Traumatic defects in articular cartilage can lead to joint disease and disability including osteoarthritis. Because cartilage is unable to regenerate when injured, the field of tissue engineering holds promise in restoring functional tissue. In this research, type II collagen was electrospun, cross-linked, and tested as scaffolds for supporting chondrocyte growth. The mechanical, biochemical, and histological characteristics of the engineered tissue were assessed as a function of the electrospinning solution concentration (i.e. scaffold fiber diameter and pore properties) and as a function of the time in culture (evaluated at 2, 4, and 6 weeks). Fiber diameter had a linear relationship with concentration: mean diameter increased from 107 to 446 nm and from 289 to 618 nm, measured with SEM and permeability meter, respectively, with increasing concentration, from 60 mg/mL to 120 mg/mL. Pore size revealed no relationship with concentration but mean values ranged in size from 1.76 to 3.17 μ2 or from 0.00055 to 0.0028 μ2, depending on the measurement technique. Average porosity ranged from 84.1 to 89.1%, and average permeability was between 6.82x10-4 and 35.0 x10-4 D. Histological analysis revealed a relatively high number of spherical cells, possibly indicating the expression of the chondrocyte phenotype. However, there were very little glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen synthesized by the cells despite an increase in the cell density over time for the 60, 80, and 100 mg/mL concentrations. The mean values for peak stress (between 0.17 and 0.35 MPa) and tangential modulus (between 0.32 and 0.64 MPa) for the mats are at least an order of magnitude less than that for native cartilage, while the mean values for strain at break (between 93 and 150%) for the mats are at least an order of magnitude greater than that for native cartilage. The equilibrium stiffness for all concentrations decreased from week 2 to week 6 of tissue culture (which may correlate with increasing cell density); the 100 mg/mL concentration had the highest mean value (0.084 MPa at week 2) and the lowest mean value (0.010 MPa at week 6). This research did not indicate any significant findings regarding the influence of concentration or culture time on chondrogenesis. Because the cells appeared to grow on the surface of the scaffold but there was a lack of cell migration into the scaffold, the scaffold material may be sufficient to support chondrocyte growth but the scaffold physical design must be reconsidered.

A multi-directional wear apparatus was developed to simulate the kinematic motion of diarthrodial joints. A comprehensive evaluation including biotribological and biomechanical characterization of articular surfaces was performed with concomitant translational and oscillating rotational motion similar to that experienced in vivo. Various system parameters were evaluated in the designed experiments including normal load magnitude (high/low), surface quality (defect/no defect), and wear pattern (with/without rotation). Biomechanical characterization was achieved through stress relaxation and dynamic cyclical testing. Quasi-linear viscoelastic theory was used to curve-fit the stress relaxation data, while the dynamic data was used to determine the dynamic properties through Fast Fourier Transform analysis and verify the assumptions posed with the QLV theory.Overall tissue compression was significantly dependent on load magnitude (pstatic was significantly dependent on surface quality (pinitial was significantly dependent on both surface quality (pComparisons of the curve-fit parameters showed a significant decrease in pre- vs post-wear elastic response, A, and viscous response, c. In addition, the short term relaxation response, τ1, showed a significant decrease between no defect (0.801 ± 0.13 sec) and a defect (0.679 ± 0.16 sec). lGlpost-wear/lGlpre-wear tan δ , was generally greater while lGl was less for those specimens experiencing rotation Qualitatively, SEM photographs revealed the mechanical degradation of the tissue surface due to wear. Surfaces with a defect had increased wear debris, which ultimately contributes to third body wear. Surfaces without a defect had preferentially aligned abrasions, while those surfaces outside the wear path showed no signs of wear.Significant correlation was detected between the μstatic and μinitial for both the nonliner viscous response, B (p2 (p<0.013 and p<0.062). Thus, the comprehensive evaluation of biomechanical and biotribological characteristics suggests the new wear regime and standardization of analysis techniques will aid in the development of functional articular repair and clinical repair techniques.

