<p>One of the challenges facing clinical practice today is intra-operative margin detection in breast conserving surgeries (BCS) or lumpectomy procedures. When a surgeon removes a breast tumor from a patient during a BCS procedure, the surgically excised tissue specimen is examined to see whether it contains a margin of healthy tissue around the tumor. A healthy margin of tissue around the tumor would indicate that the tumor in its entirety has been removed. On the other hand, if cancerous tissue is at the surface of the specimen, that would indicate that the tumor may have been transected during the procedure, leaving some residual cancerous tissue inside the patient. The most effective intra-operative real-time margin detection techniques currently used in clinical practice are frozen section analysis (FSA) and touch-prep cytology. These methods have been shown to possess inconsistent accuracy, which result in 20% to 30% of BCS patients being called back for a repeat BCS procedure to remove the residual tumor tissue. In addition these techniques have been shown to be time-consuming--requiring the operating room team to have to wait at least 20 minutes for the results. Therefore, there is a need for accurate and faster technology for intra-operative margin detection. </p><p>In this dissertation, we describe an x-ray coherent scatter imaging technique for intra-operative margin detection with greater accuracy and speed than currently available techniques. The method is based on cross-sectional imaging of the differential coherent scatter cross section in the sample. We first develop and validate a Monte Carlo simulation of coherent scattering. Then we use that simulation to design and test coherent scatter computed tomography (CSCT) and coded aperture coherent scatter spectral imaging (CACSSI) for cancerous voxel detection and for intra-operative margin detection using (virtual) clinical trials. Finally, we experimentally implement a CACSSI system and determine its accuracy in cancer detection using tissue histology. </p><p>We find that CSCT and CACSSI are able to accurately detect cancerous voxels inside of breast tissue specimens and accurately perform intra-operative margin detection. Specifically, for the task of individual cancerous voxel detection, we show that CSCT and CACSSI have AUC values of 0.97 and 0.94, respectively. Whereas for the task of intra-operative margin detection, the results of our virtual clinical trials show that CSCT and CACSSI have AUC values of 0.975 and 0.741, respectively. The gap in spatial resolution between CSCT and CACSSI affects the results of intra-operative margin detection much more than it does the task of individual cancerous voxel detection. Finally, we also show that CSCT would require on the order of 30 minutes to create a 3D image of a breast cancer specimen, whereas CACSSI would require on the order of 3 minutes. </p><p>These results of this work show that coherent scatter imaging has the potential to provide more accurate intra-operative margin detection than currently used clinical techniques. In addition, the speed (and therefore low scan duration: 3 min) of CACSSI, along with its ability to automatically classify cancerous tissue for margin detection means that coherent scatter imaging would be much more cost-effective than the clinical techniques that require up to 20 minutes and a trained pathologist. With the cancerous voxel detection accuracy of a 0.94 AUC and scan time of on the order of 3 minutes demonstrated for coherent scatter imaging in this work, coherent scatter imaging has the potential to reduce healthcare costs for BCS procedures and rates of repeat BCS surgeries. The accuracy for CACSSI can be considerably improved to match CSCT accuracy by improving its spatial resolution through a number of techniques: incorporating into the CACSSI reconstruction algorithm the ability to differentiate noise from high frequency signal so that we can image with higher frequency coded aperture masks; implementing a 2D coded aperture mask with a 2D detector; or acquiring additional angles of projection data.</p> / Dissertation

In this thesis, determination of the shielding effectiveness of a rectangular shielding box with apertures on its walls by using electromagnetic topology (EMT) technique based on Baum-Liu-Tesche (BLT) equation is presented. The presented technique is applied to determine the field penetration into various rectangular shielding boxes with different sizes and aperture dimensions. An HP branded computer case is also analysed as a rectangular shielding box with a CD driver slot as an aperture. Results on electromagnetic field penetration through the apertures into the boxes at different frequencies are obtained by using the presented method and compared with the results obtained by using CST MICROWAVE STUDIO&reg / software simulation.

