This project began with the measurement of the exterior stair at the East addition of Campbell Hall on the campus of the University of Virginia. The project continued with the design of nine different autonomous stairs, and nine stairs as buildings. Stairs are one of the most basic and complex elements of architecture. Stairs interconnect to all aspects of a building. Through ascension and descension our existence is modified. The 'eye of the stair' looks up and down into the well. It is like the 'eye of the storm', which allows us to see things calmly while everything outside the storm's eye is in motion. Through looking into the eye of the stair we see a stair's eye view. / Master of Architecture

Malgré le fait que le statut social soit reconnu comme ayant une forte influence sur l’aptitude, les facteurs affectant le statut social et les changements de ce statut demeurent peu connus. De plus, les études sur la dominance ayant un lien avec l’agressivité portent rarement sur des femelles. Nous étudierons ces aspects en utilisant Neolamprologus pulcher, un poisson à reproduction coopérative du lac Tanganyika. La probabilité d’ascension sociale était manipulée sur le terrain et les changements physiologiques et comportementaux, ainsi que le niveau plasmatique de testostérone, associé avec l’ascension à la dominance de femelles subordonnées étaient caractérisés. Le degré de coopération et la masse étaient supérieurs chez les femelles ascendantes par rapport aux femelles non-ascendantes d’un même groupe social. Après une semaine d’ascension sociale, les femelles ascendantes ne différaient pas comportementalement, mais différaient physiologiquement des femelles dominantes. Les femelles dominantes, ascendantes et subordonnées ne différaient pas quant au niveau de testostérone plasmatique. Comprendre les bénéfices des comportements coopératifs pour les subordonnés a longtemps posé un problème évolutif. Nos résultats impliquent que les comportements coûteux métaboliquement peuvent avoir été sélectionnés en améliorant l’aptitude future via l’héritage du territoire et du statut social. De plus, le degré de coopération pourrait être un signal de qualité détecté par les compétiteurs et les collaborateurs. / Although social rank is known to have a strong influence on fitness, factors affecting rank and changes in rank remain poorly understood. In addition, studies of dominance and its relation to aggression rarely focus on females. We address these issues in this study using Neolamprologus pulcher, a cooperatively breeding fish species from Lake Tanganyika. The probability of social ascension was manipulated in the field and the physiological and behavioural changes as well as plasma testosterone level associated with subordinate female ascension were characterized. Both helping effort (degree of cooperation) and body size were greater in ascending versus paired same social group non-ascending females. After one week of social ascension, ascending females did not differ behaviourally but were physiologically different (higher body condition, smaller, lighter) from dominant females. Dominant, ascending females and subordinate females did not differ in plasma testosterone levels. Understanding the benefits of helping behaviour for subordinates has long been an evolutionary challenge and our results imply that this costly metabolic behaviour may have been selected by enhancing future fitness via territory and rank inheritance. Furthermore, helping effort could be a signal of quality detected by both competitors and collaborators.

