Il y a eu des rapports récents sur la réponse antitumorale chez la drosophile. Notre objectif est d'examiner le rôle des signaux immunitaires innés contre les tumeurs RasV12-­GFP chez les mouches adultes. J'ai créé un modèle de tumeur chez les drosophiles adultes en transplantant la lignée de cellules tumorales RasV12-­GFP. Cette étude présente des preuves que les voies immunitaires innées sont toutes, dans une certaine mesure, impliquées dans la réaction contre les tumeurs de la drosophile. Bien que les données soient très préliminaires, elles illustrent les réponses complexes dans les mouches, qui constitueront certainement la base de l'étude future du groupe. Néanmoins, les données in vivo suggèrent clairement que d'une part, les cellules oncogènes sont capables de proliférer massivement sur le côté du corps de la mouche et d'autre part, les mouches succombent finalement à la charge oncogène. Le profilage de l'expression génique suite à l'injection oncogène de cellules RasV12 nous amène également à nous interroger sur les récepteurs inconnus ou les signaux de danger, qui pourraient se coordonner dans les mouches pour lutter contre ces cellules. D'autres travaux permettront d'élucider le mécanisme moléculaire de reconnaissance et de réaction de l'insecte à ces cellules tumorales. / There have been recent reports on antitumor response in Drosophila. Using the fly model this might open new avenues in the field of tumor immunology. Our aim is to examine roles of these innate immune signaling against RasV12-­GFP tumors in adult flies. I established tumor developing adult flies by transplanting RasV12-­GFP tumor cell line. This study presents evidence that the innate immune pathways are all to some extent involved in the reaction against tumors in Drosophila. Although the data is highly preliminary, it illustrates the complex responses in the flies, which will definitely form the basis of the future study of the group. Nevertheless, the in vivo data clearly suggests that firstly, the oncogenic cells are able to proliferate massively in side the fly body and secondly, the flies finally succumb to the oncogenic load. The gene expression profiling following the oncogenic RasV12 cell injection also leads us to ask question about the unknown receptors or danger signals, which might be coordinating in the flies to fight against these cells. Further work will unravel the molecular mechanism of recognition and reaction of the insect to these tumorous cells.

O câncer corresponde a um conjunto de doenças que vem aumentando sua incidência durantes os anos e atualmente é considerado um problema mundial. Os tratamentos tradicionais em sua grande maioria agem no maquinário genético e causam citotoxicidade, debilitando o paciente. Desta forma, a busca por novos fármacos é de fundamental importância para se encontrar moléculas mais seletivas e menos tóxicas para o paciente. A classe dos alquilfosfolipídeos tem se destacado por apresentar vários análogos com atividade antitumoral atuando na membrana celular, sendo a miltefosina o protótipo estrutural. A miltefosina exibe potente atividade antitumoral in vitro e frente a alguns modelos tumorais, sendo aprovada clinicamente para o uso tópico em metástases cutâneas de câncer de mama. No entanto, este fármaco apresenta toxicidade gastrointestinal e ação hemolítica. A partir desse protótipo, novos análogos foram sintetizados chegando à estrutura da erufosina, análogo homocolínico da miltefosina, com atividade antitumoral e com administração via intravenosa, por ser menos hemolítica. Outros estudos evidenciam que grupos volumosos na parte apolar também reduzem a atividade hemolítica. Portanto, nesse trabalho estudamos a síntese de análogos benzil alquil éter da miltefosina e da erufosina. Tentativas de síntese foram realizadas por meio da síntese de intermediários éteres