, checksum: a85f2fc057d22d668c4ed9e5fcf04927 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T17:03:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE DIGITAL FINAL.pdf: 1975953 bytes, checksum: a85f2fc057d22d668c4ed9e5fcf04927 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-27 / CAPES / As plantas são importantes fontes de produtos naturais ativos, e é cada vez mais habitual seu uso na medicina popular, como agente antimicrobiano e antioxidante. Porém, no Brasil, as plantas medicinais são utilizadas quase sem nenhuma comprovação científica. Muitas destas plantas podem ser encontradas no bioma exclusivamente brasileiro, a Caatinga e a maioria ainda não apresenta qualquer identificação científica quanto à sua eficiência no combate à doenças e adversidades do corpo e propriedades biológicas. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as atividades antimicrobiana e antioxidantes de extratos hidralcoólico e metanólico de Ouratea blanchetiana, Sideroxylon obtusifolium, Manilkara rufula, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Myroxylum peruiferum e Parkinsonia aculeata L., bem como analisar os compostos fenólicos das citadas plantas representates da Caatinga. O material vegetal foi coletado no Parque Nacional do Catimbau Pernambuco e os extratos foram elaborados em diferentes polaridades. Os extratos hidralcoólico e metanólico foram preparados adicionando ao pó dos materiais em estudo determinado solvente para obtenção de extratos a 10%. O conteúdo fenólico total dos extratos foi quantificado pelo ensaio com o reagente Folin-Ciocalteu. Para a determinação da atividade antimicrobiana foi inicialmente utilizado o Método de Difusão em disco, bem como o método concentração mínima inibitória (CIM), no combate às bactérias gram-positiva e gram-negativa. Na atividade antioxidante os extratos foram submetidos ao método fosfomolibdênio (P – Mo), método de seqüestro de radicais livres – DPPH e ensaio sequestro peróxido de hidrogênio. Para o teste antimicrobiano os valores do CIM variaram entre 0.09 e 25 mg/ml, sendo o M luteus o mais suscetível à ação de substâncias antibacterianas. No ensaio de seqüestro de DPPH foi possível identificar que entre os extratos testados os extratos metanólico e hidralcoólico de S. Obtusifolium mostraram maior eficiência antioxidante, apresentando IC50 11 e 57.2 μg/ml, respectivamente. No método fosfomolibdênio foi observado que os extratos metanólicos se mostraram mais eficiente e no ensaio sequestro peróxido de hidrogênio valores da IC50 de todos os extratos em estudos variaram de 4.2 a 10 μg/ml, apresentando melhores resultados que o padrão ácido gálico, com exceção do extrato hidralcoólico de O. blanchetiana com IC50 de 22.5 μg/ml. Os resultados demonstraram que as amostras estudadas apresentaram uma alta eficiência no combate aos micro-organismos, e aos radicais livres. / Plants are important sources of active natural products, and is common use in folk medicine as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent. However, in Brazil, medicinal plants are used almost without any scientific proof. Many of these plants can be found in the biome exclusively Brazilian, the Caatinga, and most still hasn’t and most still has no scientific identification as to their efficiency in combating diseases and adversities of the body and biological properties. The aim this work to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of hydroalcoholic and methanolic extracts of Ouratea blanchetiana, Sideroxylon obtusifolium, Manilkara rufula, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Myroxylum peruiferum e Parkinsonia aculeata L. and analyze the phenolic compounds these plants of Caatinga. The plant material was collected in Parque Nacional do Catimbau Pernambuco and the extracts were prepared at different polarities. The hydralcoholic and methanol extracts were prepared by adding to the powder materials in a given study solvent for obtaining extracts to 10%. The total phenolic content of the extracts was quantified by the assay with the Folin-Ciocalteu. To