Malgré le fait que le statut social soit reconnu comme ayant une forte influence sur l’aptitude, les facteurs affectant le statut social et les changements de ce statut demeurent peu connus. De plus, les études sur la dominance ayant un lien avec l’agressivité portent rarement sur des femelles. Nous étudierons ces aspects en utilisant Neolamprologus pulcher, un poisson à reproduction coopérative du lac Tanganyika. La probabilité d’ascension sociale était manipulée sur le terrain et les changements physiologiques et comportementaux, ainsi que le niveau plasmatique de testostérone, associé avec l’ascension à la dominance de femelles subordonnées étaient caractérisés. Le degré de coopération et la masse étaient supérieurs chez les femelles ascendantes par rapport aux femelles non-ascendantes d’un même groupe social. Après une semaine d’ascension sociale, les femelles ascendantes ne différaient pas comportementalement, mais différaient physiologiquement des femelles dominantes. Les femelles dominantes, ascendantes et subordonnées ne différaient pas quant au niveau de testostérone plasmatique. Comprendre les bénéfices des comportements coopératifs pour les subordonnés a longtemps posé un problème évolutif. Nos résultats impliquent que les comportements coûteux métaboliquement peuvent avoir été sélectionnés en améliorant l’aptitude future via l’héritage du territoire et du statut social. De plus, le degré de coopération pourrait être un signal de qualité détecté par les compétiteurs et les collaborateurs. / Although social rank is known to have a strong influence on fitness, factors affecting rank and changes in rank remain poorly understood. In addition, studies of dominance and its relation to aggression rarely focus on females. We address these issues in this study using Neolamprologus pulcher, a cooperatively breeding fish species from Lake Tanganyika. The probability of social ascension was manipulated in the field and the physiological and behavioural changes as well as plasma testosterone level associated with subordinate female ascension were characterized. Both helping effort (degree of cooperation) and body size were greater in ascending versus paired same social group non-ascending females. After one week of social ascension, ascending females did not differ behaviourally but were physiologically different (higher body condition, smaller, lighter) from dominant females. Dominant, ascending females and subordinate females did not differ in plasma testosterone levels. Understanding the benefits of helping behaviour for subordinates has long been an evolutionary challenge and our results imply that this costly metabolic behaviour may have been selected by enhancing future fitness via territory and rank inheritance. Furthermore, helping effort could be a signal of quality detected by both competitors and collaborators.

Intelectuais negros e mulatos1 fossem jornalistas, escritores, advogados ou engenheiros (no caso dos irmãos Rebouças) existiram em um período em que o negro, supostamente, não deveria contar com possibilidades de inserção socioeconômica em setores acima da escravidão ou de um negro livre prestador de serviços básicos. Entretanto, características próprias do período relacionadas à intensa presença do negro e do mulato na sociedade e em suas atividades cotidianas, sua lógica simbólica e de sociabilidade propiciaram a inserção destes em ambientes e estratégias de sobrevivência, superação de obstáculos, muitos próprios de sua ascendência, e a ascensão social. Não obstante, esta presença intensa coincide, inclusive, com outra, a produção gráfica, que, por sua vez, está relacionada à valorização da escrita e da leitura em uma sociedade cuja alfabetização era precária e extremamente restrita. O escopo do presente opúsculo está concentrado em identificar e refletir sobre alguns mecanismos de inserção e ascensão social de negros e mulatos dentro de um universo simbólico de sociabilidade próprio de um período (segunda metade do século XIX), de um modelo governamental (Monarquia) e de uma composição trabalhista específica (escravidão). Ascensão esta, vinculada à produção impressa (jornalística e literária), à inserção no universo intelectual rebuscado e à proximidade das altas instâncias sociais, governamentais e econômicas provenientes de tais atividades ou relacionadas a estas. / Black Intellectuals and mulattos, are journalists, writers, lawyers or engineers (in the case of brothers Rebouças), existed in a period in which the black person, supposedly, should not count with possibilities of insertion in socioeconomic sectors above the slavery or a black person free providing basic services. However, characteristics of the period related to the intense presence of black person and mulatto in society and in their daily activities, their symbolic logic and sociability propitiated the insertion of the black people in environments and survival strategies, overcoming obstacles, many own of his ancestry, and social advancement. However, this presence intense coincides, inclusive, with another that it, the graphic production, that, in turn, is related to the development of writing and reading in a society whose literacy was fragile and extremely restricted. The scope of this leaflet is concentrated in identify and reflect on the mechanisms of inclusion and social advancement of blacks and mulattos within a symbolic universe of sociability own a period (second half of the 19th century), a model government (Monarchy) and a composition specific labor (slavery). Ascension this, linked to production printed (journalistic and literary), entering the intellectual universe fetched and the proximity of high social institutions, governmental and economic from such activities or related to these.

