Les Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP) sont responsables de cancers du poumon, de la vessie et de la peau. Parmi eux, seul le benzo(a)pyrène (BaP) est classé cancérogène certain pour l'homme. La surveillance biologique de leur exposition passe par le dosage du 1-hydroxypyrène urinaire (1-OHP), métabolite du pyrène non cancérogène. L'objectif de cette thèse était de développer un nouveau biomarqueur plus proche du risque cancérogène. Le 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrène (3-OHBaP) est apparu comme le meilleur candidat car c'est le métabolite majoritaire du BaP, car ses concentrations sont liées aux taux d'adduits à l'ADN mesurés dans le poumon de rat et car son dosage est réalisable dans les urines de sujets exposés. Nous avons développé une méthode analytique de routine associant l'extraction en phase solide à la chromatographie liquide avec une détection en fluorescence, qui nous a permis d'atteindre une limite de détection 0,02 ng/L. La médiane des concentrations de 3-OHBaP dans les urines de sujets fumeurs atteignait 0,02 nmole/mole de créatinine et était deux fois plus élevée que chez les non-fumeurs. Dans les secteurs de production du silicium, des cathodes et des anodes, de 30 à 70% des niveaux étaient supérieurs à la valeur recommandée en France, ce qui confirme le risque sanitaire lié à ces activités professionnelles. Lors d'une exposition répétée aux HAP pendant une semaine de travail, le prélèvement des urines doit être réalisé en fin de semaine fin de poste, du fait de l'atteinte d'un équilibre entre les doses de BaP absorbées et celles de 3-OHBaP éliminées. La corrélation entre les niveaux urinaires de 3-OHBaP et de 1-OHP est variable en fonction du secteur et des activités professionnelles. Ceci démontre la difficulté d'établir une seule valeur limite professionnelle en lien avec le risque cancérogène des HAP pour le 1-OHP et souligne tout l'intérêt de doser le 3-OHBaP. / Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) are responsible for lung, skin and bladder cancers. Among them, only benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is classified as carcinogenic to humans. Their biomonitoring is performed by the determination of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a metabolite of the non-carcinogenic pyrene. The aim of this thesis was to develop a new biomarker closest carcinogenic risk. The 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP) seemed to be the best candidate because it is the major metabolite of BaP, these urinary levels are related to the rate of DNA adducts measured in the lung of rats and its analysis is achievable in the urine of exposed subjects. We have developed a simple analytical method combining solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, which achieved a detection limit of 0.02 ng/L. The median concentrations of 3-OHBaP in the urine of smokers reached 0.02 nmol/mol of creatinine and was two times higher than among non-smokers. In the industries of silicon, cathodes and anodes, from 30 to 70 % of levels were above the recommended value in France, which confirms the health risk associated with these occupational activities. In case of repeated exposure to PAH during a workweek, urine sampling should be performed at the end of the shift the last workday, due to a balance between the amounts of BaP absorbed and those of 3-OHBaP eliminated. The correlation between urinary levels of 3-OHBaP and 1-OHP is variable depending on the sector and occupational activities. This demonstrates the difficulty of establishing a single limit value in connection with the carcinogenic risk of PAH for 1-OHP and highlights the interest of the 3-OHBaP.

O óleo extensor normalmente empregado em copolímeros à base de butadieno e estireno ( borracha SBR) da série 1712 é o extrato aromático (DAE). Nesta Dissertação, esse óleo foi substituído por óleos com baixos teores de policíclicos aromáticos em formulações de SBR. Esta substituição se deu em atendimento a Regulamentação REACH (EC No1907/2006 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho de 18 de Dezembro de 2006, Anexo XVII) que determina que a soma de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos individuais (PAHs) deve ser abaixo de 10 mg/kg e o teor de benzo(a)pireno (BaP) não deve exceder 1 mg/kg. Os óleos empregados foram o extrato aromático residual tratado (TRAE) e dois óleos naftênicos de fornecedores diferentes (HN1 e HN2). As composições de SBR estendidas em DAE, TRAE, HN1 e HN2 tiveram suas propriedades térmicas avaliadas por análise termogravimétrica (TG) e calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC). As propriedades físicas foram determinadas por ensaios de tração, dureza, resistência à abrasão e resiliência. Foram ainda avaliadas as propriedades reométricas e reológicas, por viscosidade e relaxação Mooney, respectivamente. Ao final os resultados demonstraram que é possível a substituição do óleo extensor por quaisquer dos óleos testados sem prejuízos nas propriedades estudadas / The extender oil usually employed in compositions of rubbers based on sytrene and butadiene (SBR) 1712 is the aromatic extract DAE. In this Dissertation, this oil was substituted by oils with low levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: the treated residual aromatic extract (TRAE) and two naphthenic oils from different suppliers (HN1 and HN2). This substitution was performed in response to REACH Regulation (EC No1907/2006 European Parliament and the Council of 18 December 2006, Annex XVII) which state that the sum of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) should be below 10 mg / kg and the levels of benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) should not exceed 1 mg / kg. SBR compositions extended with DAE, TRAE, HN1 and HN2 were characterized in terms of thermal properties by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheometric properties, physical properties (tension tests, hardness, abrasion resistance and resilience) and rheological (viscosity and Mooney relaxation). The final results showed that it is possible to replace the extender oil DAE for any of the tested oils without loss in the studied properties