ω-hidroxibenzilalquílicos, sendo a obtenção desses intermediários otimizada por meio de planejamento fatorial e mudança do reagente haleto de benzila. A melhor condição reacional foi definida a temperatura ambiente por 6h, com rendimento reacional de 38% e 43% para 10-(benziloxi)decan-1-ol e 12-(benziloxi)dodecan-1-ol, respectivamente. Para a formação dos análogos benzil alquil éter da miltefosina e da erufosina, diversas condições foram testadas empregando-se a reação dos éteres ω-hidroxibenzilalquílicos com oxicloreto de fósforo e, subsequentemente, com N-metiletanolamina ou N-metilpropanolamina, para análogos da miltefosina e da erufosina, respectivamente. Na sequência, a N-metilação com iodeto de metila foi realizada para os análogos da erufosina. No caso da miltefosina, estudou-se a síntese de um análogo N-metilfosfoetanolamínico. A confirmação dos respectivos produtos de interesse e o grau de pureza foram inferidos por análises de RMN. Devido à complexidade das rotas e, principalmente, à dificuldade de purificação pelo caráter anfifílico das moléculas sintetizadas, os compostos ainda não foram obtidos em quantidade e grau de pureza suficientes para testes biológicos in vitro. Entretanto, esse estudo aponta para a possibilidade da utilização da rota proposta para obter os compostos planejados, com necessidade de se aprimorar a etapa final de purificação dos compostos obtidos. / Cancer corresponds to a group of diseases with increasing incidence over the years, and is currently considered a global problem. Traditional treatments mostly act on the genetic machinery causing cytotoxicity and debilitating patients. Therefore, the search for new drugs is of paramount importance to find more selective and less toxic drugs. The class of alkylphospholipids deserves attention for presenting several analogs with antitumor activity by acting on the cell membrane. This class has miltefosine as a structural prototype. Miltefosine exhibits potent antitumor activity in vitro and against some tumor models, and has been clinically approved for topical use in cutaneous metastases of breast cancer. However, this drug is associated with gastrointestinal toxicity and hemolytic activity. From this prototype, new analogs were synthesized resulting in erufosine, which besides antitumor activity is capable of stimulating the production of human bone marrow cells and can be administered intravenously, since it is less hemolytic. Other studies show that the presence of bulky groups in the nonpolar moiety of alkylphospholipids also reduces the hemolytic activity. In this work, we designed benzyl alkyl ether analogs of miltefosine and erufosine. We studied the synthesis of ω-hydroxibenzylalkyl ethers intermediates by means of a factorial design and studying the alkyl halide to be employed. Best reaction condition was defined as room temperature and reaction time of 6h, with yields of 38% and 43% for 10-(benzyloxy)decane-1-ol and 12-(benzyloxy)dodecane-1-ol, respectively. For the benzyl alkyl ether analogs, several reaction conditions were investigated by reacting the ω-hydroxibenzylalkyl ethers with phosphorus oxychloride and subsequently with N-methyl propanolamine (for erufosine analogs) or N-methyl ethanolamine (for miltefosine analog). In the sequence, N-methylation with methyl iodide was carried out for erufosine analogs. For mitefosine, the analog obtained was an N-methylphosphoethanolamine. Structures confirmation was based on NMR analysis. Owing to the complexity of the synthetic routes and mainly difficulty in purification of amphiphilic molecules, the analogs panned were not obtained in adequate quantities and degree of purity to be submitted to in vitro biological test. Nonetheless, this study already points to the possibility of the synthetic routes investigated to obtain the compounds designed, with need to improve final purification steps.