Como pensar uma atividade que lida com corpos, como é o caso da sensação, numa filosofia que está em constante busca e valoriza como superior o que é incorporal? Não seria de se esperar que em tal filosofia esse problema fosse relegado ao ostracismo ou simplesmente ignorado? Não é o que parece acontecer. Contudo, tal problema nos parece ser pouco estudado. É na busca por resolvê-lo de modo mais aprofundado que se coloca o presente trabalho. Ao que parece, os textos agostinianos tentam mostrar que a sensação é uma atividade da alma. Mas como isso é possível se a alma é incorporal e aquilo que ela sente é corpóreo? Relacionando isso ao problema inicial é necessário ver em que medida essa atividade pode adquirir alguma relevância filosófica. Nossa tese é que tal relevância é afirmada justamente pelo fato de ser uma atividade anímica, já que a alma é superior aos corpos. Mas acima de tudo, essa relevância parece alcançar toda a sua amplitude na obra de maturidade intitulada De trinitate. Tentaremos demonstrar que nela Agostinho propõe uma solução que, no seu pensamento, seria definitiva sobre o problema. Ali ele o redimensiona a partir das tríades humanas que são análogas à Trindade Divina a consideração da sensação se dando em uma dessas tríades inseridas num processo de ascenção interiorizante. Contudo, como isso acontece e se justifica é o que pretendemos expôr no que se segue. / How to think of an activity that deals with bodies, as is the case of sensation, in a philosophy that is constantly seeking and values as superior what is incorporeal? Is it not to be expected that in such philosophy this problem would be ostracized or simply ignored? It is not what seems to happen. However, this problem seems to be little studied. It is in the search for solving it in a more in-depth way that the present work is placed. It seems that the Augustinian texts try to show that sensation is an activity of the soul. But how is this possible if the soul is incorporeal and what it feels is corporeal? Relating this to the initial problem is necessary to see to what extent this activity can acquire some philosophical relevance. Our thesis is that such relevance is affirmed precisely because it is an activity of soul, since the soul is superior to the bodies. But above all, this relevance seems to reach its full extent in the work of maturity entitled De trinitate. We will try to demonstrate that in it Augustine proposes a solution that, in his thought, would be definitive about the problem. There he reshapes it from the human triads that are analogous to the Divine Trinity - the consideration of sensation taking place in one of these triads inserted in a process of interiorising ascension. However, how this happens and is justified is what we intend to expose in what follows.

Les pegmatites à éléments rares de type LCT sont depuis longtemps étudiées et exploitées pour leurs gemmes et les métaux rares qu’elles contiennent. Malgré de nombreuses études réalisées sur les processus d’enrichissement en éléments rares, ou les mécanismes à l’origine de leurs textures, très peu d’études ont été dédiées aux mécanismes de mise en place des pegmatites et à leur répartition spatiale à l’échelle du champ. Afin de déterminer les mécanismes moteurs à l’origine de l’ascension de ces magmas, une étude multidisciplinaire a été menée sur 3 champs de pegmatites à éléments rares, répartis à l’échelle de la chaîne Varisque. Les résultats démontrent la proximité entre la localisation des pegmatites minéralisées et l’intensité de la déformation encaissante. De plus, la mise en place de ces magmas semble facilitée par un certain mode de fracturation. La modélisation numérique de la mise en place des magmas dans ces zones crustales fragilisées indique que l’ascension est facilitée par leurs faibles viscosité et densité, mais aussi par des perméabilités crustales très élevées (> 10⁻¹² m²), à des profondeurs de l’ordre de 10 km. Enfin, d’après les signatures isotopiques du Li mesurées sur des micas pegmatitiques, le lithium ne fractionne pas depuis le granite voisin, jusqu’aux pegmatites les plus différenciées, puisque les valeurs δ⁷Li (‰) sont toutes comprises dans une gamme de - 2 