The purpose of this study is to contribute more examples and ways of indicating Antonymy in Northern Sotho to what some scholars like Louwrens had already done, in order to generate more discussions and research on this subject.

羅奇偉. / "2004年9月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2004. / 參考文獻 (p. 121-137). / 附中英文摘要. / "2004 nian 9 yue". / Luo Qiwei. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2004. / Can kao wen xian (p. 121-137). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Chapter 第一章： --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節： --- 「反訓」的指涉 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節： --- 「反訓」硏究的槪況 --- p.2 / Chapter 第三節： --- 本文的研究課題 --- p.20 / Chapter 第二章： --- 郭璞的「反訓」硏究 --- p.23 / Chapter 第一節： --- 郭璞的「反訓」術語 --- p.23 / Chapter 第二節： --- 郭璞的「反訓」例證 --- p.30 / Chapter (一) --- 「以亂爲治」 --- p.31 / Chapter (二) --- 「以臭爲香」 --- p.49 / Chapter 第三節： --- 小結 --- p.61 / Chapter 第三章： --- 「反訓」的性質 --- p.62 / Chapter 第一節： --- 「詞義」和「訓釋」的關係 --- p.62 / Chapter 第二節： --- 「詞義反訓」的性質 --- p.66 / Chapter 第三節： --- 「訓釋反訓」的性質 --- p.83 / Chapter 第四節： --- 小結 --- p.100 / Chapter 第四章： --- 「反訓」是否存在 --- p.101 / Chapter 第一節： --- 討論的原則 --- p.101 / Chapter 第二節： --- 「詞義反訓」是否存在 --- p.102 / Chapter 第三節： --- 「訓釋反訓」是否存在 --- p.115 / Chapter 第四節： --- 小結 --- p.116 / Chapter 第五章： --- 結語 --- p.118 / 參考書目 --- p.121 / 附錄： / 附錄一：歷代「反訓」研究簡表 --- p.1 / 附錄二 ：歷代「反訓」研究常見術語簡表 --- p.61 / 附錄三：「臭」字用例統計表 --- p.65

No description available.

by Chen Hong Yi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-65). / Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Background Information And Thesis Scope --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Basic Concepts and Terminologies --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Semantic Classification Of A Word --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Relationship Link And Relationship Type --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Semantic Closeness, Link Weight And Semantic Distance" --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Thesaurus Model And Semantic Net --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Thesaurus Building And Maintaining Tool --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Chinese Information Processing --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Segmentation of Chinese Words --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- The Ambiguity of Chinese Words --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Multiple Chinese Character Code Set Standards --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3 --- Related Work --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4 --- Thesis Scope --- p.13 / Chapter 3 --- System Design Principles --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1 --- Application Context Of TheSys --- p.15 / Chapter 3.2 --- Overall System Architecture --- p.16 / Chapter 3.3 --- Entry-Term Construct And Thesaurus Frame --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- "Words, Entry Terms And Entry Term Construct" --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- "Semanteme, Relationship And Thesaurus Frame" --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Dealing With Term Ambiguity --- p.28 / Chapter 3.4 --- Weighting Scheme --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Assumption --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Quantify The Relevancy Between Two Directly Linked Concepts --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Quantify The Relevancy Between Two Indirectly Linked Concepts --- p.35 / Chapter 3.5 --- Term Ranking --- p.38 / Chapter 3.6 --- Thesaurus Module and Maintenance Module --- p.39 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- The Procedure Of Building A Thesaurus --- p.40 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Thesaurus Nomination --- p.41 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Semantic Classification Tree Construction --- p.41 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Relation Type Definition --- p.42 / Chapter 3.6.5 --- Entry Term Construct Construction --- p.42 / Chapter 3.6.6 --- Thesaurus Frame Construction --- p.43 / Chapter 3.6.7 --- Thesaurus Query --- p.44 / Chapter 4 --- System Implementation --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1 --- Data Structure --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Entry Term Construct --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Thesaurus Frame --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2 --- API --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3 --- User Interface --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Widget And Its Callback --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Bilingual User Interface --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Chinese Character Input Method --- p.57 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion And Future Work --- p.60 / Chapter A --- System Installation --- p.66 / Chapter A.1 --- Files In TheSys --- p.67 / Chapter A.2 --- Employ TheSys As Application Package --- p.70 / Chapter A.3 --- Set Up TheSys With UI --- p.71 / Chapter A.4 --- Verify The Word Using External Dictionary --- p.74 / Chapter B --- API Description --- p.77 / Chapter B.1 --- thesys.h File --- p.77 / Chapter B.2 --- API Reference --- p.82 / Chapter C --- User Interface Reference --- p.108