O câncer associado à colite (CAC - colitis-associated cancer) é um subtipo de câncer colorretal (CRC) precedido por doenças inflamatórias do intestino (IBD - inflammatory bowel disease). Diante das altas taxas mundiais de incidência e mortalidade do CRC, muitos esforços têm sido movidos pela comunidade científica em busca do desenvolvimento de novas abordagens e estratégias terapêuticas contra esse tipo de câncer. Doenças inflamatórias do intestino estão associadas a um risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de CRC e evidenciam assim, a complexa conexão entre inflamação e câncer. A microbiota intestinal possui papel central na patogênese de IBD. Há evidente aumento no interesse em investigar maneiras de contornar alterações da resposta imunitária do hospedeiro à disbiose microbiana utilizando suplementos à base de microrganismos vivos. Isso ocorre uma vez que estudos com probióticos têm demonstrado o seu grande potencial imunomodulador. A administração de probióticos tem sido associada à manutenção de períodos prolongados de remissão da doença e à ausência de resistência ao tratamento. No presente trabalho, utilizamos modelo experimental de câncer colorretal associado à inflamação para investigar os efeitos do probiótico Lactobacillus bulgaricus sobre a carcinogênese. Nossos resultados demonstram papel anti-inflamatório de L. bulgaricus na colite induzida por DSS, associado a menores níveis intestinais das citocinas TNF-?, IL-1?, IL-6, IL-17, IL-23. Na carcinogênese, o probiótico induziu menores níveis intestinais das citocinas pró-inflamatórias e levou à redução expressiva do volume tumoral total e tamanho médio de tumores ao final do tratamento. Em conjunto, nossos resultados demonstram papel anti-inflamatório e antitumoral de Lactobacillus bulgaricus na carcinogênese colorretal associada à inflamação. / Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) is a subtype of colorectal cancer (CRC) preceded by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Faced with the high global rates of CRC incidence and mortality, many efforts have been made by the scientific community to develop new approaches and therapeutic strategies against this type of cancer. IBDs are associated with an increased risk for CRC development, highlighting the complex connection between inflammation and cancer. The intestinal microbiota has a central role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Currently there is evident increase in interest in investigating manners to circumvent the host\'s immune response to microbial dysbiosis using a supplement based on live microorganisms. This is because studies on probiotics have demonstrated their high immunomodulatory potential. Probiotic administration has been associated with the maintenance of prolonged remission periods of the disease, and with the lack of resistance to treatment. In the present study, we used experimental model of colorectal cancer associated with inflammation to investigate the effects of the probiotic Lactobacillus bulgaricus on carcinogenesis. Our results demonstrate the anti-inflammatory role of L. bulgaricus in DSS-induced colitis, which was associated with lower intestinal levels of the cytokines TNF-?, IL-1?, IL-6, IL-17, IL-23. In carcinogenesis, the probiotic induced lower intestinal levels of the proinflammatory cytokines and led to an expressive reduction of total tumor volume and mean size of tumors at the end of treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and antitumor role of Lactobacillus bulgaricus in inflammation-associated colorectal carcinogenesis.

Submitted by LEANDRA ERNST KERCHE SILVA null (leakerche@gmail.com) on 2017-03-02T20:29:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Leandra Versão Final.pdf: 8949571 bytes, checksum: 3379799c19a1298e8da231c910b37d91 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-08T14:55:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_lek_dr_prud.pdf: 8949571 bytes, checksum: 3379799c19a1298e8da231c910b37d91 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-08T14:55:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_lek_dr_prud.pdf: 8949571 bytes, checksum: 3379799c19a1298e8da231c910b37d91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-03 / Biomateriais podem ser definidos como dispositivos que entram em contato com sistemas biológicos tanto na forma de sólidos quanto de líquidos e géis. Para um novo biomaterial, são necessários testes toxicológicos e de interação in vitro e in vivo. O látex é uma substância branca e leitosa que exsuda da casca da Hevea brasiliensis quando a mesma é perfurada e que tem sido apontado como um biomaterial promissor. O látex quando centrifugado em alta velocidade é separado em três frações: a fração com partículas de borracha, uma fração aquosa chamada fração C e uma fração de fundo chamada fração B. A fração C é a fração metabolicamente ativa do látex. Assim, o presente estudo investigou os potenciais efeitos antioxidantes, citotóxicos, genotóxicos e antitumorais da fração C do látex