à + 2 ‰, similaire à celle rencontrée dans les granites orogéniques. Nous suggérons donc que la genèse des magmas pegmatitiques est commune à celle des granites hyperalumineux. Les mécanismes de fracturation et d’attraction (« magma-pumping ») sont envisagés pour avoir favorisé l’ascension de ces magmas résiduels, enrichis en éléments rares, de faibles volumes, au cours de transitions brutales et de courtes durées (~ 10³ ans), de la perméabilité. L’ensemble de ces résultats permet de remettre en question le modèle du granite parent classiquement utilisé pour la prospection de ces gisements, et de proposer un modèle revisité couplant la genèse et la mise en place de ces magmas. / LCT-type rare-element pegmatites have long been studied and exploited for their gems and rare metals they contain. Despite many studies about the rare-element enrichment, or about the mechanisms leading their exotic textures, very few studies have been dedicated to the mechanisms controlling their emplacement and their spatial distribution at the scale of the pegmatite field. To better investigate the origin of ascent-driving mechanisms of these magmas, a multidisciplinary study was conducted on 3 rare-element pegmatite fields across the Variscan belt. The results demonstrate the spatial proximity of the rare-metals-rich pegmatites with the intensity of deformation of the hosting rocks. In addition, spatial statistical analyses suggest that the emplacement of such magmas has been facilitated by fracture-controlled model. According to numerical models, the rise of these pegmatite-forming melts along weakened crustal zones would be facilitated by their peculiar physico-chemical properties (low viscosity and density), but also by very high crustal permeability (> 10⁻¹² m²) at depths around 10 km. Finally, accordingly to Li isotope signatures measured on pegmatitic micas, lithium does not fractionate from neighbouring granite up to the more differentiated pegmatites, since all δ⁷Li (‰) fall within a range of - 2 to + 2 ‰, as for orogenic granites. Therefore, we suggest that the genesis these pegmatite-forming melts is common to that of peraluminous granites. Mechanisms of fracturation and magma-pumping may have favoured the rise of these low volumes of residual melts, enriched in rare-elements, during short periods (~ 10³ yrs) of strong permeability increase. These results question the granitic model commonly used for the exploration of this type of mineral deposits. We suggest a revisited model accounting for both genesis and emplacement controlling mechanisms of the pegmatite-forming melts.

Intelectuais negros e mulatos1 fossem jornalistas, escritores, advogados ou engenheiros (no caso dos irmãos Rebouças) existiram em um período em que o negro, supostamente, não deveria contar com possibilidades de inserção socioeconômica em setores acima da escravidão ou de um negro livre prestador de serviços básicos. Entretanto, características próprias do período relacionadas à intensa presença do negro e do mulato na sociedade e em suas atividades cotidianas, sua lógica simbólica e de sociabilidade propiciaram a inserção destes em ambientes e estratégias de sobrevivência, superação de obstáculos, muitos próprios de sua ascendência, e a ascensão social. Não obstante, esta presença intensa coincide, inclusive, com outra, a produção gráfica, que, por sua vez, está relacionada à valorização da escrita e da leitura em uma sociedade cuja alfabetização era precária e extremamente restrita. O escopo do presente opúsculo está concentrado em identificar e refletir sobre alguns mecanismos de inserção e ascensão social de negros e mulatos dentro de um universo simbólico de sociabilidade próprio de um período (segunda metade do século XIX), de um modelo governamental (Monarquia) e de uma composição trabalhista específica (escravidão). Ascensão esta, vinculada à produção impressa (jornalística e literária), à inserção no universo intelectual rebuscado e à proximidade das altas instâncias sociais, governamentais e econômicas provenientes de tais atividades ou relacionadas a estas. / Black Intellectuals and mulattos, are journalists, writers, lawyers or engineers (in the case of brothers