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:41:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Luciana Brunhara Biazati.pdf: 848805 bytes, checksum: 4ed964a7ad50c362409f5ddb61fac503 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-06 / Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), derivados de petróleo, são substâncias cada vez mais preocupantes aos órgãos ambientais devido ao seu caráter tóxico, carcinogênico e mutagênico. Com o aumento da utilização de petróleo e seus derivados como fonte de energia, a contaminação do efluente líquido se expandiu, prejudicando a biota, incluindo seres humanos que de alguma forma fazem uso dessa água. É necessário que sejam desenvolvidos procedimentos eficazes na eliminação parcial ou total destes compostos. Uma técnica muito estudada atualmente no tratamento de efluentes líquidos é o processo Fenton. Ele se baseia na geração do radical hidroxila a partir da reação de íons Fe2+ e peróxido de hidrogênio. Devido ao seu elevado poder oxidante, o radical hidroxila degrada totalmente os compostos orgânicos, formando CO2, H2O e íons inorgânicos provenientes de heteroátomos. O presente trabalho estudou o processo Fenton na decomposição de HPAs (acenafteno, fluoreno, fluoranteno, benzo(a)pireno) em meio aquoso com a utilização de magnetitas puras ou dopadas com cobalto como fonte de íons Fe2+ e peróxido de hidrogênio. A análise da degradação e possível formação de intermediários foram acompanhadas por cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massa (CG/EM). Pôde-se observar que o percentual de degradação dos HPAs variou de 39 a 100%. O composto que mais degradou foi o acenafteno, com três anéis, enquanto que o benzo(a)pireno, com cinco anéis, teve a menor oxidação. Não foram encontrados intermediários acima do limite de detecção do equipamento. Além da CG/EM, foi utilizada a fluorescência como método de análise. O objetivo foi comparar a eficiência da magnetita pura e dopada com cobalto na degradação do fluoreno. Observou-se que o processo de degradação com a magnetita pura não foi significante. Já com a magnetita dopada com cobalto a degradação total ocorreu em cinco horas. Assim, o processo Fenton com utilização de magnetitas como fonte de ferro pode ser uma nova alternativa para o tratamento de HPAs em meio aquoso / The awareness regarding Polycyclics Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), petroleum derivatives, has been increasing over the years due to their toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic characteristics. The increase on the use of petroleum and its derivatives as energy source has induced many accidents spilling liquid effluent in the environment, making harm to biota, including human beings. So that, developing efficient procedures is important on the partial or total elimination of these compounds. A common technique that has been used recently is the Fenton process. This is based on the generation of hydroxyl radical from the reaction of Fe2+ions and hydrogen peroxyde, forming CO2, H2O and inorganic ions from heteroatoms. This study evaluated PAHs (acenaphthene, fluorene, fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene) decomposition due to the fenton process in water by utilization of pure and doped magnetites (with Co as source of ions Fe2+) and hydrogen peroxyde. In order to compare the two kinds of magnetites, fluorene was degraded utilizing fluorescence to evaluate its concentration. We observed that reaction was not significant when pure magnetite was used, whereas doped one degraded fluorene completely after five hours. Because of this, only doped magnetite was used with the other compounds, but evaluating its efficience and intermadiaries formation by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The degradation of HPAs varied from 39 to 100%. Acenaphtene (with three rings) reacted more intensively whereas benzo(a)pyrene (with five) reacted less. No intermediate compounds were found above the detection limit. Beside GC-MS, fluorescence was utilized to analyse the compounds. Our goal was to compare the pure magnetite efficiency to that of doped one regarding fluorene degradation. We observed that the degradation using the former was not significant. Magnitite doped with cobalt degraded it within five hours. So, the method may be a new alternative of treating liquid efluents