da Hevea brasiliensis. Para isso, foram utilizados os testes de sequestro de radicais livres e capacidade antioxidante total em meio in vitro sem células; o teste do MTT, o ensaio do cometa, avaliação de morte celular com coloração com Hoechst 33342 e Iodeto de Propídio (PI) e avaliação de parâmetros bioquímicos de estresse oxidativo em meio in vitro com duas linhagens celulares, a CHO-k1, linhagem de células normais de epitélio de ovário de hamster, e a B16F10, linhagem de células de melanoma murino; e a ação da fração C na indução de carcinoma de células escamosas (SCC) em camundongos SKH-1 por exposição crônica à radiação UVB. Nossos resultados mostraram que a fração C é antioxidante, com capacidade para sequestrar os radicais HO• e NO• e o H2O2. A fração C não alterou a viabilidade celular das células CHO-k1, não induziu danos no DNA dessas células, não induziu apoptose e necrose e nem alterou a quantidade de tiol total e de malonaldeído (MDA) nessas células. No entanto, para a linhagem celular B16F10, a fração C mostrou atividade antitumoral, reduzindo a viabilidade celular, induzindo danos no material genético, induzindo morte celular e alterando os níveis de tiol e MDA nessas células. Nos animais que foram expostos cronicamente à radiação UVB, a fração C protegeu os eritrócitos e a pele dos animais do estresse oxidativo promovido pela irradiação e protegeu as células da pele de transformação maligna para SCC. Em resumo, nossos resultados mostraram que a fração C do látex da H. brasiliensis apresenta propriedades terapêuticas antioxidantes e antitumorais. / Biomaterials can be defined as devices that come in contact with biological systems in the form of solids, liquids and gels. In vitro and in vivo toxicological tests are needed for a new biomaterial to come out. Latex is a white and milky solution that exsudes from Hevea brasiliensis bark when perforated, and it has been appointed as a new promising biomaterial. When centrifuged in high speed, latex can be separated in three parts: rubber particle fraction, aqueous C-serum fraction and a bottom fraction called B-serum. Cserum is the part that is metabolically active. In this way, the aim of this work was to investigate potential antioxidant, cytotoxic, genotoxic and antitumor effects of latex Cserum from Hevea brasiliensis. For this purpose, we used in vitro free-radical scavenger and total antioxidant capacity tests; MTT test, comet assay, staining with Hoechst 33342 and Propidium Iodide (PI) to evaluate cell death, and evaluation of biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in Chinese hamster ovary epithelium normal cell line, CHO-k1, and murine melanoma cell line, B16F10; and C-serum effects in the induction of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in SKH-1 mice by chronic UVB exposure. Our results show that latex C-serum is an antioxidant compound that was able to scavenge HO• and NO• radicals and H2O2. C-serum did not alter the cell viability in CHO-k1 cells and it did not promote DNA damage in these cells, it did not alter the levels of apoptotic and necrotic cells for this cell lineage and did not alter total thiol and MDA levels in these cells. However, for B16F10 cells, latex C-serum presented antitumor effect, reducing cell viability, inducing DNA damage and cell death, and altering total thiol and MDA levels in these cells. In the animals chronically exposed to UVB radiation, latex C-serum protected the erythrocytes and skin cells from oxidative stress promoted by the irradiation, and prevented skin cells from malignant transformation to SCC. In summary, this work shows that latex C-serum from Hevea brasiliensis present antioxidant and antitumor therapeutic properties.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:02:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARYCLEUMA CAMPOS HENRIQUE.pdf: 2547059 bytes, checksum: e7c319952c5d6f86b9976ddc8a877e33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The species A. desmanthum and A. vargasii (Apocynaceae), known popularly in the Amazon for amargoso and amarelão , respectively, are used in the folk medicine mainly, its barks, in the form of teas. This work describes the chemical study of the barks of these species that resulted in the isolation and the identification of the alkaloids ellipticine and N-methyltetrahydroellipticine from the A. vargasii, and aspidocarpine, of the A. desmanthum. The identification was made based in spectra of 1H, 13C RMN and bidimensional HSQC, COSY, HMBC, NOESY, high resolution for electron spray impact masses (HR-ESI-MS), UV and IR, accomplishment of the identification of alkaloids ellipticine and aspidocarpine was confirmed by analysis of X-rays and comparison with data of the literature. The ethanol extracts, chloroform fractions, as well as isolated alkaloids presented lethality for Artemia franciscana and has been inactive for Aedes aegypti, behaviors this, observed for the two species in study. The antitumor activity of the ethanol extract, as well as some of its fractions and isolated