UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD INSTITUT POLITOLOGICKÝCH STUDIÍ ABSTRACT OF DOCTORAL THESIS GLOBAL SPACE SECURITY AND THE U.S. - CHINA - RUSSIA RIVALRY 2016 JANA ROBINSON 2 ABSTRACT This study concentrates on whether the spacepower projection strategies of China and Russia, as communicated through their actions, key initiatives and public diplomacy positions, will, in the near future, undermine or advance global efforts to preserve the stability of the space environment and sustainability of outer space activities. In order to arrive at key findings, the analysis presented in this study is guided by two theories, the Astropolitik, a well-established spacepower theory of Everett C. Dolman, and the "preventive arms control in space" theory of Max Mutschler. It was concluded that arms control in space will not advance space security and prevent systemic destabilization of the space domain, and formal top-down arms control does not effectively restrain counterspace activities1 . It was likewise concluded that there exists a high probability (i.e. possibly greater than 75%) of near-term space 'incident' among the U.S., Russia and China. To prevent an escalatory spiral leading to conflict in space, the U.S. should continue to engage China and Russia (including in multilateral venues) in an...

This thesis addressed the arms export control in the Federal Republic of Germany during the tenure of chancellor Helmut Kohl and Gerhard Schröder between 1989 and 2005. To this end this thesis elaborated an analytical framework, which analyses this phenomenon thought government arms export policy. Due to lack of preceding research in this area it was necessary to devote significant space for conceptual definition of the arms export policy and contextualization of analytical framework. It was argued that arms export policy of the Federal Republic of Germany should be analyzed as a passive sub-category within security policy. Analytical framework employed to analyze the period between 1989 and 2005 thus reflected four factors or standpoints that exert influence on arms export policy (foreign pressures, security policy, European coordination and legislative and institutional framework). This thesis designed as disciplined interpretive case study posited two hypothesis based on concepts that have been partially applied to arms export phenomenon in different context and time period. First hypothesis concerns the nature of change of arms exports control, which was supposed to change between periods restriction and relaxation of export control. Second hypothesis postulates the nature of change of arms exports...

[pt] O principal objetivo da dissertação é explicar a assinatura do Tratado sobre Reduções Ofensivas Estratégicas - o Tratado de Moscou – pelo presidente George W. Bush e a aprovação unânime, pelos senadores norte-americanos, da resolução de conselho e consentimento para a ratificação do tratado. Tais decisões são vistas como resultados de um jogo de negociação no qual se observam a interação e a influência recíproca entre os níveis internacional e doméstico. As hipóteses indicam que membros do Executivo e grande parte do Senado norte-americanos mostraram-se interessados no tratado – que estipula uma redução substancial do número agregado de ogivas nucleares estratégicas dos EUA e da Rússia, de modo a não exceder 1.700-2.200 para cada parte no fim de 2012 –, pois ele garante a autonomia para definir como a redução será implementada e para determinar a estrutura das forças ofensivas estratégicas em face das novas ameaças aos EUA e aos seus aliados. / [en] The main purpose of the dissertation is to explain the signature of the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty - known as the Treaty of Moscow - by president George W. Bush and the unanimous approval of the resolution of advice and consent to ratification of the treaty by the U.S. Senate. These decisions are seen as the results of a bargaining game in which the national and the international levels interact and influence each other. The hypotheses indicate that the members of the U.S. executive and a huge number of the U.S. senators were interested in the treaty - which stipulates that each party shall reduce substantially the aggregate number of U.S. and Russian strategic nuclear warheads, so that it does not exceed 1,700-2,200 for each side by the end of 2012 - because it preserves the ability to define how the reductions will be implemented and to determine for themselves the structure of their strategic offensive forces, in order to respond to the new threats to their country and its allies.

Text in English / Energy is the natural power stored in matter which can be potential and kinetic energy. This occurs in nature in various forms such as chemical energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic radiation, gravitational energy, electric energy, elastic energy, nuclear energy, and rest energy. The scientific research relating to nuclear energy has revealed that atoms are the foundation of matter. In 1905 Albert Einstein initiated the quantum revolution utilising the Newtonian mass-energy equivalence concept in order to put his famous equation: E =mc2, where energy is (E). This facilitated the nuclear research which focused on manufacturing the first atomic bomb. In 1945 the USA acquired its first two atomic bombs which were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, killing 200 000 people; mostly civilians. But nuclear energy research has been redirected by scientists in order to industrialise nuclear technology in order to address growing power needs. This encouraged policy makers to consider the risks posed by utilising nuclear energy for civil purposes. The shift towards peaceful nuclear energy applications has been motivated by the many valuable contributions to humankind which nuclear energy offers - for instance in the fields of energy generation, human health, agriculture and industry. The nature of nuclear energy lends itself to becoming an important component of the world energy and global economic system. Nuclear energy is a viable option for many countries including South Africa, because it offers an economic and clean source of electricity; the primary engine for socio-economic development. South Africa operates the only two nuclear power reactors in Africa, (Koeberg 1 and Koeberg 2) generating 1.8 GWe. South Africa’s energy supply infrastructure consists fundamentally of coal-fired power plants which pose serious threats to the environment. Therefore, it is assumed that the planned 9.6 GW of new nuclear capacity by 2030 will meet the requirements of South Africa’s policy regarding the diversification of available energy resources to secure energy supply, support economic growth, and contribute to environmental management. Consequently, the legal system which governs nuclear energy programme is intended to prohibit the proliferation of nuclear weapons, ensure security and maintain the safe operation of nuclear facilities. / Public, Constitutional, & International Law / LL.D.

Energy is the natural power stored in matter which can be potential and kinetic energy. This occurs in nature in various forms such as chemical energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic radiation, gravitational energy, electric energy, elastic energy, nuclear energy, and rest energy. The scientific research relating to nuclear energy has revealed that atoms are the foundation of matter. In 1905 Albert Einstein initiated the quantum revolution utilising the Newtonian mass-energy equivalence concept in order to put his famous equation: E =mc2, where energy is (E). This facilitated the nuclear research which focused on manufacturing the first atomic bomb. In 1945 the USA acquired its first two atomic bombs which were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, killing 200 000 people; mostly civilians. But nuclear energy research has been redirected by scientists in order to industrialise nuclear technology in order to address growing power needs. This encouraged policy makers to consider the risks posed by utilising nuclear energy for civil purposes. The shift towards peaceful nuclear energy applications has been motivated by the many valuable contributions to humankind which nuclear energy offers - for instance in the fields of energy generation, human health, agriculture and industry. The nature of nuclear energy lends itself to becoming an important component of the world energy and global economic system. Nuclear energy is a viable option for many countries including South Africa, because it offers an economic and clean source of electricity; the primary engine for socio-economic development. South Africa operates the only two nuclear power reactors in Africa, (Koeberg 1 and Koeberg 2) generating 1.8 GWe. South Africa’s energy supply infrastructure consists fundamentally of coal-fired power plants which pose serious threats to the environment. Therefore, it is assumed that the planned 9.6 GW of new nuclear capacity by 2030 will meet the requirements of South Africa’s policy regarding the diversification of available energy resources to secure energy supply, support economic growth, and contribute to environmental management. Consequently, the legal system which governs nuclear energy programme is intended to prohibit the proliferation of nuclear weapons, ensure security and maintain the safe operation of nuclear facilities. / Public, Constitutional, and International Law / LL. D.