Atualmente, um dos problemas ambientais mais graves é a contaminação dos solos e das águas subterrâneas. Na Europa, já foram identificadas 300.000 áreas contaminadas ou potencialmente contaminadas e estima-se que exista 1,5 milhão. Nos Estados Unidos da América, já foram identificadas mais de 63.000. No Brasil, 1.336 áreas contaminadas foram identificadas apenas no Estado de São Paulo. Das tecnologias de remediação de áreas contaminadas, a biorremediação tem a vantagem de destruir os poluentes. No entanto, para aplicação de tal tecnologia, é necessário determinar a biodegradação dos compostos orgânicos no solo. No Brasil, faltam estes dados, pois os solos tropicais possuem características bem diferentes dos solos de regiões de clima temperado. O método respirométrico de Bartha, adaptado de uma norma holandesa, é um método simples e economicamente viável para determinar a atividade microbiológica pela geração de gás carbônico e, indiretamente, a biodegradação de contaminantes orgânicos no solo. No presente trabalho, foi estudada a sua aplicabilidade para um latossolo, tipo de solo predominante no Estado de São Paulo, utilizando como contaminante orgânico, o fenantreno. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível verificar que o gás carbônico gerado não era resultante apenas da biodegradação do contaminante, mas também de reações abióticas ocorridas no solo, principalmente as de equilíbrio do carbonato de cálcio, adicionado para neutralizar o pH. Tal constatação dificulta a análise dos resultados obtidos nos ensaios de respirometria, já que o procedimento descrito na norma brasileira NBR 14283/99 relaciona diretamente a geração do gás carbônico à biodegradação do contaminante. Apesar desta dificuldade, foi possível verificar a biodegradação do fenantreno por microrganismos indígenas, que resistiram ao processo de esterilização. Verificou-se ainda, neste trabalho de pesquisa, a dificuldade de esterilização do solo em autoclave, o que limita a avaliação de remoção de contaminantes por outros mecanismos, tais como volatilização e adsorção. / Nowadays, one of the most serious environmental problems is the contamination of soil and groundwater. In Europe, 300,000 contaminated or potentially contaminated sites have already been identified and there it is estimated that 1.5 million contaminated sites exist. In the United States of America, more than 63,000 have already been identified. In Brazil, 1,336 contaminated sites have been identified in the State of São Paulo. Of the remediation technologies that can be applied for the recovery of these sites, bioremediation has the advantage of destroying the contaminants, but it is necessary to determine the degree to which they biodegrade in the soil. In Brazil, this data is lacking, since tropical soil has different characteristics than the soil of regions with temperate climates. Bartha’s respirometric method, adapted from a Dutch norm, is a simple and economically viable method for determining carbon dioxide generation and, indirectly, the biodegradation of organic contaminants in the soil. In this research, this method’s applicability was studied for a typical tropical soil, predominant in the State of São Paulo, using phenantrene as an organic contaminant. Based on the results of this study, it was possible to verify that the carbon dioxide generated resulted not only from the biodegradation of the contaminant, but also from abiotic reactions that occurred in the soil, mainly from the balance of calcium carbonate, added to neutralize the pH. This fact makes the analysis of the results of the respirometric tests more difficult, since the procedure described in Brazilian norm NBR 14283/99 relates the generation of carbon dioxide directly to the biodegradation of the contaminant. Despite this difficulty, it was possible to verify the biodegradation of the phenantrene for indigenous microorganisms. Furthermore, this research verified the difficulty of sterilizing the soil, which would make it difficult to evaluate the removal of contaminants by other mechanisms, such as volatilization and adsorption.

Este trabalho descreve a otimização e validação de um método analítico para a análise de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (PAHs) em água usando uma interface SPME/LC/DAD. Parâmetros como tipos de fibra, tempo de extração, temperatura e força iônica foram estudados no modo \"off line\" e a influência destes na eficiência de extração foi avaliada. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a fibra Carbowax/templeted resin. Uma interface \"lab made\" foi utilizada para a etapa de validação e as curvas de calibração mostraram boa linearidade (r>0,99) para a maioria dos compostos analisados, tanto na linearidade da amostra como na linearidade do padrão. Os dados de precisão obtidos na concentração de trabalho variaram de 1 a 3%, aproximadamente, e os valores de recuperação se mantiveram na faixa de 4 a 27%. Os PAHs foram determinados na faixa de 0,025 micro g até 0,5 micro g. Pode-se considerar os valores obtidos nos itens de precisão e linearidade satisfatórios para a análise dos PAHs, considerando-se os critérios internacionais estabelecidos para esta classe de compostos, mas o método não atende as especificações relacionadas a recuperação e faixa de concentração. / This work describes the optimization and validation of an analytical method to determine Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water using a SPME/LC/DAD interface. Parameters as fibers kind, sampling time, temperature and ionic strength were studied and their influence on the extraction efficiency were evaluated. The best results were obtained with the Carbowax/templeted resin fiber. A \"lab made\" interface was used to validate the method and the calibration curves showed good linearity (r > 0,99) to almost all the compounds analyzed, considering both the sample linearity and the standard linearity. The data obtained for precision showed a variation from 1 to 3 % and the recovery values were bellow 27%. The PAHs analysis was performed for concentrations from 0,025 micro g/fiber to 0,5 micro g/fiber. The method does not show good recoveries values but the data obtained for precision and linearity can be considered satisfactory according to international criteria established for theses compounds.