alkaloids of A. vargasii has been active in test in vitro for tumor cells (breast, colon and nervous system). High antimalarial activity was observed for ellipticine alkaloids in vitro for Plasmodium falciparum. The ethanol extract of A. desmanthum presented low antitumor activity, however, great part of its fractions has been active. Antimalarial activity for aspidocarpine alkaloid isolated was observed for this specie. / As espécies A. desmanthum e A. vargasii (Apocynaceae), conhecidas popularmente na Amazônia por amargoso e amarelão, respectivamente, são muito utilizadas na medicina popular principalmente, suas cascas, na forma de chás. Este trabalho descreve o estudo químico das cascas dessas espécies que resultou no isolamento e na identificação dos alcalóides elipticina e Nmetiltetrahidroelipticina provenientes da A. vargasii, e aspidocarpina, da A. desmanthum. A identificação foi feita baseada em espectros de RMN 1H, 13C e os bidimensionais HSQC, COSY, HMBC, NOESY, massas de alta resolução por elétron spray (HR-ESI-MS), UV e IV, realização da identificação dos alcalóides elipticina e aspidocarpina foi apoiada ainda por análise de difração de raios-X e comparação com os dados da literatura. Os extratos etanólicos, frações clorofórmicas, bem como alcalóides isolados apresentaram letalidade para Artemia franciscana e foram inativos para Aedes aegypti, comportamentos este, verificado para as duas espécies em estudo. A atividade antitumoral do extrato etanólico, bem como algumas de suas frações e alcalóides isolados de A. vargasii foram ativos em teste in vitro para as linhagens de células tumorais (mama, cólon e sistema nervoso). Observou-se para o alcalóide elipticina atividade antimalárica in vitro expressiva frente ao Plasmodium falciparum. O extrato etanólico de A. desmanthum apresentou foi apresentou baixa atividade antitumoral, no entanto, grande parte de suas frações foram ativas. Observou-se ainda para essa espécie atividade antimalárica para o alcalóide isolado aspidocarpina.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O cÃncer à uma doenÃa que afeta cada vez mais um nÃmero maior de pessoas em todo o mundo. As terapias atuais utilizadas para o tratamento do cÃncer sÃo ainda insatisfatÃrias. Produtos naturais tÃm sido avaliados para seleÃÃo de compostos ativos, capazes de reduzir os tumores malignos de uma forma mais eficiente e com menos efeitos indesejÃveis. O polissacarÃdeo sulfatado extraÃdo da alga Champia feldmannii (Cf-PLS) foi testado para avaliaÃÃo do seu potencial antitumoral e imunoestimulante. AlÃm disso, foram feitos testes de toxicidade do fÃgado, rins e baÃo apÃs o tratamento com Cf-PLS. Os resultados demonstraram que Cf-PLS nÃo apresenta citotoxicidade in vitro, mas à capaz de reduzir o tumor Sarcoma 180 implantado em camundongos em 48,16% e 48,62% nas doses de 10 e 25mg/kg, respectivamente, e reduz 68,32% quando adiministrado juntamente com 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). As anÃlises do fÃgado e rins revelaram que houve certa toxicidade no rim, com Ãreas de necrose tubular aguda na maior dose. Os testes da perfusÃo renal revelaram que Cf-PLS causa aumento da pressÃo de perfusÃo, resistÃncia vascular renal, ritmo de filtraÃÃo glomerular e fluxo urinÃrio, alÃm da excreÃÃo de sÃdio, cloreto e potÃssio. NÃo houve alteraÃÃes nos percentuais de transporte totais ou tubular proximais de sÃdio, cloreto ou potÃssio. Houve discreta deposiÃÃo protÃica nos glomÃrulos e tÃbulos renais. NÃo houve alteraÃÃes nas anÃlises bioquÃmicas e os testes hematolÃgicos revelaram uma leucopenia causada por 5-FU, entretanto esta foi revertida pelo tratamento com Cf-PLS. TambÃm foi demonstrado que Cf-PLS age como agente imunoestimulante e imunomodulador, aumentando a produÃÃo de anticorpos totais e especÃficos contra Cf-PLS e OVA, aumentando tambÃm a polpa branca e o nÃmero de megacariÃcitos nos baÃos dos animais tratados e induzindo a migraÃÃo de neutrÃfilos para a cavidade peritoneal de camundongos. Pode-se concluir que Cf-PLS apresenta atividade antitumoral e que isso pode estar relacionado com suas propriedades imunoestimulantes. / Cancer is a desease that occurs in a larger number of people each year. The therapies used to treat it are still not satisfatory. Natural products have been studied to select new compounds capable of reducing tumours and with fewer side effects. The sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the seaweed C. feldmannii (Cf-PLS) was investigated for its antitumor and immunostimulating properties and also for the toxicological aspects related to Cf-PLS treatment. The Cf-PLS did not show any significant in vitro cytotoxic effect, but showed a strong in vivo antitumor effect. The inhibition rates of sarcoma 180 tumor development were 48.16 % and 48.62% at the doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg, respectively, and 68.32% when treated together with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The histopathological analysis of liver and kidney showed that the kidneys were affected by