We engineer an intensity square lattice using the Fraunhofer diffraction of a Laguerre-Gauss beam by a square aperture. We verify numerically and experimentally that a perfect optical intensity lattice takes place only for even values of the topological charge. We explain the origin of this behavior based on the decomposition of the patterns. We propose an analytical solution for these diffraction patterns at different values of topological charges and find the reason for the truncation difraction patterns with beam having OAM. We also study the evolution of the lattice formation by observing the transition from one order to the next of the orbital angular momentum varying the topological charge in fractional steps. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Construímos uma rede truncada usando a difração de Fraunhofer com feixes Laguerre-Gauss por uma abertura quadrada. Verificamos numericamente e experimentalmente que uma perfeita rede ótica de intensidades ocorre somente para valores pares de carga topológica. Explicamos a origem deste comportamento baseado na decomposição dos padrões. Propomos uma solução analítica para estes padrões de difração em diferentes valores de cargas topológicas e o utilizamos este resultado para descrever o motivo do truncamento dos padrões de difração com feixes possuindo MAO. Também estudamos a evolução da formação de redes pela observação da transição de primeira ordem para a próxima ordem variando as cargas topológicas fracionárias do momento angular orbital (MAO).

This thesis covers the individual work of Michael Chin as part of the sponsored research project funded by the U.S. State Department in support of a computational design of a "Mobile Pit Verification System" (MPVS), a mobile “drive by” passive radiation detection system to be applied in special nuclear materials (SNM) storage facilities for validation and compliance purposes. The MPVS system is intended to enable a comprehensive, rapid verification and validation of stored nuclear weapon core physics packages containing SNM, or so-called “weapon pits,” in weapon materials and stockpile storage facilities. The MPVS platform is designed to move at a constant speed and accumulate a signal for each stored weapon pit container. The gamma detector was selected to be a 4 × 4 × 8 cubic inch CsI detector while the neutron detector array designed for the “Transport Simulation and Validation of a Synthetic Aperture SNM Detection System (“T-SADS”) project was used in conjunction with this work; T-SADS was a 3 year project funded by DOE-NNSA which was completed on May 2013. The computational design effort for this project was completed in April 2013, and leveraged novel computational radiation transport methods, algorithms, and SNM identification methods, including a synthetic aperture collection approach, and a new gamma ratio methodology for distinguishing between naturally occurring radiation materials and weapon class SNM materials. Both forward and adjoint transport methods were utilized to characterize the adjoint reaction rate as a function of inter-source spacing, collimation thickness, linear and angular field of view, source age, source type, source geometry, and mobile platform speed. The integrated count was then compared with background radiation and the associated probabilities of detection and false alarm were then computed. Publications resulting from this research were published in PHYSOR 2012, presented at the 53rd annual Proceedings of the INMM, and at the Mathematics & Computation 2013 Conference.

