A survey of the Upper White River Valley located 76 new sites additional information on 6 previously recorded sites. After a preliminary literature review, artifacts from the Ball State University Archaeology Laboratory were reanalyzed and local artifact collectors were contacted to obtain additional knowledge survey area. The fieldwork focused on the floodplain and the location of Woodland sites in regards to Ross soil. Surface manifestations of Woodland-affiliated sites indicated that 33% of the sites in the project area were located in the floodplain and all Woodland components were represented on or adjacent to Ross soil. Results from the fieldwork indicate a positive correlation between Woodland sites and Ross soil in the Upper White River Valley of east-central Indiana. / Department of Anthropology

This study addresses the relationship between perceptions of cultural patrimony, socioeconomic realities, and interactions with archaeological sites in two rural communities in the Naco Valley, Honduras. Palmarejo and Palos Blancos are communities situated around the Naco Valley, that share their space with two major archaeological sites.The residents of these communities interact with the archaeological sites by using their area for farming, cattle grazing, and social/recreational activities. On several occasions, the mounds in the archaeological sites have been used as a source of raw materials for construction. Thus far, the damage to the ruins by these activities has been minimal. However, the discovery of an Ulúa marble vase in one of the sites has the potential to attract looting activities to the area. Marble vases have been a coveted item in the antiquities market due to their rarity and craftsmanship. Although the sites are protected under Honduran law, the government agency that enforces the law is sometimes unable to prevent the destruction of archaeological sites due several constraints, such as the lack of resourses and national discourses that support the preservation of Maya sites over others. Other sites in nearby areas have been destroyed by looters looking for marble vases. The communities were excavated by an archaeological project during the last decade and the creation of a community archaeological project has been considered to educate the community about the conservation and importance of the archaeological sites. However it has been argued that for the successful development of such a program, knowledge of the socioeconomic and cultural impacts of archaeological sites on the local population is needed. Thus expanding on the goals of a community-oriented archaeology, this study addresses the living context of two archaeological sites as an academic problem by applying ethnographic methods to the practice of archaeology. This approach called archaeological ethnography seeks to understand the socioeconomic context of communities that are impacted by the archaeological practice. Following this direction, this research responds the following question: In what ways and to what extent do social/cultural perceptions, socioeconomic realities, and archaeological practices influence the conservation of archaeological resources in the Palmarejo Valley, Honduras? In answering this question, the study found that although the damages to the site are minimal and the communities have their own rules of interaction with their respective archaeological sites, the practice of using the mounds as a source of raw materials for construction and the potential of subsistence looting are problems to consider in the area. In addition, the study obtained information about the meaning of the sites for the communities and the hopes of the residents that the sites may become tourist attractions, improving their livelihood and quality of life. The information obtained in this study may provide a baseline of information on how people perceive and interact with these sites, which may be used to consider an archaeological conservation community project in the future. In addition, the data obtained help us understand the reasons for the destruction of archaeological sites or the lack of interest by the communities in their archaeological sites, especially in a setting in which economic development often supersedes considerations of heritage and cultural patrimony. Finally, the data can be compared with other rural communities in Honduras that are adjacent to archaeological sites to evaluate the extent to which these issues are encountered elsewhere in the country.