Cf-PLS-treatment, presenting some focal areas of acute tubular necrosis at the higher dose. Cf-PLS caused considerable changes in renal physiology, as shown by an increase in parameters such as perfusion pressure, renal vascular resistance, glomerular filtration rate, urinary flow and sodium, chloride and potassium excretion. Neither enzymatic activity of alanine aminotransferase, urea nor creatinin levels were significantly altered. In hematological analyses, leucopeny was observed after 5-FU treatment, but this effect was prevented when the treatment was associated with the Cf-PLS. It was also demonstrated that Cf-PLS acts as an immunomodulatory agent, raising the production of specific antibodies, and also increasing the production of OVA-specific antibodies. In addition, it induced a discreet increase of the white pulp and nest of megakaryocytic in spleen of treated mice and the neutrophil migration to the intraperitoneal cavity of mice. In conclusion, Cf-PLS has some interesting antitumour activity that could be associated with its immunostimulanting properties.

Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2018-08-08T14:30:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Luisa Alban.pdf: 1572475 bytes, checksum: 51e47c0f80b15d05eda24af2e3b8fde5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-08-09T11:13:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Luisa Alban.pdf: 1572475 bytes, checksum: 51e47c0f80b15d05eda24af2e3b8fde5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T11:23:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Luisa Alban.pdf: 1572475 bytes, checksum: 51e47c0f80b15d05eda24af2e3b8fde5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-01 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The interest in nanostructures such as titanate nanotubes (TNTs) has grown notably in recent years due to their biocompatibility and economic viability, which makes them promising for application in the biomedical field. Quercetin (Qc) has been reported to have great potential as a chemopreventive agent widely used in the study of the treatment of diseases such as bladder cancer. Therefore, this work aimed to study the incorporation of quercetin in sodium TNTs (NaTNT) and zinc (ZnTNT), as well as characterize the nanostructures formed. In addition, it was intended to conduct Qc release tests and biological and antitumor activities in T24 lineage cells. The nanostructures of TNTs were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, MEVFEG, EDS, MET DRX and TGA techniques. The results showed that the nanostructures have a tubular structure and the exchange of Na+ ions by Zn2+, as well as the incorporation of quercetin in the structure do not alter this morphology. In addition, the interaction established between Zn and Qc increases the thermal stability of nanostructures. The release test showed that the maximum delivery of Qc occurs after 24h and the presence of Zn controls the release of the flavonoid. Biological assays have shown that the NaTNTQc and ZnTNTQc nanostructures decrease the cellular viability of T24 after 48h in high concentrations. Furthermore, NaTNT, NaTNTQc and ZnTNT reduce the number of T24 lineage cells when combined with irradiation after 48h showing that the combination of nanostructures and ionizing energy is an attractive object of study in the treatment of bladder cancer. / O interesse por nanoestruturas como nanotubos de titanatos (TNTs) tem crescido notavelmente nos ?ltimos anos devido a sua biocompatibilidade e viabilidade econ?mica, o que os tornam promissores para a aplica??o na ?rea biom?dica. A quercetina (Qc) tem sido relatada como tendo grande potencial como agente quimiopreventivo amplamente utilizada no estudo do tratamento de doen?as como c?ncer de bexiga. Neste sentido, este trabalho pretendeu estudar a incorpora??o de quercetina em TNTs de s?dio (NaTNT) e de zinco (ZnTNT), bem como, realizar a caracteriza??o das nanoestruturas formadas. Al?m disso, pretendeu-se conduzir testes de libera??o de Qc e atividades biol?gicas e antitumorais em c?lulas da linhagem T24. As nanoestruturas de TNTs foram sintetizadas e caracterizadas por t?cnicas de FTIR, MEV-FEG, EDS, MET DRX e TGA. Os resultados mostraram que as nanoestruturas apresentam estrutura tubular, e a troca de ?ons Na+ por Zn2+, bem como a incorpora??o de quercetina na estrutura n?o alteram esta morfologia. Al?m disso, a intera??o estabelecida entre o Zn e Qc aumenta a estabilidade t?rmica das nanoestruturas. O ensaio de libera??o mostrou que a entrega m?xima de Qc ocorre ap?s 24h e apresen?a de Zn controla a libera??o do flavonoide para o meio. Os ensaios biol?gicos mostraram que as nanoestruturas NaTNTQc e ZnTNTQc diminuem a viabilidade celular de T24 ap?s 48h em altas concentra??es. Ainda, NaTNT, NaTNTQc e ZnTNT reduzem o n?mero de c?lulas da linhagem T24 quando combinadas com irradia??o ap?s 48h mostrando que a combina??o entre as nanoestruturas e energia ionizante se apresenta como um objeto de estudo atrativo no tratamento de c?ncer de bexiga.