O objetivo da presente dissertação foi avaliar e comparar o comportamento da movimentação do joelho, nos testes Drop Vertical Jump (Drop), Single Hop (Hop), Triple Hop (Triplo), Cross-over Hop (Cross), Six-Meter Timed Hop (6M) e Sidestep Cutting (Sid), através de análises cinemáticas das rotações e velocidades angulares do joelho, e pela co-ativação muscular do membro inferior, em jogadoras de handebol. O desenho experimental da pesquisa foi um estudo transversal, na qual foram avaliadas 12 participantes (idade média de 21,2±2,4 anos, massa corporal média de 68,9±10,3kg e estatura média de 1,70±0,04m). Antes das avaliações, todas foram demarcadas com 25 marcadores retrorefletivos em proeminências ósseas de interesse. Além disso, foram acoplados 10 sensores de eletromiografia (EMG) (EMG TrignoTM Wireless System), nas musculaturas do reto femoral, bíceps femoral e glúteo médio. Após foram aplicados os seis testes funcionais, em três tentativas válidas com o membro dominante. Os dados da cinemática foram obtidos pelo sistema de captura de movimento VICON (Centennial, CO, EUA) e analisados por rotinas desenvolvidas no software MatLab (Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA, USA). Os ângulos de rotação do joelho, especificamente o valgo do joelho, foram obtidos pelos Ângulos de Euler. Já as velocidades angulares escalares foram geradas pelo quatérnion unitário. E por último, as razões de co-ativação entre o reto femoral/bíceps femoral (RB) e reto femoral/glúteo médio (RG) foram através do sinal da integral normalizada da EMG. A partir disso, foram traçados os momentos das variáveis em cada teste avaliado. Para os ângulos de valgo foram extraídos os valores no contato inicial (CI), 40 e 100 ms após o CI, na flexão máxima (Flexmax) e no valgo máximo do joelho (Valgomax). Para as velocidades angulares foram os mesmos instantes, mais o momento de velocidade positiva (Velpos) e velocidade negativa (Velneg). Para as co-ativações foram os mesmos instantes dos ângulos, mais o momento da força pico de reação do solo (FPRS), por duas plataformas de força (Columbus, EUA). Nos ângulos de valgo houve interação [F(2,220)=11,456; p<0,001] na comparação (momento x testes) revelando diferenças significativas nas comparações pareadas. No CI, no 100ms e na Flexmax o Sid apresentou diferença para quase todos os outros testes, assim como o Drop na Flexmax. Nas velocidades angulares houve interação [F(30,330)=14,476; p<0,001] com diferenças significativas nas comparações pareadas. Nos instantes de 40ms, 100ms, Velpos e Velneg o Drop apresentou diferença para quase todos os testes, assim como o 6M apontou diferença para todos os outros testes no 100ms e Velneg. Houve ainda relação moderada: do Cross no momento de Valgomax nas variáveis ângulo de valgo e a velocidade angular (p=0,032); do Sid no momento 40ms nas variáveis do ângulo de valgo e a coativação RB (p=0,015); e no Hop no momento 100ms nas variáveis de ângulo de valgo e a coativação RG (p=0,029). Contudo, pode-se concluir que os testes funcionais de instabilidade dinâmica do joelho para as variáveis cinemáticas apresentam comportamentos específicos. Além disso, ficou demonstrado que o aumento do valgo do joelho no Cross é influenciado pela rapidez da velocidade angular. Podemos concluir ainda, que a adaptação neuromuscular RB, no Sid - 40ms, sofre a influência direta do ângulo de valgo, e que o sinergismo de RG, no Hop - 100ms, é fundamental para o controle do ângulo de valgo do joelho / The objective of this thesis was evaluate and compare the knee movement behavior, in the tests Drop Vertical Jump (Drop), Single Hop Test (Hop), Triple Hop Test (Triple), Cross-over Hop Test (Cross), Six-Meter Timed Hop Test (6M) e Sidestep Cutting (Sid), through rotation and knee angular speed kinematic analysis, and by the low member muscles co-activation, in female handball players. The experimental research design was a cross-sectional in which were evaluate 12 participants in the average age of 21.2±2.4, average body mass of 68.9±10.3kg and average height of 1.70±0.04m. Before the evaluation all made a 5 minutes warm-up and marked with 25 reflective markers in bony prominences of interest for further kinematic analysis. Besides that, where attached 10 electromyography sensors (EMG TrignoTM Wireless System), recto-femoral muscles, femoral biceps and gluteus medium. After the volunteer preparation where evaluated the six functional tests Drop, Hop, Triple, Cross, 6M and Sidestep Cutting in three valid attempts with the dominant limb. The kinematic data where obtained by the movement capture system VICON (Centennial, CO, EUA) and analyzed by the developed routines using the software MatLab (Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA, USA). The knee rotation angle, specifically the