determine the antimicrobial activity was initially used the disk diffusion method, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), for combating gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antioxidant activity in the extracts were subjected to phosphomolybdenum method, method of sequestering free radicals - DPPH assay and hydrogen peroxide. To test the antimicrobial the MIC values ranged between 0.09 and 25 mg / ml, and the Micrococcus. luteus more susceptible to the action of antibacterial substances. In DPPH sequestration test, we found that among the extracts tested the methanol extract and hydroalcoholic S. obtusifolium showed higher antioxidant efficiency, with IC50 11 and 57.2 mg / ml, respectively. In phosphomolybdenum method was observed that the methanol extracts were more efficient in sequestering hydrogen peroxide assay the IC50 values of all extracts studies ranged from 4.2 to 10 mg / ml, showing better results than the standard gallic acid, with the exception of the hydroalcoholic extract of O. blanchetiana with IC50 22.5 mg / ml. The results showed that the sample studied exhibited a high efficiency in combating micro-organisms and free radicals.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A casca do caule de Amburana cearensis A C Smith, conhecida popularmente como cumaru, à utilizada para o tratamento de doenÃas respiratÃrias como bronquite e asma. Estudos farmacolÃgicos anteriores mostraram as atividades antiinflamatÃria, antioxidante e antinociceptiva do extrato e molÃculas isoladas do cumaru: incluindo cumarina (CM) e amburosÃdeo A (AMB). Diante do exposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma avaliaÃÃo preliminar da citotoxicidade, e investigar o potencial antiinflamatÃrio e antioxidante da cÃpsula do extrato seco de A. cearensis (CESAC) e da Afrormosina (AFM), com determinaÃÃo do possÃvel mecanismo de aÃÃo. Para tanto, as cÃpsulas foram produzidas a partir do extrato seco (spray-dryer) padronizado pelo teor de AMB e CM por CLAE. A citotoxicidade foi investigada em neutrÃfilo humano (2,5 x 106 cÃlulas/mL) atravÃs dos testes de exclusÃo ao corante azul de tripan, LDH, MTT e avaliaÃÃo do padrÃo de morte celular pelo corante laranja de acridina/brometo de etÃdio. A AFM (10, 50 e 100 Âg/mL) nÃo mostrou citotoxicidade, enquanto que a CESAC (10, 100 e 200 Âg/mL) aumentou o nÃmero de cÃlulas em apoptose e necrose. A CESAC (100-400 mg/kg, v.o.) inibiu o edema de pata em camundongos, o acÃmulo de cÃlulas e os nÃveis de TBARS-MDA no peritÃnio, induzidos por carragenina. No lavado broncoalveolar de ratos desafiados com ovalbumina, a CESAC reduziu o acÃmulo de cÃlulas, bem como a produÃÃo de TBARS-MDA e nitrito/nitrato, alÃm de restabelecer os nÃveis de GSH. Tanto a CESAC (5, 10, 25, 50, 100 e 200 Âg/mL), quanto AFM (3; 6; 12,5; 25; 50 e 100 Âg/mL) reduziram a ativaÃÃo de neutrÃfilos humano induzida por fMLP (em atà 65 % e 66 %, respectivamente) ou PMA (em atà 72 % e 86 %, respectivamente). AlÃm disso, estes inibiram em atà 70 % aproximadamente a atividade de mieloperoxidase, porÃm apenas a CESAC inibiu a atividade da elastase (6-88 % inibiÃÃo). A adiÃÃo de CESAC ou AFM à suspensÃo de neutrÃfilos reduziu tambÃm os nÃveis de TNF&#945;. O CESAC e a AFM mostraram atividade inibitÃria do metabolismo oxidativo de neutrÃfilos mensurado atravÃs de ensaios de quimioluminescÃncia dependente de luminol (QL lum) e lucigenina (QL luc). / The stem bark of Amburana cearensis AC Smith, popularly known as cumaru, is used to treat respiratory diseases like bronchitis and asthma. Previous pharmacological studies showed the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant, and / or muscle relaxant activities of the the extract and isolated molecules from cumaru, including coumarin (CM) and amburoside A (AMB). Given the above, the objective of this study was to conduct a preliminary assessment of cytotoxicity, and investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of the capsule of the dryed extract from A. cearensis (CESAC) and afrormosin (AFM) to determine the possible