Las aguas freáticas en la cuenca El Divisorio tienen arsénico (As) elevado, excediendo los valores guía (OMS 2018, USEPA ≤ 10 μg L-1 2014 y CAA ≤ 50 μg L-1 1994). Su ingesta prolongada puede afectar la salud de la población. El objetivo fue evaluar la geodisponibilidad de As en suelos-sedimentos, identificar la fuente de provisión, analizar las propiedades hidrogeoquímicas que controlan su acumulación en el agua y, finalmente, evaluar el riesgo de exposición al contaminante. Se describieron y muestrearon suelos en dos toposecuencias: cuenca alta (S1: interfluvio, S2: ladera, S3: terraza aluvial) y cuenca media-baja (P1: interfluvio, P2: ladera, P3: terraza aluvial, P4: llanura de inundación), determinándose CO, pH, CE, CIC, cationes intercambiables y óxidos de hierro (Feox), contenidos totales de As, Ba, Br, Co, Cr, Fe, Na y sus contenidos en las fracciones arena y arcilla. Se efectuaron análisis mineralógicos, de correlación y de componentes principales. Los suelos-sedimentos de la zona no saturada están constituidos por secuencias de loess y loess retransportados. En cada toposecuencia, el As geodisponible no indica contaminación registrándose mayores contenidos de As total en suelos de la cuenca media-baja (máx: 20,70 mg kg-1) respecto de la cuenca alta (máx: 12,20 mg kg-1). En interfluvios y laderas, la fracción arena arrojó valores medios de As comparables (S1: 4,97 mg kg-1, S2: 4,42 mg kg-1; P1: 3,00 mg kg-1, P2: 3,66 mg kg-1) siendo más elevados en geoformas aluviales de la cuenca media-baja (P3: 5,26 mg kg-1, P4: 5,00 mg kg-1). La contribución de la fracción arcilla fue: S1:10,52 mg kg-1; S2: 9,65 mg kg-1; S3: 10,40 mg kg-1; P1: 8,75 mg kg-1; P2: 9,65 mg kg-1; P3:13,4 mg kg-1; P4: 19,6 mg kg-1. Los valores de As total hallados constituyen la línea de base del fondo geoquímico para esta zona y reflejan la herencia del material parental en todos los suelos, particularmente en S3, P3, P4. La pedogénesis modificó la distribución vertical de As a raíz de moderada meteorización en S1, S2, S3, P1 y de condiciones de drenaje limitado en P3 y P4. Además de vidrio volcánico, fuente de aporte de As al agua, la fracción arena contiene anfíboles, piroxenos, feldespatos, plagioclasas, fragmentos de roca y minerales accesorios. Illita, interestratificados illita-esmectita, clorita-esmectita y esmectita integran la fracción <2 μm, con vidrio volcánico y óxidos de hierro frecuentes, los que mediante adsorción-desorción participan en el ciclo del As aportando, en condiciones alcalinas, un 60 % más de As que la fracción arena. En la descarga, el Fetotal (3,17-4,99 mg kg-1) y el Feox (63,00-652,75 mg kg-1) superaron a los hallados en la recarga (Fetotal: 2,00-3,99 mg kg-1; Feox: 36,75-414,75 mg kg-1). Factores de control local inciden en el exceso de As en la fase acuosa, más elevado hacia la descarga (114 mg L-1) concordante con As relativamente más alto en fase sólida (20,70 mg kg-1). Si bien el loess de la zona saturada (Formación Pampeano) tiene mayor importancia como fuente de provisión de As, su geodisponibilidad en los suelos loéssicos (Post-pampeano) muestran que la zona no saturada es relevante como fuente de aporte potencial de As al agua. En el área estudiada, el consumo de las aguas subterráneas con As elevado expone a alto riesgo carcinogénico (cuenca alta: 1,1 10-3; cuenca media-baja: 2,7 10-3) a la población careciente de otra fuente de agua / The phreatic aquifer in El Divisorio basin has elevated arsenic (As) that exceeds the guide values (OMS 2018, USEPA ≤10 μg L-1 2014 y CAA ≤50 μg L-1 1994). Long term consumption may affect population health. The objective was to evaluate As geoavailability in soils-sediments, to identify the As provision source and the hydrogeochemistry controlling its accumulation in water to, finally, assess the risk of exposure to this contaminant. Soils were described in two toposequences: upper basin (S1: interfluve, S2: slope, S3: terrace) and lower basin (P1: interfluve, P2: slope, P3, terrace, P4: alluvial plain), determining OC, pH, EC, CEC, exchangeable cations and iron oxides (Feox), total contents of As, Ba, Br, Co, Cr, Fe, Na y Fe and their contents in the sand and clay fractions. In both, mineralogical analyses, correlation and principal components analyses were performed. The soils-sediments of the unsaturated zone are constituted by loess and retransported loess sequences. In every toposequence, geoavailable As do not indicate contamination yielding higher contents of total arsenic in soils of the lower basin (max: 20,70 mg kg-1) than in the upper basin (max:12,20 mg kg-1). In the interfluves and valley slopes, the sand fraction had comparable mean As contents (S1: 4,97 mg kg-1, S2: 4,42 mg kg-1; P1: 3,00 mg kg-1, P2: 3,66 mg kg-1) being higher in alluvial landforms of the lower basin (P3: 5,26 mg kg-1, P4: 5,00 mg kg-1). Contribution of the clay fraction was: S1:10,52 mg kg-1; S2: 9,65 mg kg-1; S3: 10,40 mg kg-1; P1: 8,75 mg kg-1; P2: 9,65 mg kg-1; P3:13,4 mg kg-1; P4: 19,6 mg kg-1. In this zone, the values obtained for total As constitute the base line of the geochemical background and reflect the inheritance of parent materials for all the studied soils, particularly in S3, P3 