knee valgus, where generated by the sequences of Euler rotation angle. The scalar angular speeds where drawn by unitary quaternion. Finally, the co-activation ratios between the recto-femoral/femoral biceps (RB) and recto-femoral/gluteus medium (RG) where normalized integral sign by EMG. From this where set the variables moments in each evaluated test. To the valgus angle where extracted the initial contact values (CI) through a force platform (Columbus, EUA), 40ms and 100ms after the CI, in maximum flexion (Flexmax) and maximum knee valgus (Valgomax). To angular speeds where the same moments plus the positive speed momentum (Velpos) and negative speed momentum (Velneg). To the co-activation where used the same angle moments plus the moment of force peak ground reaction (FPRS). In the valgus angle there was interaction [F(2,220)=11,456; p<0,001] comparing (moment x tests) revealing significant differences in pairwise comparison. In CI, on 100ms and Flexmax the Sid presented difference to all most all the other tests likewise the Drop on Flexmax. In the angular speed there was the interaction [F(30,330)=14,476; p<0,001] with significant differences in pairwise comparison. In the moment 40ms, 100ms, Velpos and Velneg the Drop presented differences to all most all the other tests likewise the 6M pointed differences to all the other 100ms and Velneg tests. There was also a moderated relation from: Cross in the Valgomax moment in valgus angle variables and angle speed (p=0,032); Sid in 40ms moment the valgus angle variables and the co-activation (p=0,015); Hop in 100ms moment the valgus angles variables and co-activation RG (p=0,029). We can conclude that the knee dynamics instability functional tests in the dynamic valgus critical moments analysis, show that the valgus angle variables and angular velocity specific behaviors in the tests applied. Besides that was established that the knee valgus increase in Cross is influenced by the speed of angular velocity. Also can be concluded that the neuromuscular adaptation RB in SID - 40ms, has a direct influence of valgus angle and the synergism of Hop - 100ms, is fundamental to the knee valgus angle control

A lombalgia e a cervicalgia possui grande incidência em toda a população mundial. Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), em média, cerca de 80% da população adulta apresenta, em algum momento da vida, pelo menos uma queixa de dor na coluna, onde a degeneração da articulação do processo articular é frequentemente apontada como a etiologia. Diversos estudos vêm sendo realizados, na tentativa de se compreender como ocorre o processo degenerativo patológico dessas articulações, onde, frequentemente são usados indivíduos sintomáticos. Deste modo, avaliou-se, com o uso de técnicas macroscópicas, de microscopia de luz e de microscopia eletrônica, a organização estrutural da cartilagem dos processos articulares (CPas) das vértebras cervicais (C) e lombares (L) de indivíduos jovens (GJ) e idosos (GI), presumivelmente assintomáticos. Foram utilizados blocos vertebrais obtidos de cadáveres necropsiados no Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital do Estado de São Paulo, onde familiares de todos os indivíduos forneceram informações que permitiram incluir ou excluí-los da pesquisa. Os resultados mostram que ocorrem alterações na superfície da CPa do segmento L no GJ. A degeneração da CPa ocorre de forma heterogênea entre os indivíduos do GI e as característica do grau 2 podem ser admitidas como decorrentes do processo de envelhecimento normal, não havendo diferenças entre os segmentos C e L. / Back pain and neck pain have a high occurrence in populations worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 80% of adults have at some instance in life pain in the spine with an etiology frequently indicated to be the degeneration of the articular process. Several studies have been undertaken to understand how the pathological degenerative process occurs and symptomatic subjects are frequently used for this end. Macroscopic and light and electron microscopy techniques have been employed to assess the structural organization of the cartilage of the articulation processes (CAP) of the cervical (C) and lumbar (L) vertebrae of presumably asymptomatic young (Y) and elderly (E) people. Samples, retrieved from routinely necropsied corpses by the Death Verification Service of the Capital City of the State of São Paulo (SVOC/SP) and the family of all individuals provided information that enabled include or exclude them from search. Results show that changes in the CAP surface of segment L of Y occur. CAP degradation occurs heterogeneously among elderly people, whereas second degree characteristics are caused by normal aging without any difference between the C and L segments.