O crescente mercado dos produtos naturais, fomentado pelo interesse dos consumidores por alimentos que auxiliem a promoção da saúde, tem pressionado a indústria alimentícia na oferta por novos alimentos. Dentre estes alimentos, encontram-se os óleos vegetais extraídos a frio, reconhecidos por preservarem compostos bioativos característicos e, alguns deles, serem fontes de ácidos graxos (AG) essenciais. A categoria dos óleos e gorduras apresenta, dentre outros alimentos, uma importante fonte de exposição aos hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), um grupo de contaminantes químicos orgânicos, alguns com ação carcinogênica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os óleos vegetais extraídos a frio quanto aos parâmetros de identidade, de qualidade e à ocorrência de HPAs. Foram avaliadas 40 amostras, dez de cada tipo (coco, cártamo, prímula e linhaça), de diferentes marcas, adquiridas no comércio da cidade de São Paulo. Foram realizados os ensaios de perfil de AG, índice de acidez, índice de peróxido, p-anisidina, valor total de oxidação (totox) e HPAs (benzo(a)antraceno, criseno, benzo(b)fluoranteno e benzo(a)pireno). Quanto aos AG, catorze óleos (35 por cento ) não apresentaram perfis de ácidos graxos característicos que os declarados em seus rótulos, incluindo um de coco, quatro de cártamo e nove de prímula. Os valores para acidez estavam inadequados em relação a legislação para três óleos de linhaça (7,5 por cento ). Para o peróxido, quatro óleos (10 por cento ) estavam acima do limite da legislação, sendo dois de linhaça e dois de prímula. Os valores de p-anisidina variaram de <LQ a 12,98, sendo o menor valor encontrado nas amostras de coco e o maior em uma de prímula, que apresentava um odor alterado. No ensaio de totox, 37,5% das amostras apresentaram valores acima da recomendação da literatura, especialmente os óleos de cártamo e prímula. Já para os HPAs, pelo menos um dos hidrocarbonetos analisados foi detectado em 97,5% das amostras avaliadas; três amostras de prímula (7,5%) apresentaram níveis acima do permitido pela Comunidade Européia para BaP e, para a soma dos 4 HPAs, oito óleos (20%) estavam em desacordo: dois de cártamo, quatro de prímula e dois de linhaça. Este trabalho expõe os problemas relacionados aos parâmetros de identidade, qualidade e contaminação dos óleos vegetais comercializados como extraídos a frio e reforçam a importância de um contínuo monitoramento destes produtos. / The natural product market growth, stimulated by the interest of consumers in foods that support health promotion, has encouraged the food industry to supply new kinds of foods. Among these are the cold-pressed vegetable oils, recognized by preserving characteristic bioactive compounds and, some of them, are sources of essential fatty acids (FA). The category of oils and fats owns, within others foods, an important source of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of organic chemical contaminants, some of them with carcinogenic activity. This study aimed at evaluating cold-pressed vegetable oils in relation to the PAHs occurrence, as well as the quality and identity parameters. Forty samples being ten of each type (coconut oil, safflower oil, evening primrose oil and flaxseed oil) of distinct brands, which were acquired in different markets from São Paulo, were evaluated. Fatty acids profile, acid value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation value (totox) and PAHs (benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene) were analyzed. As for FA, fourteen oils (35 per cent ) showed different fatty acids profiles according to the ones on their labels, including one of coconut oil, four of safflower oils and nine of evening primrose oils. The acid values were unsuitable towards the legislation to three flaxseed oils (7.5 per cent ). As for peroxide values, four of the oils (10 per cent ) were above the legislation limit, including two of flaxseed oils and two of evening primrose ones. The p-anisidine values ranged from <LOQ to 12.98, being the smallest value found in the coconut oils samples and the biggest ones in an evening primrose oil, which featured an altered odor. In the totox analysis, 37,5% of the samples presented values above the normal pattern according to literature, mailly the safflower and theevening primrose oils. Regarding the PAHs, at least one of the analyzed hydrocarbons was detected in 97,5% of the samples; three of the primrose samples (7,5%) had levels above those allowed by the European Community for BaP. According to the sum of 4 PAHs, eight oils (20%) were in disagreement: two of safflower oils, four of evening primrose oils and two of flaxseed oils. This study exposes problems related to identity and quality parameters, contamination of vegetable oils marketed as cold-pressed. It also aims at reinforcing the importance of a continuous monitoring os these products.