and P4. Pedogenesis modified As distribution in depth through moderate weathering (S1, S2, S3, P1) and restricted drainage (P3 and P4). In addition to volcanic glass, source of As to groundwaters, the sand fraction is constituted by amphiboles, pyroxenes, feldspars, plagioclases, rock fragments and accessory minerals. Illite, interstratified illite-smectite, clorhite- smectite, smectite and frequent volcanic glass and iron oxides are found in the <2 μm fraction contributing, under alkaline conditions, with more than 60% of As than the sand fraction. In the aquifer’s discharge, Fetotal (3,17- 4,99 mg kg-1) and Feox (63,00-652,75 mg kg-1) were higher than in the recharge (Fetotal: 2,00-3,99 mg kg-1; Feox: 36,75-414,75 mg kg-1). Local factors ruled the existence of zones with excessive arsenic in groundwaters with the highest concentrations towards the discharge (114 mg L 1) consistent with relatively higher As in the solid phase (20,70 mg kg-1). Loess of the saturated zone (Pampeano Formation) is of great importance as supply source of As, however, its geoavailability in loess soils (Post-pampeano) show that the unsaturated zone is relevant as potential source of As to water. In the studied area, groundwater utilization for human consumption exposes the population devoid of other sources of potable water to a high carcinogenic risk (upper basin: 1,1 10-3; middle-lower basin: 2,7 10-3)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:20:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Huebra Martins - Parte 1.pdf: 2078554 bytes, checksum: f49c5e19afaa825f62b26c0bec99a035 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho é o resultado da aplicação do conceito de Hidroterritório na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Sossego, em Itarana/ES, e agrega elementos que se referem à dinâmica territorial motivada pelo elemento água. O objetivo do trabalho foi trazer contribuições teórico-metodológicas para ampliar o espectro de entendimento acerca dos Hidroterritórios. O Hidroterritório surge em um contexto muito particular, que é o semiárido brasileiro. Apesar de possuir uma realidade bem diferente, o Córrego Sossego tem revelado uma dinâmica que o caracteriza enquanto hidroterritório mercantilizado, em função do caráter alienado com a água e com seu processo produtivo. Cada realidade possui suas particularidades, mas as situações de equivalência permitiram essa leitura do território Sossego enquanto hidroterritório. Devido aos diferentes perfis de produtores e com o intuito de evitar respostas viciadas , recorreu-se ao uso de desenhos e perguntas como proposta metodológica para identificar suas intencionalidades e como isso se manifesta enquanto cultura da água, a partir da análise do discurso. Inferimos que a mercantilização das relações no Sossego baliza a cultura hídrica local de forma alienante, onde os produtores ficam à mercê de modo de produção que não se caracteriza nem enquanto propriedade capitalista, tampouco com uma racionalidade própria / Este trabajo es el resultado de aplicar la idea de Hidroterritório en la cuenca del Arroyo Sossego em Itarana / ES y añade elementos que se refieren a la dinámica territorial de la cuenca motivadas por el elemento agua. El objetivo era reunir aportes teóricos y metodológicos para ampliar el espectro de la comprensión de los Hidroterritórios cerdas. El Hidroterritório surge en un contexto muy particular, que es la semiáridas brasileña. A pesar de tener una realidad muy distinta el Arroyo Sossego ha presentado una dinámica que caracteriza hidroterritório mercantilizado en función del carácter alienado con el agua y su proceso de producción. Cada realidad tiene sus propias peculiaridades, pero las situaciones de equivalencia permite que esta lectura del territorio Sossego. Debido a los diferentes perfiles de los productores con el fin de evitar "respuestas adictos" recurrieron al uso de dibujos y preguntas como una propuesta para identificar sus intenciones y cómo esto se manifiesta como cultura de agua desde el análisis del discurso. Deducimos que la mercantilización de las relaciones en Sossego faro la cultura del agua local tan alienante de donde los productores están a merced de una producción que no se caracteriza por ser ni capitalista ni propiedad con su propia racionalidad

This study examines the state of off-street parking in the Cornfield Arroyo Seco Specific Plan (CASP) area of the City of Los Angeles. The focus is on discovering relevant strategies to strengthen the plans ability to reduce parking supply and demand. Research has shown a causal relationship between planning policies and the oversupply of parking. An auto-centric approach to land use and urban form creates societal problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution, inflated development costs, and hostile pedestrian landscapes. Further issues that are directly associated with parking include: poor water quality, neighborhood livability, and ambient temperature. Additionally, an overabundance of parking supports increased vehicle miles traveled which is a major source of greenhouse gases. The imbalance between parking supply and demand in the City of Los Angeles has resulted