A avaliação completa do sistema estomatognático é essencial para o diagnóstico e plano de tratamento ortodôntico. Não se devem apenas avaliar aspectos estáticos da oclusão, mas também os funcionais, pois estes últimos podem mostrar-se alterados e envolver um ou mais componentes do sistema estomatognático, entre eles, a articulação temporomandibular (ATM). Uma das alterações encontradas com freqüência é o deslocamento de disco articular, o que pode interferir no prognóstico e, eventualmente, comprometer o resultado do tratamento ortodôntico. Na tentativa de contribuir para o reconhecimento dessas alterações, este estudo teve como finalidade avaliar a concordância entre dois examinadores calibrados em relação ao diagnóstico de deslocamento de disco articular, comparar a percepção dos pacientes aos ruídos com os dados do exame clínico e eletrovibratografia, além de checar a possível equivalência entre o exame clínico e eletrovibratografia, como métodos de detecção do deslocamento de disco articular. A amostra foi composta por 60 voluntários, divididos igualmente em 4 grupos com 15 participantes cada, definidos por meio do exame clínico e agrupados segundo o gênero e a presença ou ausência de estalo. O exame clínico foi realizado por dois examinadores treinados. A eletrovibratografia foi realizada por um único operador treinado, e empregou-se o programa SonoPAK (Bioresearch Inc.). Para análise dos resultados de concordância entre ambas as técnicas e entre os examinadores, foi utilizado o coeficiente kappa. Os resultados mostraram excelente concordância inter examinadores na realização do exame clínico, concordância satisfatória entre os relatos de ruídos referidos pelos pacientes quando comparados ao exame clínico e eletrovibratografia e concordância também satisfatória entre os dois métodos estudados. / The complete evaluation of the stomatognathic system is essential to the diagnostic and orthodontic treatment plan. It should not evaluate only the occlusal static aspects, but the functional aspects, because the latter could be altered and one or more components of the stomatognathic system could be involved, including the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ). One of the frequently found alterations founded frequently is the articular disc displacement, which could affect in the prognostic, and, eventually the result of the orthodontic treatment. Trying to contribute to recognize these alterations, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the findings of two calibrated examiners on disk displacement diagnosis, to compare the patients joint sounds perception to the to the results found by the clinical examination and electrovibratography, and beyond that check the possible matching between the clinical examination and the electrovibratography as methods of disc displacement detection. The sample was composed of 60 patients, divided equally into 4 groups of 15 participants each, defined by clinical examination and grouped according to gender and to the presence or absence of the sound (click). The clinical examination was made by two trained examiners. The electrovibratography was made by only one only operator and the SonoPAK software was used (Bioresearch Inc.). The kappas coefficient was used to analyze of the results. They showed that the examiners findings were very close in the clinical examination, partially close on the joint sounds report told by the patients when compared to the clinical examination and eletrovibratography and reasonable equivalence between the two methods studied.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a importância relativa dos diferentes estabilizadores estáticos do canto póstero-lateral do joelho. Para isso foram utilizados 10 joelhos de cadáveres que foram submetidos a testes biomecânicos com a aplicação de forças para a deformação em varo e em rotação externa. Os joelhos foram testados em quatro situações diferentes e sempre na mesma seqüência: com a articulação íntegra, após a secção do ligamento colateral lateral, após a secção do ligamento colateral lateral e do complexo poplíteo-fibular (tendão do poplíteo + ligamento poplíteo-fibular) e após a secção do ligamento colateral lateral, do complexo poplíteo-fibular e da cápsula póstero-lateral. Os testes foram feitos com os joelhos em extensão, em 30 e em 60 graus de flexão. Os parâmetros estudados foram a deformação angular e a rigidez durante a aplicação do momento de flexão (varo) de 15 N.m e do momento de torção (rotação externa) de 6 N.m. A análise estatística foi realizada com o teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey. Através da análise dos resultados obtidos com os testes biomecânicos e comparando os valores obtidos nas quatro situações estudadas