Rebouças), existed in a period in which the black person, supposedly, should not count with possibilities of insertion in socioeconomic sectors above the slavery or a black person free providing basic services. However, characteristics of the period related to the intense presence of black person and mulatto in society and in their daily activities, their symbolic logic and sociability propitiated the insertion of the black people in environments and survival strategies, overcoming obstacles, many own of his ancestry, and social advancement. However, this presence intense coincides, inclusive, with another that it, the graphic production, that, in turn, is related to the development of writing and reading in a society whose literacy was fragile and extremely restricted. The scope of this leaflet is concentrated in identify and reflect on the mechanisms of inclusion and social advancement of blacks and mulattos within a symbolic universe of sociability own a period (second half of the 19th century), a model government (Monarchy) and a composition specific labor (slavery). Ascension this, linked to production printed (journalistic and literary), entering the intellectual universe fetched and the proximity of high social institutions, governmental and economic from such activities or related to these.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:47:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria das Gracas Sa Roriz Fonteles.pdf: 26643 bytes, checksum: ac87c1555d926ef57008b6bff3bc0884 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-02 / Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie / The main purpose of the current study is the analysis of the intertextuality between the book Poema dos Poemas, of Cecília Meireles, with the Bible, more specifically with the Book of Psalms. The intertextuality is present in all the twenty one poems of the book. The citation, the intertextual mechanism of analyses used, sometimes reproduces or even inverts the meaning of the biblical words. The literary peace is divided in three parts of seven poems each one, the lyric subject walks from the profane to the sacred throw the ritual of passage. The first part starts with fascination, anxiety, great joy, hope, tenderness and sadness. The second part starts with a new wave of sadness, disillusion, farewell, supplication, tears, pardon and blesses. The lyric subject arrives in the third part with more desire, starts with loneliness, indispensable condition for the neophyte that pretends to do the passage, from there to the compliment. The pain is inserted as strong part of the ritual. The renouncement, the indifference of the things from earth, in which it is, inserted the donation; the previous announce of the descents, to play his inalienable role to arrive at humility, that function is a depuration of the neophyte. When he meets the wisdom, the dream of the lyric subject ends. / O principal objetivo do presente estudo é a análise da intertextualidade do livro Poema dos Poemas, de Cecília Meireles, com a Bíblia Sagrada, mais especificamente com o Livro dos Salmos. A intertextualidade com os Salmos se faz presente em todos os vinte e um poemas do livro. A citação, o mecanismo intertextual ao qual a análise se atém, por vezes reproduz ou mesmo inverte o sentido da palavra bíblica incorporada. Na obra, dividida em três partes de sete poemas cada uma, o sujeito lírico caminha do profano para o sagrado por meio de ritos de passagem. A primeira parte principia pela fascinação, ansiedade, grande alegria, esperança, dúvida, ternura e tristeza. A segunda parte começa com uma nova onda de tristeza, desenganos, despedida, súplica, lágrimas, perdão e bênçãos. O sujeito lírico adentra a terceira parte com mais fôlego, começa pela solidão, condição indispensável para o neófito que se propõe a fazer o ritual, daí parte para a saudade. A dor se insere como forte participante deste rito de passagem. A renúncia, o desprender-se das coisas terreais, na qual se insere o doar-se, prenuncia o descenso, desempenha seu papel inalienável para chegar à humildade, cuja função é a depuração do iniciado. Ao encontrar a sabedoria, o sonho do sujeito lírico se encerra.