This thesis presents results of investigations on fields and multipole expansion coefficients in axially symmetric (referred to as 3D)and two dimensional (2D)ion trapmass analysers. 3D mass analysers have a three-electrode geometry with two (electrically shorted) endcap electrodes and one central ring electrode. rf-only or rf/dc potential applied across the electrodes creates a linear trapping field in the central cavity of the mass analyser.2Dmass analysers have four longitudinal electrodes in which the opposite pairs of electrodes are electrically shorted. Here, rf-only or rf/dc potential applied across the pair of electrodes creates a linear trapping field and fragment ions of the analyte gas are trapped along the central axis of the mass analyser. Both these mass analysers have apertures machined on the electrodes (holes in case of 3D traps and slits in case of 2D traps) to permit entry of electrons for ionizing the analyte gas and for collection of destabilized fragment ions. This thesis is concerned with how these apertures influence the fields and multipole expansion coefficients within the traps. This thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 provides the background information which is required for the thesis. It begins with a description of the geometry of the 3D and the 2D mass analysers used in the present work.These include the quadrupole ion trap (QIT) and cylindrical ion trap (CIT) for 3D structures and the linear ion trap (LIT) and the rectilinear ion trap (RIT) for 2D structures. This is followed by a brief description of the numerical method, the boundary element method (BEM), used in the thesis. Also presented here are the Green’s function for 3D and 2D geometries. In the final section, the scope of the thesis is presented. Chapter 2 presents two approximate analytical expressions for nonlinear electric fields in the principal direction in axially symmetric (3D) and two dimensional (2D) ion trap mass analysers with apertures on the electrodes. Considered together (3D and 2D), we present composite approximations for the principal unidirectional nonlinear electric fields in these ion traps. The composite electric field E has the form E= EnoAperture + EdueToAperture where EnoAperture is the field within an imagined trap which is identical to the practical trap except that the apertures are missing; and where EdueToAperture is the field contribution due to apertures on the two trap electrodes. The field along the principal axis of the trap can in this way be well approximated for any aperture that is not too large. To derive EdueToAperture, classical results of electrostatics have been extended to electrodes with finite thickness and different aperture shapes. EnoAperture is a modified truncated multipole expansion for the imagined trap with no aperture. The first several terms in the multipole expansion are in principle exact (though numerically determined using the BEM), while the last term is chosen to match the field at the electrode. This expansion, once computed, works with any aperture in the practical trap. The composite field approximation for axially symmetric (3D) traps is checked for three geometries: the quadrupole ion trap (QIT), the cylindrical ion trap (CIT) and an arbitrary other trap. The approximation for 2D traps is verified using two geometries: the linear ion trap (LIT)and the rectilinear ion trap (RIT). In each case, for two aperture sizes (10% and 50% of the trap dimension), highly satisfactory fits are obtained. These composite approximations may be used in more detailed nonlinear ion dynamics studies than have been hitherto attempted. In Chapter 3we complement and complete the work presented in Chapter 2 by considering off-axis fields in the axially symmetric (3D) and the two dimensional (2D) ion traps whose electrodes have apertures. Our approximation has two parts. The first, EnoAperture, is the field obtained numerically for the trap under study with no apertures. We have used the boundary element method (BEM) for obtaining this field. The second part, EdueToAperture, is an analytical expression for the field contribution of the aperture. In EdueToAperture, aperture size is a free parameter. A key element in our approximation is the electrostatic field near an infinite thin plate with an aperture, and with different constant valued far field intensities on either side. Compact expressions for this field can be found using separation of variables, wherein the choice of coordinate system is crucial. This field is, in turn, used four times within our trap specific approximation. The off-axis field expressions for the 3D geometries were tested on the quadrupole ion trap (QIT) and the cylindrical ion trap (CIT), and the corresponding expressions for the 2D geometries were tested on the linear ion trap (LIT) and rectilinear ion trap (RIT). For each geometry, we have considered apertures which are 10%, 30% and 50% of the trap dimension. We have found that our analytical correction term EdueToAperture, though based on a classical small-aperture approximation, gives good results even for relatively large apertures. Chapter 4 presents approximate analytical expressions for estimating the variation in multipole expansion coefficients with the size of apertures in axially symmetric (3D) and two dimensional (2D) ion trap mass analysers. Following the approach adopted in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 which focused on the role of apertures to fields within traps, here too, the analytical expression is a sum of two terms, An,noAperture, the multipole expansion coefficient for a trap with no apertures and An,dueToAperture, the multipole expansion coefficient contributed by the aperture. An,noAperture has been obtained numerically and An,dueToAperture is obtained from the nth derivative of the potential within the trap. The expressions derived have been tested on two 3D geometries and two 2D geometries. These include the quadrupole ion trap (QIT) and the cylindrical ion trap (CIT) for 3D geometries and the linear ion trap (LIT) and the rectilinear ion trap (RIT) for the 2D geometries. Multipole expansion coefficients A2 to A24, estimated by our analytical expressions were compared with the values obtained numerically (using the boundary element method) for aperture sizes varying up to 50% of the trap size. In all the plots presented, it is observed that our analytical expression for the variation of multipole expansion coefficients versus aperture size closely follows the trend of the numerical evaluations for the range of aperture sizes considered. The maximum relative percentage errors, which provide an estimate of the deviation of our values from those obtained numerically for each multipole expansion coefficient, are seen to be in the range of 10% to 15%. The leading multipole expansion coefficient, A2, however, is seen to be estimated very well by our expressions, with most values being within 1% of the numerically determined values, with larger deviations seen for the QIT and LIT only at larger aperture sizes. Chapter 5 presents a few concluding remarks.