Orientadores: Lara Durães Sette, Rafaella Costa Bonugli Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T03:33:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magrini_MarianaJuventina_M.pdf: 1731882 bytes, checksum: 2aac64c24012708e8272f0954e438112 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPAs) são poluentes ambientais oriundos de fontes naturais e antropogênicas, caracterizados por suas propriedades mutagênicas e carcinogênicas e persistência no ambiente. Fungos basidiomicetos de degradação branca têm sido extensivamente estudados devido à sua habilidade em degradar uma ampla variedade de compostos xenobióticos por meio do sistema ligninolítico, composto por enzimas de baixa especificidade ao substrato, como as Lacases, Manganês peroxidases (MnP) e Lignina peroxidases (LiP). Considerando que os estudos relacionados à degradação de poluentes por fungos marinhos ainda são escassos, o presente trabalho visou à avaliação da degradação dos HPAs pireno e BaP e da atividade ligninolítica de três basidiomicetos isolados de esponjas marinhas. Durante a etapa de seleção do fungo mais eficiente, os três basidiomicetos foram capazes de degradar os HPAs (0,02 e 0,04 mg mL-1 de BaP e pireno, respectivamente) após 7, 14 e 21 dias de incubação, apresentando atividade ligninolítica, sobretudo de Lacase, que possui uma ampla aplicação tecnológica. O fungo Marasmiellus sp. CBMAI 1062 degradou mais de 90% da quantidade inicial de ambos os HPAs após 7 dias de incubação. O crescimento dos basidiomicetos não foi influenciado pelos HPAs, com exceção do Marasmiellus sp. CBMAI 1062, que apresentou maior crescimento micelial em presença dos mesmos. A atividade ligninolítica não apresentou correlação com a degradação nem com o crescimento micelial, para todos os basidiomicetos estudados. Entretanto, os resultados sugerem que na presença dos HPAs pode ter havido indução da produção das enzimas Lacase e MnP. O fungo Marasmiellus sp. CBMAI 1062 foi selecionado para as etapas posteriores devido a sua produção enzimática, crescimento em presença dos HPAs e altas porcentagens de degradação. Após 7 dias de cultivo em presença dos HPAs em meio mineral, este fungo apresentou atividade das enzimas LiP, MnP e Lacase, elevadas taxas de degradação (79,9% de pireno e 95,2% de BaP) e aumento de biomassa, o que sugere o consumo, ao menos em parte, dos HPAs e/ou de seus produtos de degradação como fontes de carbono e energia. Nos experimentos de análise qualitativa de metabólitos formados, foram identificados quatro metabólitos: 1-hidroxipireno, pireno dihidrodiol e dihidroxipireno, derivados da degradação do pireno, e hidroxibenzo[a]pireno, derivado da degradação do BaP. Tais compostos sugerem a degradação dos HPAs via sistema enzimático CYP e epóxido hidrolases. Elevadas porcentagens de degradação foram obtidas em meio com 35 ppm (3,5%) de salinidade e pH 9,0. Contudo, nestas condições, a atividade ligninolítica de Lacase, LiP e MnP foi ausente. O aumento da concentração dos HPAs não diminuiu as taxas de degradação nem o crescimento micelial. De modo geral, as maiores porcentagens de degradação foram alcançadas sob elevada concentração de nutrientes. Através dos experimentos de degradação de BaP, foi possível propor um modelo matemático derivado da regressão múltipla do Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR) para dois fatores. Os resultados do presente trabalho evidenciam o potencial do fungo Marasmiellus sp. CBMAI 1062 para remediação de ambientes salinos e/ou alcalinos bem como para a aplicação biotecnológica de suas enzimas ligninolíticas / Abstract: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants from natural and anthropogenic sources, characterized by their mutagenic and carcinogenic properties and persistence in the environment. White-rot basidiomycetes have been extensively studied due to the ability to degrade a wide variety of xenobiotic compounds using their ligninolytic system, constituted by enzymes with low substrate specificity, such as Laccases, Manganese peroxidase (MnP) and Lignin peroxidases (LiP). Since the studies related to the degradation of pollutants by marine-derived fungi are scarce, the present study aimed to evaluate the degradation of PAHs pyrene and BaP and the ligninolytic activity of three basidiomycetes isolated from marine sponges. During the selection of the most efficient fungus, the three basidiomycetes were able to degrade PAHs (0.02 to 0.04 mg mL-1 BaP and pyrene, respectively) after 7, 14 and 21 days of incubation, presenting ligninolytic activity, especially Laccase, which has a wide technological application. The fungus Marasmiellus sp. CBMAI 1062 degraded more than 90% of the initial amount of both PAHs after 7 days of incubation. The growth of basidiomycetes was not affected by PAHs, except Marasmiellus sp. CBMAI 1062, which showed the highest mycelial growth in their presence. The ligninolytic activity was not correlated with the degradation nor with the mycelial growth, for all basidiomycetes studied. However, the results suggest that the presence of PAHs may have induced the Laccase and MnP production. Marasmiellus sp. CBMAI 1062 was selected for the subsequent assays due to its enzyme production, growth in the presence of PAHs and high degradation rates. After 7 days of growth in the presence of PAHs in mineral medium, this fungus showed activity of LiP, MnP and