Vaccines have become an important approach for the treatment of cancer. Cancer vaccines help the immune system to detect and eradicate tumor cells. Also, cancer vaccines are designed to stimulate an effective immune response that can create long-term immune memory to prevent tumor recurrence. This treatment approach involves the administration of a vaccine comprising or encoding an antigen and can often be combined with an adjuvant to further promote the immune response. The goal of this research was to study the effect of the polyanhydride composition of prophylactic cancer vaccine formulations on the tumor-specific immune response. To achieve this goal, three different amphiphilic polyanhydride copolymers were generated comprising different ratios of 1,6-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy)-hexane (CPH) and 1,8-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG) or sebacic anhydride (SA) monomers. These copolymers were used to fabricate particles encapsulating a model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), using a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The ability of the three different compositions of amphiphilic polyanhydride copolymers (50:50 CPTEG:CPH, 20:80 CPTEG:CPH, and 20:80 CPH:SA) encapsulating OVA to elicit immune responses was investigated. Further, the impact of soluble unmethylated oligodeoxynucleotides containing deoxycytidyl-deoxyguanosine dinucleotides (CpG ODN), an immunologic adjuvant, on the immune response to the three formulations was also studied. The immune response to cancer vaccines was measured after treatment of C57BL/6J mice with two subcutaneous injections, seven days apart, of 50 μg OVA encapsulated in particles composed of different polyanhydride copolymers with or without 25 μg CpG ODN. In vivo studies showed that 20:80 CPTEG:CPH particles encapsulating OVA significantly stimulated the highest level of CD8+ T lymphocytes, generated the highest serum titers of OVA-specific IgG antibodies, and produced longer survival in comparison to formulations involving the other polyanhydride copolymers. The results also revealed that supplementing the vaccine formulations with CpG ODN did not enhance the immunogenicity of OVA. These results accentuate the crucial role of the copolymer composition of polyanhydrides in stimulating the immune response and improving cancer vaccine efficacy.

No description available.