in large tracts of land that are paved over by parking lots instead of more valuable land uses. A thorough assessment of the opportunities to improve the state of parking in the Los Angeles CASP area is needed. The (qualitative) research consisted of a review of secondary data such as the Los Angeles General Plan, the Los Angeles Municipal Code (LAMC), the best practices of Pasadena, Santa Monica and an exposé of scholarly parking theory. The primary (quantitative) data collection methods in this study comprised an aerial survey and a field survey. The results show that half of the major land uses in the area never reach optimal occupancy. A careful evaluation of the CASP revealed that it does institute several progressive parking policies that are more stringent than the LAMC, namely being the first plan in the city that does not include parking requirements. However there are a number of relevant parking management strategies which could serve to further strengthen the CASP. The Specific Plan does not mandate employers to provide transit passes or parking cash-outs. Providing Eco Passes can yield benefits for developers, property owners, employers, commuters, transit agencies, and cities. Another way to reduce parking demand and parking requirements is to offer commuters the option to “cash out” their employer-paid parking. Both transit passes and parking cash-out are cost effective because it is much cheaper to pay for a transit ride to and from work than to pay for a free parking space at work. These two strategies have potential to add another dimension to demand management, civic viability and contribute to the paradigm shift that is needed to mitigate our environmental impact.

The City of Arroyo Grande, California has a problem administering the regulations of five Planned Developments in the City. This problem arises from these regulations being included in a 167-page appendix at the back of the City’s Development Code. This appendix includes the original approvals for the Developments. It also includes amendments to those approvals. These amendments are only added to the appendix. Therefore, changes to the regulations governing the Planned Developments are not tracked. It takes City staff considerable amounts of time to research answers when members of the public have questions regarding development in one of these Developments. Because of the numerous pages that must be read through to track the changes to one of the districts, there is no guarantee that the information presented to the inquirer is accurate. This can lead to issues when the rules are not consistently applied. The purpose of this project is to investigate an appropriate method to address this problem.

La dinámica de una cuenca es el reflejo combinado de la geomorfología fluvial, la variabilidad climática y los procesos antropogénicos. La cuenca del arroyo San Bernardo (83 km2) nace en las laderas orientales del cordón de Sierra de la Ventana localizada al sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires. El curso principal es uno de los tributarios de la cuenca del río Sauce Grande y confluye en cercanías de la localidad turística de Sierra de la Ventana. Actualmente hay un impulso inmobiliario y un despegue económico muy importante en esta área, especialmente en las zonas lindantes a las riberas de los arroyos serranos. En la cuenca del arroyo San Bernardo se generan crecidas intensas provocadas por eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos que afectan a la población situada en las márgenes. Estas crecidas son espontáneas y ocasionan el aislamiento temporario, la inundación de sectores urbanos aledaños al curso principal, la evacuación de personas y pérdidas tanto humanas como económicas. El área de estudio es una zona de transición con precipitaciones variables en función de las características regionales e influidas por eventos de escala global. Estas precipitaciones han desplazado su estacionalidad de primavera a verano. Con respecto a las condiciones naturales se halla en una zona relicto del pastizal pampeano, con especies adaptadas a los eventos de crecidas e importante por su riqueza ecológica. Las actividades agrícolas ganaderas son las predominantes, las cuales han estructurado el espacio del suroeste bonaerense. La cuenca baja del arroyo San Bernardo comprende parte de la localidad de Sierra de la Ventana y es uno de los principales núcleos urbanos de la comarca serrana tanto por el número de turistas que recibe, como por la infraestructura y el equipamiento con que cuenta. Se analizaron e interpretaron diferentes índices y parámetros cuyos resultados mostraron que la cuenca presenta una alta peligrosidad de que ocurran crecidas debido a que existen cambios bruscos de pendiente, lo cual se comprobó con el perfil longitudinal. Las crecidas en el arroyo San Bernardo ocurren cuando las precipitaciones son intensas y concentradas en un lapso de tiempo corto. Las principales consecuencias son materiales y están vinculadas a daños en infraestructuras públicas y en viviendas particulares. A través de la carta hidrogeomorfológica de la cuenca se explicaron las características hidrológicas del terreno, la capacidad de