Laccase, high degradation rates (79.9% of pirene and 95.2% of BaP) and increased biomass, suggesting consumption, at least in part, of PAHs and/or their degradation products as carbon and energy sources. In qualitative analysis of the metabolites produced, four metabolites were identified: 1-hydroxypyrene, pyrene dihydrodiol and dihydroxypyrene, derived from the pyrene degradation, and hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene derived from BaP degradation. Such compounds suggest PAHs degradation via CYP enzyme system and epoxide hydrolases. High degradation percentages were obtained in medium with 35 ppt salinity (3.5%) and pH 9.0. However, under these conditions, the activity of ligninolytic Laccase, LiP and MnP was absent. Increasing the concentration of PAHs has not decreased rates of degradation or mycelial growth. In general, the major degradation percentages were achieved at higher nutrient concentration. Through the degradation of BaP assays, was possible to propose a mathematical model derived from multiple regression Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) with two factors. The results of this study highlight the potential of fungus Marasmiellus sp. CBMAI 1062 for remediation of saline and/or alkali environments as well as for biotechnological application of their ligninolytic enzymes / Mestrado / Microbiologia / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Orientador: Wilson de Figueiredo Jardim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T12:42:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marques_EmanuelJoseNascimento_M.pdf: 2293976 bytes, checksum: 7be303ab6d3a366873fc9c1c636abfbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi avaliado um processo de lavagem de solo utilizando solução oxidante, visando a remediação de áreas contaminadas com hidrocarbonetos provenientes combustíveis. O processo foi denominado de lavagem oxidativa e consistiu na mistura de H2O2 com um catalisador de Fenton modificado, chamado Fentox®. A lavagem oxidativa foi aplicada em solo contaminado artificialmente com óleo diesel em laboratório, a fim de avaliar as mudanças ocorridas no perfil de distribuição dos hidrocarbonetos remanescentes no solo tratado e verificar as condições experimentais que resultassem em máxima remoção destes contaminantes. Foi possível obter remoção de 90% para alcanos totais, 69% para hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) totais, e 86% para hidrocarbonetos totais de petróleo (HTP). O aumento na proporção entre fase líquida e fase sólida resultou em maior eficiência na remoção dos contaminantes. A lavagem do solo utilizando o agente tensoativo dodecil benzeno sulfonato de sódio (DBSS) foi outro aspecto investigado em laboratório. Verificou-se que em solo com baixa concentração inicial de HPA o uso do tensoativo não favoreceu a solubilização dos contaminantes. Além disso, a adição de tensoativo durante a lavagem oxidativa do solo não contribuiu para melhorar o desempenho do processo de remediação. O processo de lavagem oxidativa juntamente com solução de tensoativo foi aplicado em solo contaminado com óleos combustíveis em uma área localizada na cidade de São Paulo, a fim de remover os hidrocarbonetos presentes no local. Foi obtida redução de aproximadamente 87% do parâmetro HPA total, sendo que a extensão da remoção individual dos HPA apresentou variações, principalmente em função da hidrofobicidade característica de cada composto. A lavagem oxidativa mostrou-se uma alternativa viável sob o ponto de vista técnico, considerando que os resultados obtidos em campo foram comparáveis àqueles obtidos em laboratório / Abstract: In this work a soil washing process using oxidizing solution was evaluated, aiming the remediation of contaminated areas with hydrocarbons derived from fuels. The selected process was called oxidative soil washing and consists in the use of H2O2 with a modified Fenton¿s catalyst, called Fentox®. The oxidative washing was applied first in a laboratory diesel oil contaminated soil in order to evaluate changes in the distribution profile of hydrocarbons remaining in the treated soil and to set the experimental conditions that resulted in maximum removal of these contaminants. It was possible to obtain removals of 90% for total alkanes, 69% for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and 86% for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). The increase in the liquid-solid ratio resulted in increase of the contaminant removal. The oxidative soil washing using the surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) was another aspect investigated in the laboratory. It was found that in soil having low initial PAH concentration, the use of surfactant did not increase the contaminants solubilization. Furthermore, the surfactant addition during the soil oxidative washing did not improve the performance of the remediation process. The oxidative soil washing in the presence of the surfactant solution was applied in a fuel contaminated soil to remove hydrocarbons. Results indicated removal around 87 % for total PAH, with different rates according to the hydrophobicity of each compound. Oxidative soil washing proved to be a feasible alternative under the technical point of view, considering that results obtained on site were comparable to the ones obtained under laboratory conditions / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