The heart of this dissertation is the SCAPULA Information Retrieval System, used to create, maintain, and retrieve coded archaeological data for the Upper Wabash Drainage at the Archaeology Laboratory of Ball State University.Several existing archaeological data banks were surveyed and classified at first, and different file organizations, computer software and hardware were reviewed next using as a major criterion the needs of archaeologists at Ball State in order to determine the characteristics of the SCAPULA System.The encoding instructions and retrieval keywords are illustrated and listed, while the functions of the SCAPULA are introduced. With its straightforward query instructions and examples, the SCAPULA Information Retrieval System, a relational data bank, is very easy to use.The present study sought to examine the impact of victim-observer similarity, victim physical attractiveness, outcome severity and sex of respondent on responsibility attributions made toward a rape victim. Perceived attitudinal similarity, victim physical attractiveness, and outcome severity were experimentally varied. In addition this study sought to further examine sex differences, which prior research has indicated may influence how a rape victim is perceived.A modified version of Alexander's (1980) scale was used to measure the degree of responsibility attributed to the victim, to the assailant, to society and to chance in each condition. A research design was developed using two levels of each of the four factors.The experiment was conducted during regular class periods. The population consisted of 198 male and female undergraduate students. Prior to the actual experiment, Ss were randomly assigned to review an attitude questionnaire (supposedly completed by the victim), which was either similar or dissimilar to one completed previously by themselves. The attitude survey used in this study was the Important Issues Questionnaire (Novak & Lerner, 1968). The study was conducted such that Ss perceived the victim to be either like or unlike themselves in basic attitudes. Ss were then asked to view a videotape in which a sexual assault victim was interviewed. The victim was actually an actress who read a prepared script. Outcome severity was varied by the use of written vignettes and by the victim's (actress's) narration of either having suffered an attempted rape or a rape with physical injuries. Physical attractiveness was varied by the use of cosmetics and dress. Ss were tested in groups. Each group saw only one of the four videotapes. Ss were debriefed following the experiment.The study was designed to answer the following research questions:1. Would Ss make significantly different responsibility attributions toward a victim they perceived as similar to themselves than toward a victim they perceived as dissimilar to themselves?2. Would Ss make significantly different responsibility attributions toward a victim who suffered a non-severe outcome than toward a victim who suffered a severe outcome?3. Would male Ss make significantly different attributions of responsibility toward a physically attractive victim than toward a physically unattractive victim?4. Would the respondent's sex significantly affect the degree of responsibility attributed to the victim?A 2x2x2x2 multivariate analysis of variance was used to test the four research hypothesis. Significance was considered at an alpha level of .05.FindingsThe results of this study indicated that no significant difference existed for similarity, outcome severity, sex of respondent or physical attractiveness. There was however, a tendency for Ss to attribute more responsibility to the victim who had suffered a severe outcome, and also for the assailant in that condition to be assigned a harsher penalty.ConclusionPrior research in the area of rape victim culpability has offered conflicting results. The present study sought to provide clarity to the findings of previous research. Further research is needed in this area to gain a clearer understanding of factors which influence how victims of sexual assault are perceived.

The management of South Africa's heritage resources is still lacking a great deal and many resources are being destroyed by ignorance, development and plain greed. Although South African legislation is adequate in theory, commitment on the side of the government in terms of staff, skills and resources to implement it, is not forthcoming. On the global platform however, we have much to learn as heritage management is regarded as a priority in most of the first world countries. Four steps to reach this goal, is summarizing it effectively: the identification, understanding how it was created and used, selecting the appropriate conservation techniques, and stakeholder involvement. The focus of this study is on the diverse heritage resources of the Blyde Canyon Nature Reserve in Mpumalanga, the largest green canyon in the world. This area has a rich, irreplaceable and unexplored cultural heritage. The tangible and intangible values were classified in a typological framework, including archaeology (stone age and iron age), rock art, historical industrial features, sacred sites, monuments, burial sites, graves and historic tourist features. Authorities are in the process of changing the status of the Nature Reserve to that of a National Park and it is also envisioned to nominate this unique natural and cultural landscape for World Heritage status. The database and overall objectives of this study has been identified to highlight the relevance and importance of the cultural heritage resources and to ensure its future protection and management. This area is already a popular tourist destination which is currently under-utilised, and by contributing to the protection and responsible development of the heritage resources, and by having the correct management principles set in place, the visitor experience will not only be enhanced but the surrounding towns and communities will benefit extensively. Copyright / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