Relational database management systems build on the closed world assumption requiring upfront modeling of a usually stable schema. However, a growing number of today's database applications are characterized by self-descriptive data. The schema of self-descriptive data is very dynamic and prone to frequent changes; a situation which is always troublesome to handle in relational systems. This demo presents the relational database management system FRDM. With flexible relational tables FRDM greatly simplifies the management of self-descriptive data in a relational database system. Self-descriptive data can reside directly next to traditionally modeled data and both can be queried together using SQL. This demo presents the various features of FRDM and provides first-hand experience of the newly gained freedom in relational database systems.

In this thesis, an investigation into the modal characteristics of novel beam shapes is presented. Sculpting the phase profile of a Gaussian beam can result in the generation of a beam with unique properties. Described in this thesis are Laguerre-Gaussian (LG), Hermite-Gaussian (HG) and Bessel beams (BBs). The diffraction of LG beam modes from a triangular aperture is explored and this effect can be used for the efficient measurement of the azimuthal mode index l that indicates the number of multiples of 2π of phase changes that the field displays around one circumference of the optical axis. In this study, only LG beams with zero radial mode index p, with p + 1 denoting the number of bright high intensity concentric rings around the optical axis, were considered. Then, a powerful approach to simultaneously determine both mode indices of a pure LG beam using the principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm on the observed far-field diffraction patterns was demonstrated. Owing to PCA algorithm, the shape of the diffracting element used to measure the mode indices is in fact of little importance and the crucial step is ‘training' any diffracting optical system and transforming the observed far-field diffraction patterns into the uncorrelated variables (principal components). Our PCA method is generic and it was extended to other families of light fields such as HG, Bessel and superposed beams. This reinforces the widespread applicability of this method for various applications. Finally, both theoretically and experimentally investigations using interferometry show the definitive linkage between both the radial and azimuthal mode indices of a partially coherent LG beam and the dislocation rings in the far-field cross-correlation function (CCF).

In this doctoral thesis we investigate several experiments exploring the light orbital angular momentum and the Fraunhofer diffraction of light. Our investigations goes from coherent propagation, continue through incoherent propagation, arriving at semiclassical states used to explore one fundamental problem in quantum mechanics, i. e., the Born’s rule. Therefore, concerning coherent propagation of light with orbital angular momentum, we were first involved with studies about Fraunhofer diffraction of this type of light, by a single slit and by a square aperture. In the former work we studied the Fraunhofer diffraction when the slit center is aligned with the vortex center and when it is out of the vortex center. Concerning the work related to the square aperture, we show that the diffraction by such aperture is not sufficient to characterize the topological charge. Continuing the works, we also investigate the Fraunhofer diffraction of light with orbital angular momentum of fractional topological charge in the real space. An interesting phenomenon, the birth of a vortex, was studied at Fraunhofer plane, showing new conclusions in the study of fractional topological charges. Our studies continued with the Fraunhofer propagation of vortices in incoherent light, unveiling strong correlations between incoherent vortices. Finally, we explored semiclassical aspects of light with orbital angular momentum. Firstly, the topological charge determination via the spatial probability distribution of detection of photons diffracted by a triangular aperture. After, the validation of the Born’s rule using diffraction, by three slits disposed in a triangular configuration, of photons with an extra phase, i. e., the azimuthal phase added to the path phase. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Nesta tese de doutorado investigamos diversos experimentos que exploram o momento angular orbital da luz e a difração de Fraunhofer. Nossas investigações abrangeram desde propagação coerente, passando por propagação incoerente, chegando a estados semiclássicos usados para explorar uma questão fundamental da mecânica quântica, a saber, a regra de Born. Portanto, no que concerne à propagação de luz coerente com momento angular orbital, estivemos envolvidos primeiramente com estudos da difração de Fraunhofer deste tipo de luz, por uma fenda simples e por uma abertura quadrada. No primeiro trabalho estudamos a difração de Fraunhofer quando o centro da fenda está alinhado com o centro do vórtice e quando está deslocado do centro do vórtice. Quanto ao trabalho relacionado à abertura quadrada, mostramos que a difração de Fraunhofer por tal abertura não permite caracterizar a carga topológica. Prosseguindo os trabalhos, investigamos também a difração no plano de Fraunhofer de luz com momento angular de carga fracionária no plano real. Um interessante fenômeno, o nascimento de um vórtice, foi estudado no plano de Fraunhofer, mostrando novas conclusões nos estudos relacionados à carga fracionária. Nossos estudos continuaram com a propagação de Fraunhofer de vórtices em luz incoerente, revelando fortes correlações entre vórtices incoerentes. Por fim, exploramos aspectos semiclássicos da luz com momento angular orbital. Primeiramente, a determinação da carga topológica via distribuição de probabilidade espacial de detecção de fótons difratados por uma abertura triangular. Posteriormente, a validação da regra de Born utilizando difração, por três fendas simples dispostas na forma triangular, de fótons com uma fase extra, ou seja, a fase azimutal, adicionada à fase de caminho.

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[ES] La presente tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo fundamental desarrollar nuevas estructuras capacitivas de filtrado en guía de ondas rectangular que sean capaces de proporcionar mayores ancho de banda en la banda de paso y, al mismo tiempo, mejorar la respuesta fuera de banda. Estas nuevas estructuras guiadas han sido pensadas para ofrecer nuevas soluciones tecnológicas para los filtros de microondas de alta frecuencia, con una variedad de diferentes funciones de transferencia, abordando específicamente las necesidades de los futuros sistemas de telecomunicaciones para aplicaciones terrestres y espaciales. En este contexto, por lo tanto, discutimos en este documento el estudio, diseño y fabricación de varios tipos de filtros de microondas en guía de ondas rectangular que muestran una mejora significativa con respecto al estado del arte. Las soluciones que discutimos se obtienen introduciendo modificaciones simples en la estructura de los filtros de microondas clásicos. Varias técnicas que emplean iris híbridos, resonadores con salto de impedancia, configuración en escalera y uniones T en plano E con conexiones en cortocircuito o manifold, se utilizan con éxito para cumplir con las exigentes especificaciones de los futuros sistemas para aplicaciones terrestres y espaciales. Además, un desafío actual adicional al que se enfrentan todos los diseñadores de equipos y componentes de microondas es la necesidad de reducir tanto su tamaño físico como su masa (o peso). Para abordar este problema, discutimos en este documento el uso de aperturas resonantes en guías de ondas rectangulares, presentando