entre si, foi possível interpretar a função específica de cada estrutura do canto póstero-lateral do joelho, em cada ângulo de flexão testado. Neste estudo, o ligamento colateral lateral foi importante na estabilização do joelho para o varo em extensão, em 30 e em 60 graus de flexão. O complexo poplíteo-fibular foi a estrutura mais importante na estabilização do joelho para a rotação externa, dentre as estruturas avaliadas, atuando em todos os ângulos de flexão testados. Além disto, complexo poplíteo-fibular foi importante na estabilização para o varo quando o joelho se encontrava em 30 e em 60 graus de flexão. Já a cápsula póstero-lateral foi importante na estabilização para o varo e para a rotação externa quando o joelho se encontrava em extensão, perdendo sua função à medida que o joelho foi flexionado. Em 30 graus de flexão, a cápsula póstero-lateral foi importante apenas para a estabilização em varo do joelho. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in cadaver knees, the relative importance of the different static stabilizers of the posterolateral corner of the knee. Tests were performed with the application of a varus and external rotation force to the knee in extension, 30 and 60 degrees of flexion, using 10 cadaver knees. The forces were applied initially to an intact knee and then repeated after a selective sectioning of the ligaments: section of the lateral collateral ligament; section of the lateral collateral ligament and the popliteofibular complex; and section of the lateral collateral ligament, the popliteofibular complex and the posterolateral capsule. The parameters studied were the angular deformity and rigidity while the knees were being submitted to a 15 newton-meter varus torque and a 6 newton-meter external tibial torque. Statistical analysis was performed using the ANOVA and Tukey tests. Our findings showed that the lateral collateral ligament was important in varus stability at 0, 30 and 60 degrees; the popliteus-fibular complex was the most important structure in external rotation stability at all angles of flexion and was also important for varus stability at 30 and 60 degrees; the posterolateral capsule was important for varus stability at 0 and 30 degrees, and for external rotation stability in extension.

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos tibial anterior (TA), fibular longo (FL) e gastrocnêmio lateral (GL) durante a aterrissagem após o bloqueio em jogadores de vôlei com instabilidade funcional (IF) de tornozelo. Foi analisada a atividade de 21 sujeitos com IF e 19 controles entre o desprendimento do solo e 200ms após o impacto. Os resultados mostraram padrões de ativação muscular que podem predispor o atleta à condição de instabilidade. Em indivíduos com IF, o TA e o FL apresentaram picos máximos de ativação mais tardios no ciclo de movimento, sendo que o TA apresentou maior valor de RMS após a aterrissagem (intervalo de 200ms após o impacto), e o FL, menor valor de RMS pré-terrissagem (intervalo de 100ms antes do impacto). A lém disso, no grupo controle o TA é ativado após o FL e o GL, enquanto no grupo com IF os três músculos ativam de forma praticamente simultânea, pois o GL apresenta um início de atividade muscular mais tardio. / The purpose of this study was to compare electromyiographic activity (EMG) from peroneus longus (PL), tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) of volleyball athletes with and without functional ankle instability (FI) during landing after blocking maneuver. EMG from take-off to 200ms after impact was acquired for 21 athletes with FI and 19 healthy ones. Results showed that FI subjects have a muscle activity that predisposes them to ankle sprains: time of maximum peak occurrence was later for TA and PL, TA showed higher RMS values after landing (from impact to 200ms after), PL showed lower RMS values prior to landing (100ms before impact to foot contact). Control group showed differences in muscle onset latencies, TA onset occurs later than PL and GL, but in subjects with FI all muscles activate at the same time since GL shows higher onset latency.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joint that leads to joint instability, degradation of the articular cartilage surface and eventually joint failure. Articular cartilage surfaces exhibit unique mechanical behaviors, bearing and distributing loads across joint surfaces, but have poor regenerative capacities. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) present a promising treatment to target OA, relying on their regenerative capacity and structural contributions to tissue repair, along with their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The multipotency of hMSCs allow these cells to differentiate towards osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages and directly incorporate into native tissue. hMSCs also possess the capacity to induce numerous paracrine-mediated processes including the recruitment of stem and progenitor cells, prevention of apoptosis, facilitation of beneficial remodeling and modulation of the immune response. Through encapsulating hMSCs, the effects of their paracrine action were studied directly, as the capsule presents a mechanical barrier for direct physical interaction and integration of these cells within the native tissue. The objective of this study was to utilize encapsulation of hMSCs to determine the paracrine effects of hMSCs on the progression of OA. OA was surgically induced in rats via the medial meniscus transection (MMT) surgery, which presents the phenotypical cartilage degradation associated with OA at 3 weeks. The efficacy of hMSC intervention was assessed using Lewis Rats with MMT (n=5 per group). Intra-articular injections of encapsulated hMSCs were given one day post-op and 3 weeks post-op for the 3-week and 6-week MMT studies, respectively. Animals were euthanized on the final day for both the immediate and delayed treatment studies. Micro-structural changes of the articular cartilage, osteophytes and subchondral bone of the medial tibial plateau were assessed using contrast enhanced microCT. We hypothesized that the intra-articular delivery of encapsulated hMSCs will have a positive effect, via paracrine-mediated action, on the onset and development of OA. The capsules also have the potential to improve retention and cell viability in the knee joint space. Each of these factors could contribute to enhanced therapeutic potential of the hMSC treatment. Utilizing NIR labeled sodium alginate capsules, a retention profile for the capsules yielded a tau value of 11.48 days, whereas previous studies have shown scaffold free hMSCs show complete clearance in 7 days. The 3-week MMT, run to analyze the effects of immediate treatment of encapsulated hMSCs on the onset of OA, showed a trend towards decreased cartilage thickness and a decreased surface roughness for the hMSC group in comparison to the Saline group, specifically. Additionally, the hMSC group showed a trend towards increased mineralized osteophyte volume for the hMSC group in comparison to the Saline group. Analysis of the subchondral bone yielded no differences between the hMSC and Saline groups for bone morphology. The 6 week MMT study was run to analyze the effects of a delayed treatment of encapsulated hMSCs on OA after the disease had developed. This study showed a similar result with the immediate treatment study for surface roughness, with the hMSC group showing a decrease in comparison to the Saline group. However, no differences were noted for cartilage thickness between the two respective groups. To further analyze the cartilage in the later stages of OA, exposed bone was quantified yielding a trend towards decreased exposed bone in the hMSC group in comparison to the Saline group. The mineralized osteophyte volume for the hMSC group, of the delayed treatment study, yielded a significantly higher value than all other groups. Additionally, the subchondral bone of the hMSC group trended towards a decreased porosity in comparison to the Saline group. This is one of the first studies to use sodium alginate encapsulation of hMSCs as an innovative scaffold means for intra-articular injections into the knee space. Encapsulated hMSCs permitted not only enhanced cellular retention in the knee space but showed a potential chondroprotective role of the paracrine signaling properties of hMSCs in the early stages of OA. These advantages of encapsulated hMSCs were countered by enhancements of secondary OA phenotypic changes, mainly increased mineralized osteophyte volume and a trend towards increased subchondral bone sclerosis in the later stages of OA. hMSCs have shown great potential as disease modifying drugs and through this study we have further explored the efficacy of these drugs for future treatments of OA. This study has high clinical relevance and with clinical practice running well ahead of current scientific evidence, it is imperative that these findings be considered not only in pre-clinical work but in current and future clinical trials. / 2018-07-11T00:00:00Z