Les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) sont des polluants organiques largement répandus dans l’environnement. Ils sont très fréquemment détectés dans les sols et sont principalement le produit d’une combustion incomplète de la matière organique. Etant toxiques et cancérigènes, de nombreuses études portant sur leur élimination des sols ont été massivement effectuées au cours des dernières années. Parmi tous les traitements disponibles pour traiter des sols contaminés par les HAP, les approches biologiques sont prometteuses car elles ont un impact limité, voire nul sur l’environnement. Cependant, leur efficacité est étroitement dépendante de nombreux facteurs difficiles à contrôler. L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’obtenir une connaissance plus précise concernant la dépollution biologique de sols contaminés par des HAP, en définissant à travers une série d‘expériences, les conditions les plus appropriées pour leur élimination principalement en termes de caractéristiques physiques et chimiques du sol, de la structure des HAP et leurs concentrations, la densité et la composition microbienne, le pH et l’humidité du sol et la disponibilité des nutriments. Les expériences réalisées dans cette thèse, sont basées sur le compostage de déchets organiques avec des sols contaminés par des HAP. L’ajout de matière organique vise à promouvoir la dégradation biologique simultanée des HAP et des déchets organiques frais en conditions contrôlées. Les résultats attendus de cette approche sont la dégradation des polluants en composés moins nocifs, en raison de la stimulation de l’activité des micro-organismes présents dans le sol ainsi que dans les déchets organiques apportés. Dans le but de comprendre l’influence des facteurs précédemment mentionnés, les expériences ont été menées sur un sol synthétique, artificiellement contaminé, ainsi que sur un sol contaminé provenant d’un site industriel identifié comme pollué par des HAP. Quatre types de déchets organiques frais ont été sélectionnés pour être ajoutés au sol artificiellement contaminé par des HAP. Les résultats ont montré que les boues activées étaient l’amendement organique le plus efficace par rapport au fumier de bufflonnes, aux déchets de cuisine et aux déchets organiques à base de légumes. Un taux d’élimination des HAP totaux supérieur à 60% a été atteint avec les boues activées. En outre, cette série d’expériences a prouvé que les conditions mésophiles étaient plus favorables que les conditions thermophiles, mais également que la teneur en azote, l’importance de la fraction soluble et les teneurs en protéines sont très importantes pour l’élimination des HAP. Sur la base de ces résultats, une série d’expériences a été menée sur un sol historiquement contaminé en apportant des quantités différentes de boues activées (ratio massique sol contaminé : boues activées variant de 1:2, 1:1 , 1:0,5 à 1:0). Contrairement aux résultats obtenus avec le sol artificiel, pour un sol naturellement contaminé, les amendements à base de boues activées n’ont pas stimulé l’élimination de HAP. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenu pour le sol non amendé par les boues activées (un rendement d’élimination des HAP totaux de 32% a été atteint en l’absence de boues activées, tandis qu'en présence d’un amendement à base de boues activées les meilleurs résultats ne dépassent pas 14% d’élimination des HAP totaux), cela prouve que la stimulation de micro-organismes pouvant dégrader les HAP est un facteur clé pour le succès du processus de dépollution biologique dans des conditions environnementales favorables / Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic pollutants widely distributed in the environment and very frequently detected in soils as they are mainly produced from an incomplete combustion of organic matter at high temperature. They are toxic and even carcinogenic, therefore their removal from soils has been massively studied in the past years. Among all treatments suitable for treating soils contaminated by PAHs, biological ones are promising and challenging as they have a low or even no impact on the environment as well as their efficiency is tightly dependent on many factors not easy to control. The objective of this thesis has been to get more accurate knowledge on bioremediation of PAHs contaminated soils, by defining, through a series of experiments, the most suitable conditions for their biological remediation mainly in terms of physical and chemical soil characteristics, PAHs type and concentration, microbial density and composition, pH value, moisture content and availability of nutrients. The bioremediation experiments carried out in this thesis are based on landfarming as well as composting soil treatments and aimed at promoting the simultaneous biodegradation of PAHs and fresh organic wastes under controlled conditions. The expected result of this approach has been the conversion of organic pollutants into less harmful compounds, due to the activity of the microorganisms present in soil as well as in the organic waste added to soil. With the aim of deeply understanding the influence of the aforementioned factors on the bioremediation of PAHs contaminated soil, experiments were conducted on a synthetic soil, artificially contaminated, as well as on a real contaminated soil. In details, four