The ultimate goal of antitumor vaccines is to develop memory CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which are critical mediators of antitumor immunity. Previous work in our lab demonstrated that the ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD4+ T cell-based (OVA-TEXO) vaccine generated using OVA-pulsed dendritic cell (DCOVA)-released exosomes (EXOOVA) stimulates CTL responses via interleukin (IL)-2 and costimulatory CD80 signaling. To assess the potential involvement of other costimulatory pathways and to define the key constituent of costimulation for memory CTL development, we first immunized wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 and gene-knockout mice with WT CD4+ OVA-TEXO cells or OVA-TEXO cells with various molecular deficiencies. We then assessed OVA-specific primary and recall CTL responses using PE-H-2Kb/OVA257–264 tetramer and FITC-anti-CD8 antibody staining by flow cytometry. We also examined antitumor immunity against the OVA-expressing B16 melanoma cell line BL6-10OVA. We demonstrate that CD4+ OVA-TEXO cells form immunological synapses with cognate CD8+ T cells in vitro. By assessment of the pattern of ex vivo interactions between OTI CD8+ T cells and OVA-TEXO or (Kb-/-)TEXO cells lacking peptide/major histocompatibitity complex (pMHC)-I expression, we provide the first visible evidence on the critical role of exosomal pMHC-I in targeting OVA-TEXO to cognate CD8+ T cells using two-photon microscopy. By assessing primary and recall CTL responses in mice immunized with OVA-TEXO cells or with OVA-TEXO cells lacking the costimulatory molecules CD40L, 4-1BBL or OX40L, we demonstrated that these costimulatory signals are dispensable for CTL priming by OVA-TEXO cells. Interestingly, CD40L, but not 4-1BBL or OX40L, plays a crucial role in the development of functional memory CTLs against BL6-10OVA tumors. Overall, this work suggests that a novel CD4+ T cell-based vaccine that is capable of stimulating long-term functional CTL memory via CD40L signaling may represent a novel, efficient approach to antitumor vaccination. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the western world. Approximately 20-30% of invasive breast carcinomas are proto-oncogene human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 positive and associated with increased metastatic potential and poor prognosis. The survival benefit of anti-HER2 driven therapies demonstrated in clinical trials indicates that HER2 is one of the most promising molecules for targeted therapy to date. Above results prompt us to assess whether CD4+ T-cell-based vaccine can stimulate efficient HER2-specific CD8+ CTL responses and antitumor immunity in transgenic mice with HER2-specific self-immune tolerance. We prepared HER2-specific HER2-TEXO using ConA-stimulated CD4+ T cells with uptake of exosomes released from HER2-expressing AdVHER2-transfected DCs. We found that HER2-TEXO vaccine is capable of inducing HER2-specific CTL responses and protective immunity against transgene HLA-A2/HER2-expressing B16 melanoma BL6-10HLA-A2/HER2 in 2/8 double transgenic HLA-A2/HER2 mice with HER2-specific self-immune tolerance. The remaining 6/8 mice had significantly prolonged survival. Therefore, the novel T cell-based HER2-TEXO vaccine may provide a new therapeutic alternative for women with HER2+ breast cancer. In contrast to CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), mechanisms of CD8+CD25+ Treg-mediated immunosuppression are not well understood. In this study, we purified polyclonal CD8+CD25+ Tregs from C57BL/6 mouse splenocytes and expanded them in culture medium containing CD3/CD28 microbeads. By using these amplified CD8+CD25+ Tregs, we demonstrated that CD8+CD25+ Tregs inhibit naive CD4+ T-cell proliferation and induce naive T-cell anergy by up-regulating T-cell anergy-associated early growth response 2 (EGR2), and by decreasing T-cell proliferation and IL-2-secretion upon stimulation. They also impact the expression of perforin on effector CTLs and directly induce perforin-mediated CTL apoptosis. CD8+CD25+ Tregs, when pulsed with OVA323-339 peptide, exert an enhanced inhibition. Interestingly, CD8+CD25+ Tregs, when pulsed with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 peptide, become capable of inhibiting MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Two-photon microscopic observations suggest that OVA323-339-pulsed (armed) CD8+CD25+ Tregs reduce the interactions between DCs and cognate CD4+ T cells ex vivo by increasing velocities of T cells in mouse lymph nodes. Therefore, redirecting antigen-specificity to nonspecific CD8+CD25+ Tregs can be achieved for enhanced immunosuppression through their arming with the antigen-specific pMHC-II complexes. This approach may have great impact on improvement of endogenous polyclonal Treg-mediated immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that nonspecific polyclonal CD4+ T cells and CD8+CD25+ Tregs, when armed with HER2 and MOG antigen-specific pMHC-I and -II complexes, become capable of stimulating enhanced HER2-specific CTL responses and antitumor immunity in double transgenic HLA-A2/HER2 mice and inducing enhanced MOG-specific immunosuppression in MOG-induced EAE mice, respectively. Therefore, redirecting antigen specificity to nonspecific CD4+ T and CD8+CD25+ Tregs by pMHC complex arming may have great impact in development of novel T cell-based vaccines for treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases.