There is a significant need for research and development into paediatric medicines. The absence of suitable medicines or critical safety and efficacy information, poses significant risks to a particularly vulnerable patient population. The paediatric population is made up of a wide range of individuals of substantially varied physical size, weight and stage of physiological development. Some commonly used excipients may be unsuitable for use in children; and some dosage forms may be undesirable to the paediatric population. There is a need for a dosage form platform that is designed to meet the needs of the paediatric patient. The dosage form should offer dose flexibility, dose accuracy, afford acceptable taste of undesirable tasting drug substances and be suitable for administration to all paediatric sub groups. To ensure affordability and thus enhance access to medicines for children in developing countries or emerging markets, the dosage form should be simple to manufacture without the need for specialised equipment. Spray-drying was investigated to co-process a functional polymer, hypromellose, with a model drug substance, paracetamol, to enhance the functionality of the polymer and to taste mask the paracetamol. Though hypromellose was successfully spray-dried it was not possible to spray-dry hypromellose with paracetamol. The viscosity of aqueous solutions of hypromellose played a key role in determining the grade and concentration of hypromellose that could be successfully spray-dried. Temperature was used to reduce viscosity of hypromellose solutions but careful temperature control is required to avoid reaching the gelation temperature of the hypromellose. The effect of temperature on aqueous hydroxyl propylcellulose (HPC) solutions showed that heating causes a reduction in solubility of HPC in water which results in its precipitation and the formation of liquid crystals. Consequently, the aqueous HPC solutions appear ‘cloudy’ and their viscosity decreases. The temperature at which these changes occur is referred to as the ‘cloud-point’. The effect of temperature on aqueous HPC solutions containing drug is dependent on the properties of the drug. Paracetamol decreased the temperatures of dehydration and onset of precipitation and ranitidine hydrochloride increased the temperatures of dehydration and precipitation. This is probably associated with a salting in effect. HPC was used to form films which disintegrate in <30 seconds but are able to retard dissolution rate of paracetamol. HPC may be used to form films which meet the pharmacopoeial content uniformity criteria typically applied to oral dosage forms. HPC films have application for administering drugs to paediatric or geriatric patients by disintegrating in the mouth and so overcoming swallowing difficulties; potentially providing taste masking and aiding absorption across the oral cavity. HPC films offer significant benefits to the paediatric population. The manufacturing process is simple and transportation is easy as secondary packs are likely to be less bulky than currently used for tablets. The films may also be suitable for administering combinations of drugs in the same dosage form by layering or by combining the drugs at the HPC solution stage. For these reasons the HPC films may have particular application for diseases in the developing world and meet many requirements associated with WHO and other global regulatory guidelines.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12779.pdf: 5257634 bytes, checksum: da3e185bedc859b98ec9578a9d77a608 (MD5) / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

CAPES / O presente trabalho consiste na implantação de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto por zona de raízes na Escola Municipal Epitácio Pessoa localizada na Comunidade rural da Seção Jacaré em Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. No município, apenas a população urbana possui rede de coleta e tratamento de esgoto, e neste aspecto, sabendo que a infraestrutura de saneamento básico é inexistente nesta comunidade, buscou-se desenvolver um trabalho de educação ambiental junto aos alunos e professores da escola, sobre assuntos relacionados à poluição dos recursos hídricos, saneamento ambiental e doenças transmitidas pela água. A sensibilização realizada e a troca de informações entre os envolvidos promoveram grande aceitação por parte da comunidade local, tornando possível a transferência desta tecnologia alternativa para o tratamento de esgoto. A parceria realizada com a Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente, foi fundamental para o repasse de recursos financeiros pelo FUNDEMA (Fundo Municipal de meio Ambiente) para o desenvolvimento do projeto. A ETE por zona de raízes foi projetada para atender 160 pessoas e teve um custo de R$ 3.833,53, o que representa uma média de R$ 24,00 por pessoa. Por se tratar de um método simples que não necessita de mão de obra especializada, ser de baixo custo, e por ser descentralizada a construção da ETE por zona de Raízes, serviu como um instrumento de mobilização social, que promoveu a participação e a inserção da comunidade na busca de soluções aos problemas locais. Além disso, a ETE pôde servir como apoio na educação ambiental, sendo esta utilizada para esclarecer a importância da preservação da qualidade das águas, permitindo assim, a inserção do conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável na pequena comunidade da Seção Jacaré. As dificuldades encontradas na execução do projeto serviram como aprendizado e como comprovação de que a implantação de uma ETE por zona de raízes é possível, apesar das piores condições de solo, terreno, e tempo. O uso dessa tecnologia alternativa mostrou-se ser uma solução eficaz no tratamento de esgotos de comunidades rurais que sofrem com as consequências da falta deste serviço. / This work presents the implementation of a Sewage Treatment Station by roots zone in the school Epitacio Pessoa, located in Rural Community at Jacaré Seccion for the municipality Francisco Beltrao in the state of Parana. In this municipaly, only the urban population has sewage collection and treatment of sewage and knowing that the infrastructure is nonexistent sanitation in this community, developed a work of the environmental education with students and teachers at the school with subjects related to water pollution, environmental sanitation and diseases transmitted by water. The sensivity and exchange of information between those involved promoted a large acceptance by the local community, being possible to transfer this alternative technology to the sewage treatment. The partnership made with Environment Municipal Secretariat was substantial in the transfer of funds by FUNDEMA (Municipal Fund for the Environment) for project development. The STS (Sewage Treatment Station) by root zone was projected to serve 160 people and had a cost of R$ 3.833,53, which represents an average of R$ 24,00 by person. By treating of the simple method that does require skilled labor, be low cost and construction of the STS by roots zone to be decentralized, served as an instrument of social mobilization that promoted the participation and inclusion of the community in finding solutions to local problems. The SWT could serve as support environmental education which is used to clarify the importance of preserving water quality, allowing the inclusion of the concept of sustainable development in the small community of Jacaré Seccion. The difficulties that was arrived in implementing the project served as a learning and as evidence that the deployment of the STS by roots zone is possible, although worst soil conditions, terrain, and weather. The use of this alternative technology proved to be an effective solution in sewage treatment in rural communities who suffer the consequences of the lack of this service.

CAPES / O presente trabalho consiste na implantação de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto por zona de raízes na Escola Municipal Epitácio Pessoa localizada na Comunidade rural da Seção Jacaré em Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. No município, apenas a população urbana possui rede de coleta e tratamento de esgoto, e neste aspecto, sabendo que a infraestrutura de saneamento básico é inexistente nesta comunidade, buscou-se desenvolver um trabalho de educação ambiental junto aos alunos e professores da escola, sobre assuntos relacionados à poluição dos recursos hídricos, saneamento ambiental e doenças transmitidas pela água. A sensibilização realizada e a troca de informações entre os envolvidos promoveram grande aceitação por parte da comunidade local, tornando possível a transferência desta tecnologia alternativa para o tratamento de esgoto. A parceria realizada com a Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente, foi fundamental para o repasse de recursos financeiros pelo FUNDEMA (Fundo Municipal de meio Ambiente) para o desenvolvimento do projeto. A ETE por zona de raízes foi projetada para atender 160 pessoas e teve um custo de R$ 3.833,53, o que representa uma média de R$ 24,00 por pessoa. Por se tratar de um método simples que não necessita de mão de obra especializada, ser de baixo custo, e por ser descentralizada a construção da ETE por zona de Raízes, serviu como um instrumento de mobilização social, que promoveu a participação e a inserção da comunidade na busca de soluções aos problemas locais. Além disso, a ETE pôde servir como apoio na educação ambiental, sendo esta utilizada para esclarecer a importância da preservação da qualidade das águas, permitindo assim, a inserção do conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável na pequena comunidade da Seção Jacaré. As dificuldades encontradas na execução do projeto serviram como aprendizado e como comprovação de que a implantação de uma ETE por zona de raízes é possível, apesar das piores condições de solo, terreno, e tempo. O uso dessa tecnologia alternativa mostrou-se ser uma solução eficaz no tratamento de esgotos de comunidades rurais que sofrem com as consequências da falta deste serviço. / This work presents the implementation of a Sewage Treatment Station by roots zone in the school Epitacio Pessoa, located in Rural Community at Jacaré Seccion for the municipality Francisco Beltrao in the state of Parana. In this municipaly, only the urban population has sewage collection and treatment of sewage and knowing that the infrastructure is nonexistent sanitation in this community, developed a work of the environmental education with students and teachers at the school with subjects related to water pollution, environmental sanitation and diseases transmitted by water. The sensivity and exchange of information between those involved promoted a large acceptance by the local community, being possible to transfer this alternative technology to the sewage treatment. The partnership made with Environment Municipal Secretariat was substantial in the transfer of funds by FUNDEMA (Municipal Fund for the Environment) for project development. The STS (Sewage Treatment Station) by root zone was projected to serve 160 people and had a cost of R$ 3.833,53, which represents an average of R$ 24,00 by person. By treating of the simple method that does require skilled labor, be low cost and construction of the STS by roots zone to be decentralized, served as an instrument of social mobilization that promoted the participation and inclusion of the community in finding solutions to local problems. The SWT could serve as support environmental education which is used to clarify the importance of preserving water quality, allowing the inclusion of the concept of sustainable development in the small community of Jacaré Seccion. The difficulties that was arrived in implementing the project served as a learning and as evidence that the deployment of the STS by roots zone is possible, although worst soil conditions, terrain, and weather. The use of this alternative technology proved to be an effective solution in sewage treatment in rural communities who suffer the consequences of the lack of this service.

The technological revolution of the XX century led to big transformations in global culture, society and economy, but it did not reach equally to all. While science is today one of the main engines of industry, agriculture, and production of goods, billions of people in small communities still relay on local forms of knowledge, technologies and techniques to carry out their economic activities. This thesis aims to analyze the role of Local Knowledge and the Appropriate Technologies derived by said knowledge applied to the fish farms of peasants in the local Sustainable Development in the Vale do Jamari region, in the state of Rondônia, in Brazil. To achieve our goal, we initiate with a theoretical discussion that will provide tools for the analysis of the empirical data. Firstly, we discuss the concept of Sustainable Development, pointing its limitations and providing a perspective of an analysis of this type of development that favors the resources, interests and culture of a local community. Secondly, we bring the discussion over the accumulated knowledge of man over its environment and the conditions that it inhabits; the concept of Local Knowledge, its characteristics, its importance, limitations and its role in the contemporary world post-Green Revolution. The third moment of our theoretical discussion is dedicated to the movement of alternative technology and the concept of Appropriate Technology, its characteristics and the importance of the concept to the analysis of technologies that are apt to work in specific contexts in a way to be valid to its users. In the sequence, we present the method used for the empirical research, in which a case study was carried out. The case selected was of the peasant fish farms in the Vale do Jamari, region comprised of 9 municipalities in the center of the state of Rondônia, in the western amazon, in Brazil. Said region was colonized by rural workers migrating from other parts of the country between the 1960-1980s, resulting in great impact to the natural environment. The region presented in the last 8 years high rates of growth, partially due to small fish farmers acting with low technology and little access to technical assistance. Secondary data was selected through document research and primary data was collected from observation, photographs, field journals, technical visitations, participation in industry related events, open and semi-structured interviews carried out between mayjune, october-december 2016. The data gathered, upon careful analysis, pointed out that in the case of the peasant fish farmers of the Vale do Jamari: the existence of techniques and technologies developed through Local Knowledge and which are used in multiple situations in substitution, complementation or supplying the absence of technical/scientific knowledge and tools; that such local techniques and technologies can be said to be Appropriate Technologies; that there is disbelief on behalf of technical assistants of the validity of said technologies; that there is a lack of trust and there is a deficient communication between technical assistants and farmers; that such techniques and technologies developed by the fish farmers are compatible with a food production style of low environmental impact, coherent with the locally available resources and which create social and economic benefits to the local community; and, finally, that Local Knowledge, in the absence of conventional technologies appropriate to the found conditions, served as the base to the development of local technologies, appropriate and capable of guaranteeing the activity of fish farming for peasants in the Vale do Jamari.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12779.pdf: 5257634 bytes, checksum: da3e185bedc859b98ec9578a9d77a608 (MD5) / A quitosana, um poliaminossacarídeo formado por unidades repetidas de D-glucosamina, é derivada da quitina pela retirada do grupo acetila. Apresenta propriedades iônicas favoráveis agindo como quelante, sendo considerado um removedor de contaminantes de águas residuárias. Possui ampla bioatividade, ou seja, é biocompatível, biodegradável, bioadesivo e biossorvente. A quitosana interage por ligações intramoleculares por meio de seus grupos ativos com outras substâncias, pode revestir materiais magnéticos como as nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de magnetita, produzindo um conjugado polímero-magnetita. Materiais superparamagnéticos são susceptíveis ao campo magnético, assim estas partículas podem ser atraídas e agrupadas por aplicação de um campo magnético e como não retêm a magnetização, podem ser desagrupadas e reutilizadas em processos para remoção de contaminantes de rejeitos aquosos. No presente trabalho, preparam-se as partículas magnéticas de magnetita revestidas e funcionalizadas com quitosana (PMQ). O pó de PMQ exibiu uma resposta magnética de atração intensa na presença de um campo magnético sem, contudo tornar-se magnético, um comportamento típico de material superparamagnético. Foi caracterizado por espectrometria de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier e medidas de magnetização. Avaliou-se o seu desempenho de adsorção de urânio (VI), na forma de íon uranilo UO2 2+, com relação às influências da dose, velocidade de agitação, do pH, do tempo de equilíbrio e estudaram-se as isotermas de adsorção bem como o comportamento de dessorção com os íons de carbonato e oxalato. Constatou-se que a melhor remoção ocorreu em pH 5 e que o aumento da dose aumenta a remoção, tornando-se constante acima de 20 g.L-1. Na cinética de adsorção, o tempo para atingir o equilíbrio foi de 20 minutos. O modelo de isoterma que melhor se aplicou aos dados experimentais de adsorção de UO2 2+ foi de Langmuir, sendo a capacidade máxima de adsorção encontrada igual a 41,7 mg.g-1. Do estudo de dessorção com os íons carbonato verificou-se uma recuperação de 94% de UO2 2+ do PMQ contra 49,9% com ío / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Pain is a common problem for cancer patients at home and when hospitalized. Pain interferes with all aspects of a patient's life including sleep, appetite, sexual desire, emotion and productivity. The under-prescribing of opioids can