mechanism of action. For this, the capsules were produced from the dried extract (spray-dryer), standardized by the content of CM and AMB by HPLC. Cytotoxicity was investigated in human neutrophil (2.5 x 106 cells / mL) through the tests of the exclusion dye trypan blue, LDH, MTT and evaluation of the pattern of cell death by acridine orange / ethidium bromide. AFM (10, 50 and 100 Âg / mL) showed no cytotoxicity, while CESAC (10, 100 and 200 Âg / mL) increased the number of apoptotic and necrotic cells. The CESAC (100-400 mg / kg, po) inhibited the paw edema in mice, the accumulation of cells and MDA-TBARS levels in the peritoneum induced by carrageenan. In bronchoalveolar lavage of mice challenged with ovalbumin, the CESAC reduced the accumulation of cells, as well as production of TBARS, MDA and nitrite / nitrate, and restore the levels of GSH. Both CESAC (5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 Âg / mL), and AFM (3, 6, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 Âg / mL) reduced the activation of human neutrophils induced by fMLP ( up to 65% and 66%, respectively) or PMA (up to 72% and 86%, respectively). Moreover, they inhibited by 70% about the activity of myeloperoxidase, but only CESAC inhibited elastase activity (6-88% inhibition). The addition of AFM or CESAC in suspension of neutrophils also reduced the levels of TNF&#945;. The CESAC and AFM showed the inhibitory activity of neutrophil oxidative metabolism measured by tests of luminol- (CL lum) and lucigenin-dependent (CL luc) chemoluminescence.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho descreve a reinvestigaÃÃo fitoquÃmica da espÃcie Lippia sidoides, pertencente à famÃlia Verbenaceae, visando o isolamento e a elucidaÃÃo estrutural de novos ou conhecidos metabÃlitos secundÃrios. O estudo quÃmico realizado com o extrato etanÃlico das raÃzes e das folhas da espÃcie possibilitou o isolamento de trÃs e a caracterizaÃÃo de sete constituintes. Do extrato etanÃlico das raÃzes foi isolada a naftoquinona tecomaquinona I e, do extrato etanÃlico das folhas foram isolados o monoterpeno 5-hidroximetil-2- isopropilfenol, a flavanona naringenina, a mistura de flavonÃides eriodictiol e hispidulina, e a mistura de di-hidrochalconas 3-hidroxifloridizina e floridizina. A mistura de di-hidrochalconas foi submetida à reaÃÃo de acetilaÃÃo com anidrido acÃtico/piridina, resultando na acetilaÃÃo de todas as hidroxilas. A determinaÃÃo estrutural das substÃncias foi realizada atravÃs de tÃcnicas espectromÃtricas como: infravermelho (IV), espectrometria de massa (EM) e ressonÃncia magnÃtica nuclear de hidrogÃnio (RMN 1H) e de carbono-13 (RMN 13C), incluindo tÃcnicas bidimensionais (COSY, HSQC e HMBC) e comparaÃÃo com dados registrados na literatura. A atividade antioxidante das substÃncias isoladas e do extrato etanÃlico das folhas foi avaliada pelo mÃtodo de inibiÃÃo de radicais livres (DPPH), observando-se uma significativa atividade, principalmente do extrato etanÃlico das folhas, da mistura de flavonÃides e da mistura de di-hidrochalconas. / This work describes the phytochemical reinvestigation of the specie Lippia sidoides, belonging to the family Verbenaceae, aiming at the isolation and structural elucidation of secondary metabolites new or known. Chemical studies conducted with the ethanolic extract of the roots and leaves of the species allowed the isolation of tree and characterization of seven constituents. Of the ethanolic extract of the roots was isolated the naphthoquinone tecomaquinone I, and the ethanolic extract of the leaves was isolated the monoterpene 5- hydroxymethyl-2-isopropylphenol, the flavanone naringenin, the mixture of flavonoids eriodictyol and hispidulin, and the mixture of dihydrochalcones 3- hydroxyphloridzin and phloridzin. The mixture of dihydrochalcones was subjected to reaction acetylation with acetic anhydride/pyridine, resulting in the acetylation of all hydroxyl. Structure determination of the substances was performed by spectrometric techniques such as infrared (IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen (1H NMR) and carbon-13 (13C NMR) including two-dimensional techniques (COSY, HSQC and HMBC) and comparison with data reported in the literature. The antioxidant activity of the substances isolated and of the ethanolic extract of the leaves was evaluated by method the inhibition of free radicals (DPPH), observing a significant activity, especially of the ethanolic extract of the leaves, of the mixture of flavonoids and the mixture of dihydrochalcones.