Ce travail propose une étude expérimentale visant à caractériser les processus dynamiques se produisant au sein de matériaux vitreux mous. La première partie présente des mesures de diffusion de traceurs nanométriques dans la Laponite (une suspension colloïdale) obtenues par une méthode de recouvrement de fluorescence (FRAP). Cette étude montre que la diffusion varie avec la concentration de Laponite et la taille du traceur. Un modèle hydrodynamique de diffusion confinée permet de décrire quantitativement les données expérimentales. Une deuxième partie concerne l'étude expérimentale du vieillissement de matériaux vitreux. Nous testons en pratique le concept théorique de température effective. Celle-ci est obtenue grâce à la technique de FRAP par la mesure simultanée de la diffusion et la convection de sondes fluorescentes dans la Laponite en cours de prise. Contrairement à certaines mesures de la littérature, le système est bien gouverné par la température ambiante. Nous présentons ensuite une étude visant à caractériser le comportement de la Laponite cisaillée. Nous avons pour cela mis au point un dispositif permettant d'appliquer un champ électrique au système, et ainsi créer des déformations locales. L'effet obtenu s'est révélé trop faible, avec d'assez grandes incertitudes (probablement liées à la complexité du système), pour être considéré comme significatif. Enfin, nous avons étudié les propriétés du Carbopol, un fluide à seuil, en mesurant sa dynamique d'ascension par capillarité. La rugosité de surface des capillaires influe énormément sur la montée du fluide. Nous montrons aussi que l'ascension est pilotée par la rhéologie du système, notamment par le seuil d'écoulement.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo traz como lócus central de interesse apreender as percepções que alunos formandos do ensino médio de uma escola estadual do município do Rio de Janeiro, possuem sobre suas chances de terem ascensão educacional, via ingresso no ensino superior, focalizando, em especial, como percebem as contribuições da escola e da classe social a que pertencem nesse processo. O estudo foi realizado apenas durante o turno da manhã, utilizando-se de aporte teórico-metodológico ancorado nas pesquisas sobre os efeitos das escolas, campo de estudo que se iniciou fora do Brasil, e que recentemente tem experimentado mais entrada no campo educacional brasileiro. Esta pesquisa congregou o uso das metodologias quantitativa e qualitativa, com aplicação de questionários estruturados a todos os alunos formandos, bem como buscou conhecer mais das expectativas destes estudantes, através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com dois alunos de cada turma. Estudos apontam que, ainda que os fatores extra-escolares, especialmente aqueles relacionados às condições socioeconômicas dos indivíduos, exerçam forte influência sobre o desempenho escolar dos alunos, sobre suas trajetórias escolares, e, posteriormente, sobre suas trajetórias profissionais, outros trabalhos vêm sugerindo que há mais elementos que precisam ser introduzidos na análise, elementos estes que dizem respeito a aspectos relacionados à própria escola, que se convencionou chamar no Brasil como efeitos das escolas, ou simplesmente, efeito-escola. Acredita-se, segundo esta perspectiva de análise, que as escolas podem vir a afetar as trajetórias dos alunos, assim como suas expectativas de vida e suas motivações, embaralhando a influência dos fatores socioeconômicos, que, ainda que presentes, não seriam os únicos condicionantes. Estas pesquisas revelam que, depois de controladas as variáveis concernentes às condições socioeconômicas dos indivíduos, os dados sugeririam que as escolas exerceriam influência sobre o desempenho dos alunos, em maior ou menor grau, com maior ou menor êxito, mostrando que as escolas podem fazer diferença, e que não são apenas os fatores extra-escolares os únicos determinantes para o sucesso e insucesso escolar dos indivíduos. / The present study has as central locus of interest to understand the perceptions of the students graduates from high school in a state school in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, have had about their chances of educational ascension via access to higher education, focusing, in particular, as the students realize the contributions of school and social class they belong in this process. The study was conducted only during the morning shift, using the theoretical and methodological anchored in research on school matters, field of study that began outside of Brazil, which has recently experienced more entry in the Brazilian educational field. This research gathered using quantitative and qualitative methodologies, applying questionnaires to all senior students and sought to know more of their expectations through semi-structured interviews with two students from each class. Studies show that, although outside school factors, especially those related to socioeconomic conditions of individuals, have a strong influence on the academic performance of students on their path through school, and later on their professional careers, other studies have suggested that there are other elements that need to be introduced into the analysis, which are relate to schools, which has been called in Brazil as efeitos das escolas, or simply efeito-escola. According this analysis perspective, schools are likely to affect students trajectories, as well as their expectations of life and their motivations, mistaking the influence of socioeconomic factors, which, though present, were not the only constraints. These researches show that after controlling for variables pertaining to the socioeconomic conditions of individuals, the data suggest that schools exert influence on student performance to a greater or lesser extent, with varying degrees of success, showing that schools can make a difference, and that the outside school factors are not the only determinants for the school success and failure of the individuals.