lead to uncontrolled pain in cancer patients. This study examined nursing advocacy related to pain management and the accuracy of the intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) opioid conversion at discharge in cancer patients. Retrospective chart audits were done on 50 cancer patients. The physicians in the charts surveyed who prescribed the discharge medications consisted of a mix of hematologist/oncologists, surgeons and internists/hospitalists in a southwest Florida community. Fifty nurses were also surveyed and asked how comfortable they are in advocating for their patient's pain control and how often they actually advocate for proper pain management. This was done in the same southwest Florida hospital. The most common cancer diagnoses of the patient subjects were colorectal cancer and esophageal/lung cancer. The results of this study show that an overwhelming majority of cancer patients (47 of 50), received doses that were not accurately converted from intravenous to oral opioids at the time of discharge from the hospital. This conversion was based on the Johns Hopkins Opioid Conversion Tool. Nurses in general reported that they are comfortable in advocating for their patients' pain control, but more so in more autonomous areas of practice such as intensive care. The results were overwhelming in the direction of poor control of patient pain. This study leads to the need for further research in the important area of pain control for cancer patients. It also indicates the need for additional education for physicians and nurses about pain control and opioid conversion.

No description available.

This study examined practicum students ' beliefs and experiences abo ut developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) prior to a practicum experience and following it. Another goal was to examine differences between the practicum students' majors and their pre- and posttest DAP beliefs and experiences scores. Finally, this investigation sought to determine the differences between practicum students' DAP beliefs and experiences and the amount of time they spent in a practicum setting. A total of 95 students completing a practicum in the Adele and Dale Young Child Development Laboratory in the infant (Group I) or the 2-year-old classroom (Group 2) participated in the study. The students completed the Teacher Beliefs and Praclices Survey: Infan/s and Toddlers, as well as the Teacher Beliefs and Praclices Survey: Jnfanls if they were in Group I, or the Teacher Beliefs and Praclices Survey: Toddlers, if they worked with Group 2. The questionnaire consisted of two sections. The items on the first part were designed to assess the practicum students' beliefs about DAP. The second part of the questionnaire measured practicum students' experiences and activities in the infant or toddler classroom. Findings from the infants and toddlers measure indicate that the practicum students did show a statistically significant increase from pretest to posttest in their DAP beliefs, and a statistically significant decrease in DAP experiences. This might suggest that the students were able to understand the theories and philosophies of DAP; however, interpreting the guidelines of DAP into classroom practice in the short time associated with the practicum was a difficult task. Results also showed a statistically significant difference between practicum students of different majors and their DAP beliefs and experiences prior to the practicum experience as compared to after. Practicum students with majors in family, consumer, and human development with an emphasis in human development showed the greatest increases in their DAP beliefs over time. Students majoring the early childhood education and related majors showed a statistically significant increase in their DAP experiences between pre- and posttest. Finally, analyses to determine the relationship between practicum students' DAP beliefs and experiences and the amount of time they spent in a practicum setting showed that Group I (infants) had a statistically significant increase in DAP belief scores, even though they spent less time in the practicum setting. Group II (toddlers), who spent a longer time in the practicum selling, had a statistically significant increase in DAP experience scores. Implications of these findings for teacher educators and students are presented. Recommendations for future research are also included.

The primary purpose of this study was to (a) explore the global quality of early childhood programs within the Chinese socio-cultural context, and (b) examine the effects of teachers' years of experience, degree, major, and class size on teachers' perceptions of developmentally appropriate practices, inclusion, and training needs in order to provide services for children with disabilities in regular classrooms. The researcher completed observations in 40 early childhood classrooms using the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale- Revised (ECERS-R). Results from classroom observations revealed that the global quality of the early childhood learning environment was between minimum and good. Areas that were in need of improvement included materials, time for free play, and provisions for children with disabilities. In addition, 276 teachers from 12 inclusion pilot kindergartens in Beijing completed 3 surveys. Teachers' responses to the developmentally appropriate practices survey revealed a gap between teachers' self-reported developmentally appropriate beliefs and activities. Further, MANOVA results indicated that both class size and years of teaching experience contributed to the differences between teachers. In surveying teachers' inclusion perceptions, MANOVA results suggested that only class size contributed to the differences between teachers. A discriminant function analysis was performed as a follow-up procedure to determine which of the independent variables contributed most to group differences. Moreover, the researcher found that no variables made a difference to teachers' perceived training needs for inclusion. Implications of current study findings for teacher preparation, future research, and policy formation will be discussed.