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Francielly_ Torres dos Santos.pdf: 2692597 bytes, checksum: db1b8713e9d8a55de139153f5a86a29e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / Parsley has been widely traded as a flavoring in Brazil and worldwide. The quality to produce salsa depends on its cropping management. This, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of alternative organic substrates in productivity and nutritional quality of Petroselium crispum. The treatments consisted of five organic compounds obtained by agro-industrial waste composting process of broiler production chain in which they varied the main source of carbon, i.e, waste cotton carding, pruning of ground urban trees, sawdust, bagasse of milled cane and ground napier grass. In order to obtain the organic substrates, it was added 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% biochar to each of the five organic compounds, a charcoal obtained from burning wood in boilers. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5x5 factorial design, with four replications. The nutritional quality of salsa was determined by N, P, K evaluation, and antioxidant activity and productivity. Concerning substrates, functional groups and determination of humification degree were evaluated, correlated with parsley dry weight. It was concluded that the use of substrate from Napier grass ground does not favor Petroselium crispum production. Adding biochar associated with organic compost from urban tree pruning whose main source is carbon favors flavonoid content of Diosmetin-apiosilglucoside-isomer and apigenin-malonyl-glucoside in Petroselium crispum. The electrical conductivity of the organic substrate is the main factor that contains Petroselium crispum production while addition of biochar can minimize this effect / A salsa é amplamente comercializada como especiaria no Brasil e no mundo. A produção de salsa com qualidade depende da forma de cultivo. Assim, neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de substratos orgânicos alternativos na produtividade e qualidade nutricional de salsa graúda portuguesa. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco compostos orgânicos, obtidos pelo processo de compostagem de resíduos agroindustriais da cadeia produtiva do frango de corte em que se variou a principal fonte de carbono, a saber: resíduos de desfibrilação de algodão, resíduos de poda de árvores urbanas trituradas, serragem, bagaço de cana moído e capim-napier triturado. Para obtenção dos substratos orgânicos, a cada um dos cinco compostos orgânicos, acrescentaram-se 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60% de biochar, um carvão obtido da queima da madeira em caldeiras. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5x5, com quatro repetições. A qualidade nutricional da salsa foi determinada pela avaliação de N, P, K, atividade antioxidante e produtividade. Nos substratos, foram avaliados os grupos funcionais e a determinação do grau de humificação, correlacionados com a matéria seca da salsa. Concluiu-se que o uso de substrato originado de capim-napier triturado não favorece à produção de salsa graúda portuguesa. A adição de biochar associado ao composto orgânico, proveniente de poda de árvores urbanas como principal fonte de carbono, favorece o teor de flavonoides de diosmetin-apiosilglucosídeo isômero e apigenina-malonil-glucosídeo na salsa graúda portuguesa. A condutividade elétrica do substrato orgânico é o fator que mais limita a produção de matéria de salsa graúda portuguesa e a adição de biochar pode minimizar tal efeito.