Orientador: Sheila Canevese Rahal / Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da Vibração de Corpo Inteiro (VCI) em cães diagnosticados com displasia coxofemoral. Dez cães diagnosticados com displasia coxofemoral foram submetidos a 48 sessões de VCI, por um período de 16 semanas. Foram avaliadas a musculatura dos membros pélvicos utilizando-se a mensuração da circunferência da coxa, ultrassom muscular e eletromiografia de superfície; a claudicação e os sinais de dor por meio de avaliação visual da claudicação, e questionários preenchidos pelos tutores; análise cinética por meio da plataforma de pressão. A circunferência da coxa em ambos os membros pélvicos e a mensuração ultrassonográfica dos muscúlos glutei no membro pélvico esquerdo e quadriceps femoris bilateral mostraram aumento significativo ao longo do tratamento. Os escores da eletromiografia de superfície do músculo vastus lateralis e os questionários de dor ficaram mais próximos dos padrões de normalidade após 48 sessões de VCI. Por outro lado, a avaliação visual de claudicação e a análise cinética não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Foi possível concluir que o emprego da plataforma vibratória em longo período promoveu melhora da hipotrofia muscular dos membros pélvicos e dos sinais de dor em cães com displasia coxofemoral, mesmo que sem alteração na porcentagem da distribuição de peso ou dos sinais de claudicação. / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Whole-body Vibration (WBV) in dogs with hip dysplasia. Ten dogs with hip dysplasia were submitted to 48 sessions of WBV for a period of 16 weeks. The muscles of the hind limbs were evaluated using measurement of thigh circumference, muscle ultrasound and surface electromyography. Lameness and clinical signs of pain were assessed by visual lameness scoring and owner-based questionnaire, respectively. Kinetic analysis was performed by using a pressure-sensitive walkway. Thigh circumference measurements of both hind limbs and ultrasound measurements of the left hind limb glutei muscles and both right and left quadriceps femoris muscles showed a significant increase. Surface electromyography scores of the vastus lateralis muscle and results of pain questionnaires were close to normal patterns after 48 WBV sessions. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed in visual lameness scoring and kinetic analysis. In conclusion, the use of long term WBV caused improvement of muscle atrophy of the hind limbs and the pain signs in dogs with hip dysplasia, even though alterations in percentage of body weight distribution and lameness signs were not observed. / Mestre

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-05-23T17:25:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_LENIO_TOGNI_PARCIAL.pdf: 1339619 bytes, checksum: f9a493b6c4f4be9a8d1569be186595f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T17:25:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_LENIO_TOGNI_PARCIAL.pdf: 1339619 bytes, checksum: f9a493b6c4f4be9a8d1569be186595f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Objective: This study aimed to characterize the development of temporomandibular osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) following the surgical anterior displacement of the articular disc (ADD) in rats, in comparison to the well-established model of OA induced by the intra-articular injection of the inflammatory agent CFA. Methods: Male Wistar rats (160-180 g) were randomly divided into two surgical groups, namely ADD (submitted to anterior disc displacement) and sham-operated (surgical access, without ADD). For purposes of comparison, two additional experimental groups received an intra-articular infiltration of complete Freund?s adjuvant (CFA; 50 ?l/site; 1:1 oil/saline emulsion), or the same volume of saline solution (0.9% NaCl). Different experimental subgroups (N=8 per group) were euthanized on 15, 30 or 60 days after procedures. The region corresponding to the left TMJ was collected for histological analysis of fibrocartilage thickness (hematoxylin-eosin staining), presence of proteoglycans (safranin-O and toluidine blue), subchondral bone metabolism (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; TRAP) and collagen levels (Masson's trichrome). The immunopositivity for the aggrecanase ADAMTS5 was examined in the fibrocartilage layers. Micro-CT images were acquired for morphological and microstructural evaluation (30 and 60 days; N=4 per group). The levels of inflammatory serum proteins (IL-1?, IL-6 and TNF) were assessed to evaluate the possible systemic outcomes of TMJ-OA induced by ADD or CFA. Results: The analysis of hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections revealed an increment of fibrocartilage thickness in the ADD group, on 15 and 30 days, mainly in the anterior third of the condyle. In the CFA group, a fibrocartilage thickening was seen in the posterior third, only at 15 days. Increased proteoglycan contents were present in the fibrocartilage of the ADD group, according to the qualitative analysis by safranin-O and toluidine blue staining. The ADD group also displayed an augmented immunopositivity