M.A. / This dissertation is an investigation into the lexicographical treatment of synonymy in Afrikaans explanatory dictionaries - especially the Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT). It is divided into two chapters of theoretical discussion, a chapter of practical examples from HAT and a final chapter with conclusions and suggestions for improvement. Chapter two discusses the concept of 'meaning'. In order to arrive at an understanding of 'meaning', it is necessary to have a measure knowledge of some aspects of the theory. First of all there will be a brief discussion of the theory of reference and cognitive/ descriptive meaning. A lexicographer should describe the conceptual sense of a word. In order to do this he uses sense relations, namely hyponymy, antonymy and synonymy. These relations are interdependent. Hyponymy and antonymy will be touched on briefly, while synonymy will be discussed thoroughly. As far as synonymy is concerned there will be, among other aspects, a discussion of the concept 'synonymy', the difference between absolute and near-synonymy and polysemy and homonymy. Chapter three lists the lexicographical criteria in terms of which synonymy must be applied in a dictionary. In this chapter there will be a look at aspects such as the guide to the use of the dictionary (front matter), synonym definitions, the arrangement of synonyms, contextual information and a consistant cross-reference. The system according to which syonymy must be applied in a dictionary must be thoroughly explained in the front matter. In the case of synonym definitions every synonym must be taken up as a lemma and supplied with a lexicographic definition. The member of a synonym paradigm with the highest use frequency must be supplied with a lexicographic definition, while the other members of a synonym paradigm get synonym definitions. With reference to chapter three, chapter four deals with an evaluation of the application of synonymy in HAT. All the criteria in chapter three will be discussed on the basis of examples from HAT.A main conclusion reached, is that the criteria are not always maintained. In many cases the criteria are correctly maintained, but deviations of the criteria are, inter alia: not all the synonyms are taken up as lemmas; cross-references are not always correct and consistant; the lexicographic definition is placed with the wrong lemma; the members of a synonym paradigm are not arranged according to the highest use frequency. Chapter five gives a summary of the conclusions regarding criteria. There are also suggestions for improvement, regarding the application of synonymy in the case of multi-word lexical units and sublexical units. Lexicographers are working on a central data base for Afrikaans, The main problem with dictionaries, namely inconsistant cross-referencing, will be reduced if such a data base functions as the basis for lexicographic activity.

published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

M.A. / The objectives of the study was the treatment of needlework terms in four Afrikaans monolingual dictionaries, viz. Nasionale Woordeboek (NAS), Verklarende Afrikaanse Woordeboek (VAW), Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (VAW) and the exhaustive Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (WAT). Chapter 1 focused on the semantic description of needlework terms. For this purpose definition types such as descriptive, genus-differentia, synonym, circular, extensional, genetic, functional and antonym definitions were distinguished. Polysemy and a separation in homonyms were also considered. Needlework terminology as a semantic field was introduced in Chapter 2 and a list of terms given in Appendix A. A distinction was made between terms referring specifically to needlework and more general vocabulary items also applicable to needlework. The vast majority of the terms were found to be nouns, the remainder being verbs and adjectives. A small number of needlework terms were found to be compounds and derivations. The main thrust of the study was Chapter 3, in which a semantic analysis of definitions was made with reference to the definition types distinguished earlier on. The genusdifferentia definition was found to be the type most commonly employed. It was moreover found that the differentia in particular could itself be analysed in other definition types. One or more synonyms formed a separate part of the semantic description. The occurrence of the various definition types as they were distributed amongst the various dictionaries, was expressed in a number of tables. No significant difference was found between the dictionaries as far a preference for a specific definition type is concerned. A number of microstructural elements, such as morphological and syntactic information, labels, etymological information and illustrative examples, and idioms containing needlework terms, were discussed in Chapter 4, and the idioms listed in Appendix B. The labels were found to be of two types, viz. subject and stylistic labels. The latter was limited to ongewoon ('uncommon'), while the former could refer to needlework, embroidery, knitting and textile usages.