una nueva familia de filtros que se pueden usar para implementar funciones complejas de transferencia de banda única y banda doble con una reducción significativa de tamaño y masa. En los siguientes capítulos de esta tesis doctoral, cada tema se analiza en detalle, incluyendo las formulaciones teóricas básicas, los procedimientos de diseño, los resultados de las simulaciones electromagnéticas de onda completa, las consideraciones de fabricación y el rendimiento medido de una serie de prototipos. En todos los casos se ha encontrado una excelente concordancia entre las mediciones y las simulaciones realizadas, validando así completamente tanto las estructuras novedosas propuestas como sus procedimientos de diseño. / [CA] La present tesi doctoral té com a objectiu fonamental el desenvolupament de noves estructures capacitives de filtrat en guia d'ones rectangular que siguen capaços de proporcionar major ample de banda en la banda de pas i millorar, al mateix temps, la resposta fora de banda. Aquestes noves estructures guiades han sigut pensades per a oferir noves solucions tecnològiques per a filtres de microones d'alta freqüència, amb una varietat de diferents funcions de transferència, abordant específicament les necessitats dels futurs sistemes de telecomunicacions per a aplicacions terrestres i espacials. En aquest context, per tant, discutim en aquest document l'estudi, disseny i fabricació de diversos tipus de filtres de microones en guia d'ones rectangular que mostren una millora significativa respecte a l'estat de l'art. Les solucions que discutim s'obtenen introduint modificacions simples en l'estructura dels filtres de microones clàssics. Diverses tècniques que fan ús d'iris híbrids, ressonadors amb salt d'impedància, configuració en escala i unions T en plànol E amb connexions en curtcircuit o col·lector, s'utilitzen amb èxit per a complir amb les exigents especificacions dels sistemes futurs per a aplicacions terrestres i espacials. A més, un desafiament actual addicional al qual s'enfronten tots els dissenyadors d'equips i components de microones és la necessitat de reduir tant la seua grandària física com la seua massa (o pes). Per a abordar aquest problema, discutim en aquest document l'ús d'obertures ressonants en guies d'ones rectangulars, presentant una nova família de filtres que es poden usar per a implementar funcions complexes de transferència de banda única i doble banda amb una reducció significativa de grandària i massa. En els següents capítols d'aquesta tesi doctoral, cada tema s'analitza detalladament, incloent les formulacions teòriques bàsiques, els procediments de disseny, els resultats de les simulacions electromagnètiques d'ona completa, les consideracions de fabricació i el rendiment mesurat d'una sèrie de prototips. En tots els casos s'ha trobat una excel·lent concordança entre el mesurament i les simulacions realitzades, validant així completament tant les estructures noves propostes com els seus procediments de disseny. / [EN] The main objective of this doctoral thesis is the development of new capacitive filtering structures in rectangular waveguide that are able to provide wide bandwidths in the pass-band and improve, at the same time, the out-of-band response. These new guided structures have been developed in order to offer new technological solutions for high-frequency microwave filters, with a variety of different transfer functions, addressing specifically the needs of future telecommunication systems for both ground and space applications. In this context, therefore, we discuss in this document the study, design and manufacture of several types of microwave filter in rectangular waveguide that show a significant improvement with respect to the state-of-the-art. The new solutions that we propose are obtained by introducing simple modifications in the structure of classic microwave filters. Several techniques based on hybrid irises, stepped impedance resonators, staircase configuration and E-plane T-junctions with shorted stubs or manifold connections, are successfully used in order to meet the very demanding specifications of future systems for both ground and space applications. Furthermore, an additional current challenge faced by all designers of microwave components is the need to reduce both their physical size and mass (or weight). To address this issue, we discuss in this document the use of resonant apertures in rectangular waveguide, introducing a new family of filters which can be used to implement complex single and dual-band transfer functions with significant size and mass reduction. In the following chapters of this doctoral thesis, each subject is discussed in detail including the basic theoretical formulations, design procedures, the results of full-wave electromagnetic simulations, manufacturing considerations, and the measured performance of a number of prototypes. Excellent agreement is found in all cases between measurement and simulations, thereby fully validating both the novel structures discussed and their design procedures. / Valencia Sullca, JF. (2021). New Wide-Band Capacitive Filter Structures in Rectangular Waveguide Technology With Enhanced Out-of-Band Response [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/180198 / TESIS