infiltración en las áreas con rocas coherentes y en la cubierta sedimentaria y se diferenciaron los tipos de cauces. Mediante el cálculo del NDVI, se identificaron áreas de muestreo con diferentes grados de coberturas. Las zonas ribereñas y la cuenca baja son las que presentan mayor cobertura. Considerando de manera conjunta la problemática que presenta el área junto con el análisis de las características físicas de la cuenca se presentan distintas propuestas. A través del enfoque de la Gestión Integral de Crecidas se vinculó de manera sistémica todas las variables físicas y humanas analizadas. Se propone reglamentar el uso de suelo, proteger los lugares más vulnerables ante crecidas y elaborar un plan de gestión de crecidas que incluya un sistema de alerta y la señalización correspondiente. / Basin dynamics consist on a reflection of the combined action of the fluvial geomorphology, climate variability and anthropogenic processes. The San Bernardo stream basin (83 km2) arises from the eastern slopes of Sierra de la Ventana, Buenos Aires. The main course is a Sauce Grande’s stream tributarie and mingle near the touristic village of Sierra de la Ventana. The real estate pressure in these areas led to the opening of new subdivisions for the construction of resorts, especially in areas bordering the streams banks. Intense floods are caused by extreme hydrometeorological events that affects the population. These events are spontaneous and causes temporary isolation, urban flooding, people’s evacuation and economic and human losses. The study area corresponds to a transitional zone characterized by a rainfall variability, which depends on regional and global scale phenomena. Rainfall main season has shifted from Spring to Summer. In terms of natural landscape, it comprehends the area of pampas grassland (pastizal pampeano), with adapted species to flood events which are very important due to their ecological value. Cattle industry and agriculture are the main activities, which have structured Buenos Aires’s southwest space. San Bernardo’s lower basin comprises a part of the town of Sierra de la Ventana, one of the most important villages of the region in terms of amount of tourists, infrastructure and equipment. Indexes and parameters were analyzed and interpreted, demonstrating that the basin has a high flooding dangerousness due to sudden slope changes, verified with a longitudinal profile. Floods in San Bernardo stream occur when intense and concentrated rainfall. The main consequences are damaged public and private infrastructure. Though the hidrogeomorphological map hydrogeological features of the area, infiltration capacity in places with coherent rocks and sedimentary cover were explained and different types of channels were defined. By calculating NDVI, sampling areas were identified according different coverage degrees. The lower basin and riparian areas are those with greater coverage. Considering the area’s main issue along with the analysis of the basin’s physical characteristics, several proposals are presented. Through Integrated Flood Management, all natural and human variables were systemically analyzed. Regulate land use, protect the most vulnerable places to flood events and develop a flood management plan that includes an alert system and the corresponding signaling, are some of the main proposals.

This study of lithic analysis shifts attention from typological studies to explicitly behavioral analyses, complimenting studies of both intrasite and intersite patterns of variability and change. Analysis of several assemblages from the Placitas Arroyo site complex reveals changing patterns of raw material procurement and selection, core reduction strategies, as well as tool production and discard. The most striking result thus far is the quite uniform emphasis on flake production from well-prepared cores, and the near absence of manufacture or maintenance of bifacial tools, especially projectile points. Associated with common ground stone artifacts, the flaked stone materials may well represent intensive food processing. Regardless, the technological patterns being revealed by this approach illustrate a productive new means to gain insights into changing behaviors in the Jornada Mogollon cultural tradition.

A numerical model for the NCMA aquifer complex is presented. The objective of the study is to develop a numerical groundwater model for the NCMA aquifer system to enhance the understanding of subsurface groundwater flow. Infiltration, streamflow, pumping, and return flows are implemented to characterize the aquifer complex over time. The numerical model is calibrated to municipal and monitoring well data, average monthly water balances, and hydraulic contours. Transient aquifer inflows and outflows are assessed in the results of the study and are compared to balance terms from previous studies. The 2007 Todd Engineers Study subsurface inflows and outflows generate well hydrographs that have greater heads than observed data. Calibration to well hydrographs generated increased subsurface outflow values and decreased subsurface inflow values. It is possible that approximately 250 AFY is leaving aquifer storage.