No description available.

Este estudio es un análisis de algunos adjetivos que denotan género desde una perspectiva contrastiva en el que se estudian ejemplos de tres regiones: México, España y Suecia. Es un estudio de lingüística de corpus donde el uso y significado de unos lexemas que denotan género se analizan mediante sus concordancias y se compara entre las regiones lingüísticas indicadas. Los usos potenciales encontrados de estos lexemas se pueden dividir en dos categorías principales: el uso relacional que indica una relación entre un concepto indicado en el contexto con uno de los géneros; y el uso caracterizador que indica una relación entre un concepto indicado y un conjunto de características que constituye uno de los estereotipos de los géneros. Además, existen contextos donde estos usos se mezclan y el significado incluye tanto referencias a las características estereotipadas como estrategias para asociar un concepto con uno de los géneros. El estudio incluye una profundización en el uso caracterizador y los estereotipos a los que alude. Las diferencias lingüísticas se han encontrado sobre todo en el uso relacional; en español se tiende a favorecer el uso de estos adjetivos en una mayor cantidad de contextos; mientras el uso relacional en sueco se predomina por el uso que atribuye género a un referente. Desde la perspectiva contrastiva el uso caracterizador ha resultado particularmente similar puesto que estos lexemas funcionan como los polos de un eje antónimo que deriva de la dicotomía de los géneros sociales. / This study is an analysis of adjectives that denote gender from a contrastive perspective between two varieties of Spanish, namely those of Spain and Mexico, and Swedish. It’s a study of electronic corpuses where usage and meaning of a number of adjectives is analysed by means of concordances and compared between these linguistic regions. The types of potential usage included in these lexical unities can be separated in two major categories: relational usage – that relates a concept indicated in context with one of the genders; and stereotypical usage – that relates the indicated concept with a set of characteristics that form the gender stereotypes. There are also contexts where these usages mix and include both stereotyped characteristics and forms of associating a concept with any of the genders. The study also includes an analysis of the stereotypes to which we refer in making use of these expressions. Language based differences have been encountered principally in the relational usage where Spanish has a tendency to use adjectives in more differentiated contexts, whereas, in Swedish, meaning is dominated by relational usage to indicate gender of a referent. The stereotypical usage is strikingly similar as these words function as poles on an antonymic scale of gender that derivate from the dichotomy that constitutes social gender relations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maraisa Cristina de Moraes.pdf: 1785001 bytes, checksum: 2e9231fa835a41ecec79b76690fc58d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-19 / The present paper aims to explore two frequent types of real-estate incorporation contracts: the purchase and sale of the unit as a future thing and the pact subject to chattel mortgage. To study the archetypes of these contracts with their vicissitudes and purposes associated with the Consumer Protection Law System analysis is the goal of this study, in order to present the structural characteristics and the way that these laws have been receipted and applied in different real estate business. After that, we ll start with what we see as the most important part of this paper: the nowadays issues in material relations between the contracting parties and the solutions that starts to be spreaded by individual judicial decisions related with the delay on delivering the final product or delay the mismatch between the final product and the contracted one, bringing light to a lot of different situations that demand higher attention from development companies / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar dois tipos de contratos de incorporação imobiliária frequentes: a promessa de compra e venda de unidade como coisa futura e pacto adjeto de alienação fiduciária. Estudar esses arquétipos de contratos, com suas vicissitudes e finalidades, associado ao microssistema do Código de Defesa do Consumidor constitui o propósito deste trabalho, que também se desdobrará apresentando as características presentes na sua estrutura, o modo como vem sendo recepcionado e aplicado nos diferentes negócios imobiliários. A partir daí, chegarmos ao momento culminante que abordará os problemas atuais enfrentados nas relações materiais entre as partes contratantes e as soluções que começam a ser propagadas pelas normas jurídicas individuais criadas em decisões judiciais no que se refere ao atraso na entrega da obra e na parte relativa a entrega de um imóvel diverso do pactuado contratualmente, sinalizando o início de uma epopeia de múltiplas e reflexivas situações a exigir uma máxima atenção especialmente das empresas incorporadoras