for ADAMTS5 in the fibrocartilage cells, on 15 and 30 days, whereas the expression of this aggrecanase was subtly increased in the CFA group at 15 days. The histological evaluation of the subchondral bone did not reveal any evident difference in the collagen contents, or in the number of activated osteoclasts, in the ADD or CFA groups, as indicated by Masson?s trichrome and TRAP staining. However, the micro-CT analysis showed marked morphological and structural changes in condyles of the ADD group, with osteophyte formation on 30 days, and a flattening of condylar surface on 60 days. The anterior condyle third of the ADD group also presented an increment of trabecular separation and bone surface, associated to a reduction of trabecular thickness and bone volume. The serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-1?, TNF or IL-6, were undetectable in all the experimental groups. Conclusion: The surgical model of ADD in rats led to long-term OA-like alterations, with the formation of osteophytes, followed by flattening of the condyle surface and trabecular derangements. This experimental model might represent a reliable strategy to investigate TMJ-OA-related mechanisms, allowing the identification of novel therapies for this condition. / Objetivo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar o desenvolvimento de um modelo de osteoartrite, na articula??o temporomandibular (TMJ-OA), posteriormente ? cirurgia de anterioriza??o de disco articular em ratos, em compara??o a um modelo j? estabelecido de indu??o de osteoartrite (OA), pela infiltra??o intra-articular do agente inflamat?rio, CFA. M?todos: Ratos Wistar machos (160-180 g) foram randomicamente divididos em dois grupos, denominados ADD (submetidos ? anterioriza??o do disco articular) e falso-operados (acesso cir?rgico, sem a anterioriza??o do disco articular). Para fins de compara??o, dois grupos experimentais adicionais receberam a infiltra??o intra-articular do adjuvante completo de Freund (CFA; 50 ?l/s?tio; 1:1 ?leo/emuls?o salina) ou, o mesmo volume de solu??o salina (NaCl 0,9%). Diferentes subgrupos experimentais (n=8 por grupo) foram eutanasiados em 15, 30 ou 60 dias depois dos procedimentos. A regi?o correspondente ? articula??o temporomandibular (ATM) foi coletada para an?lises histol?gicas quanto ? espessura da fibrocartilagem (hematoxilina-eosina), ? presen?a de proteoglicanas (safranin-O e azul de toluidina), ao metabolismo ?sseo sub-condral (fosfatase ?cida tartarato-resistente; TRAP) e aos n?veis de col?geno (tricr?mico de Masson). A imunopositividade para a agrecanase, ADAMTS5, foi avaliada nas diferentes camadas de fibrocartilagem. Imagens de microtomografia foram adquiridas para avalia??o da morfologia e microestrutura (30 e 60 dias; N=4 por grupo). Os n?veis inflamat?rios das citocinas s?ricas, IL-1?, IL-6 e TNF, foram avaliados como indicativos dos poss?veis efeitos da indu??o de TMJ-AO, por ADD ou CFA. Resultados: A an?lise da colora??o por hematoxilina-eosina demostrou um aumento na espessura da fibrocartilagem no grupo ADD, em 15 e 30 dias, principalmente no ter?o anterior do c?ndilo. No grupo CFA, um espessamento da fibrocartilagem foi encontrado no ter?o posterior, somente em 15 dias. Um aumento da presen?a de proteoglicanas foi encontrado na fibrocartilagem do grupo ADD, de acordo com a an?lise qualitativa pelas colora??es de safranin-O e de azul de toluidina. O grupo ADD tamb?m apresentou um aumento da imunopositividade para ADAMTS5 nas c?lulas da fibrocartilagem, em 15 e 30 dias, enquanto que a express?o dessa agrecanase, no grupo CFA, apresentou-se discretamente aumentada em 15 dias. A avalia??o histol?gica do osso subcondral n?o revelou nenhuma diferen?a em rela??o ao conte?do de col?geno ou, ao n?mero de osteoclastos ativos, nos grupos ADD ou CFA, como indicado pelas colora??es de tricr?mico de Masson e TRAP. Contudo, a an?lise microtomogr?fica demostrou mudan?as marcantes na morfologia e na estrutura ?ssea dos c?ndilos do grupo ADD, com forma??o de oste?fitos em 30 dias e, achatamento da superf?cie articular em 60 dias. O ter?o anterior do c?ndilo do grupo ADD tamb?m apresentou um aumento na separa??o trabecular e na superf?cie ?ssea, associada com uma redu??o da espessura trabecular e do volume ?sseo. Os n?veis s?ricos de citocinas pr?-inflamat?rias (IL-1?, IL-6 e TNF) foram indetect?veis em todos os grupos experimentais. Conclus?o: O modelo cir?rgico ADD em ratos levou a altera??es cr?nicas compat?veis com OA, com forma??o de oste?fitos, seguida por achatamento da superf?cie condilar e altera??es trabeculares. Este modelo experimental pode representar uma nova estrat?gia para investigar os mecanismos relacionados ? TMJ-OA, permitindo a identifica??o de novas terapias para esta condi??o.