La France et les États-Unis ont reconnu l’importance de préserver les biens archéologiques situés sur leurs territoires en leur offrant une protection légale contre toute détérioration ou destruction, en vue de leur jouissance par les générations présentes et de leur transmission pour les générations futures. Cette importance fait écho à l’existence d’un intérêtpublic pour la préservation du patrimoine archéologique. Clé de voûte des législations protectrices, l’intérêt public prend sa source dans différentes valeurs qui sont assignées aux biens archéologiques: les valeurs cognitive, identitaire, esthétique et économique. Les législations protectrices des deux pays se sont développées autour de la promotion de lavaleur cognitive, et également, en ce qui concerne les États-Unis surtout, autour de la promotion de la valeur identitaire.Si les États-Unis et la France reconnaissent l’intérêt public qui s’attache à la préservation des ressources archéologiques, leurs droits n’ont pas pour autant tiré toutes les conséquences de la spécificité de ces ressources. En effet, le système de propriété sur lequel sont assises les législations protectrices est fortement emprunt du droit commun, qui ne laisse guère de place au statut spécial des ressources archéologiques qu’il envisage comme de simples biens. Cette assise se révèle être une source de tensions pour la protection des vestiges car elle soulève l’affrontement de deux intérêts antagonistes : celui de l’intérêt public, porté par l’objectif de préservation, et l’intérêt privé, exprimé à travers le droit de propriété. Ces tensions ne se manifestant qu’eu égard aux biens qui entrent dans le champ d'application des législations protectrices, la question de la définition légale des biens archéologiques s’avère être une question de prime importance. Son étude révèle qu’il n’existe aucun statut uniforme du bien archéologique dans les deux pays. Néanmoins, toutes leslégislations protectrices reconnaissent la spécificité des ressources qu’elles protègent, en développant des mécanismes protecteurs spécifiques. Les deux systèmes juridiques tendent à favoriser la mise en œuvre de mécanismes d’appropriation publique des biens archéologiques, la puissance publique étant perçue comme le propriétaire le plus apte à assurer l’intérêt public. Ces mécanismes se heurtent à la force de résistance opposée par la propriété privée. Toutefois, la propriété privée des ressources archéologiques n’est pas nécessairement synonyme d’absence de protection.Aucune propriété spéciale n’a ainsi été mise en oeuvre. Les conflits soulevés entre préservation et propriété des biens archéologiques dans les systèmes protecteurs actuels pourraient dès lors être résolus en tirant les conséquences de la spécificité des biens archéologiques. Il ne serait pas nécessaire de remettre en cause le système même de propriétéde ces biens. En tant que bien spécial, devrait lui être assignée une propriété spéciale. / France and the United States have both recognized the importance of preserving archaeological resources against any damage or destruction through legal protection so that their use by present generations and their transfer to future generations may be ensured. This importance is reflected through the existence of a public interest in the preservation ofarchaeological resources. The public interest is rooted in different values which are assigned to archaeological resources and which may be referred to as the cognitive value, the identity value, the aesthetic value and the economic value. In both countries the cognitive value appears to be the cornerstone of protective legislation.Even though the United States and France recognize that there is a public interest in preserving archaeological resources, the ownership of archaeological resources is still deeply governed by common law rules, according to which archaeological resources are seen as mere property. This dichotomy proves to be a source of tension between two competing interests:the public interest which lies in archaeological resources protection on the one hand, and the private interest, expressed through ownership, on the other hand.The legal definition of protected archaeological resources lies therefore at the forefront of the issue. In both countries, there is no uniform status of archaeological resources. However, protective legislation recognizes the very specificity of these resources, developing therefore specific protective schemes. The two legal systems tend to favor public ownership, the state being seen has the most suitable owner capable of ensuring preservation. But private ownership appears to be a strong opposition public ownership has to face. However, private ownership of archaeological resources does not necessarily equal lack of protection.No special property status has thus been implemented in either countries. Conflicts arising between preservation and ownership of archaeological resources in the current protective systems could therefore be resolved by drawing the consequences of the specificity of archaeological resources into the protective schemes.