different types of fresh organic waste were selected to be added to PAHs artificially contaminated synthetic soil and the results showed that centrifuged activated sewage sludge (SS) was the most effective organic amendment compared to buffalo manure (BM), food and kitchen waste (FKW) and fruit and vegetable waste (FVW). The removal efficiency of total PAHs reached with SS was actually a little higher than 60%. Furthermore, this set of experiments proved that mesophilic conditions were more performing than thermophilic conditions, as well as the content of nitrogen, soluble fraction and proteins played an important role in the PAHs removal. Based on the previous results, the next set of experiments was conducted on a real contaminated soil amended with different amounts of centrifuged activated SS (e.g. contaminated soil to SS mass ratios were 1:2, 1:1, 1:0.5 and 1:0 as wet weight basis). In contrast to results obtained with synthetic soil, in a real contaminated soil, SS amendment resulted in being not beneficial to PAHs removal. The best results were actually achieved where no SS was added (total PAHs removal efficiency of 32%, whereas with SS the best results showed a value of 14%), proving that the adaptation of microorganisms to PAHs is the key factor for the success of the bioremediation process coupled with setting favorable environmental conditions

In this work, carbonaceous deposits on spent HTFT catalysts were investigated. This research was required in order to better understand the observed loss in productivity observed in the industrial reactors, with the aim of improving the economy of the HTFT process. A host of complementary techniques were employed to systematically determine the composition of a typical catalyst recovered from a reactor. Spent HTFT catalysts are comprised of magnetite and a mixture of iron carbides as well as adsorbed hydrocarbon products (soft carbon) and hard carbon. Reaction initiates at the particle surface and along the promoter-rich grain boundaries toward the core of the grains. A partially reacted particle would therefore have a core-shell structure, with magnetite representing the unreacted region of the catalyst. The reacted region consists of a porous carbonaceous matrix with soft carbon and carbide crystallites nestled in this matrix. The hard carbonaceous species is a mixture of polymeric carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The particle structure is linked to the sample preparation method and an alternative method yielding catalyst particle with uniformly distributed promoter elements could be beneficial. Investigating carbonaceous species is a complex process, and development of a fresh methodology would aid in the quest for insight into the nature of carbonaceous species in various systems. A new approach which entails a combination of the traditional techniques combined with MALDI-TOF MS enabled a deeper investigation. Additional aspects such as the molecular weight distributions along with known information about crystallinity and morphology of the catalyst provide a comprehensive study of carbonaceous material. Polymeric carbon and very large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons constitute hard carbon and can be observed with minimal sample preparation procedures. The evolution of the HTFT catalysts was investigated as a function of time-on-stream. This enabled us to study the effects of increasing amounts of hard carbon on the activity and the chemical and physical properties of the catalysts. The catalyst activity was found to decrease with increasing hard carbon content, although the effect of carbon deposition cannot be distinguished from phase transformation (oxidation) which occurs simultaneously. A method to quantify the amount of hard carbon, which progressively builds up on the catalyst, was demonstrated. This required a great deal of method development, which provides a platform for future investigations of these catalysts. Importantly, it allows predictions of the amounts of carbon that will be deposited after a certain reaction time. This allows more efficient regulation of catalyst replacement. The production of fine carbon-rich particles in the industrial reactor poses a major problem in the process. Carbon deposition leads to an increase in particle diameter with time on-stream. Permissible levels of hard carbon were identified, beyond which the mechanical strength of the catalyst particles deteriorate. This leads to break-up of the particles and therefore fines formation. The surface area and pore volume generally increase with progressive deposition of hard carbon, while the bulk density of the catalyst material exhibits a linear decrease with carbon build-up. A mechanism is proposed for hard carbon formation which apparently occurs through the dissociative adsorption of CO to form a carbon monolayer. This is followed by polymerisation of the carbon atoms. Meta-stable interstitial carbides are formed at the iron-carbon interface. Owing to a carbon concentration gradient between the top of the surface and the bottom of the metal or carbide particle, carbon diffusion across the crystal (carbide decomposition) and grows as a PAH molecule lifting the iron carbide away from the particle. As this corrosion process is intrinsic to iron-based catalysts, a catalyst that contains sulphur is proposed for future development.